This document discusses building notions of gender equality through social protection programs. It summarizes the presentation which outlines how unpaid care work is not recognized, social pensions make false assumptions about recipients, and current programs have conflicting biases against women. The document advocates for recognizing women's unpaid care work, designing programs based on women's needs, and taking a life cycle approach to redistribute resources in a way that promotes both economic equality and recognition of women's roles.
Poverty & concept of ‘feminisation of poverty’ poverty & human capabilities ...VIBHUTI PATEL
Universalisatio n of Education (UE)
UE was launched in 2000 with the primary objective of achieving Universalization of elementary education before 2010 with time bound integrated approach in participation with the states. The project aimed at completion of five years of primary schooling for all children by 2007 and completion of eight years of schooling by 2010 along with reduction of gender and social gaps. The expenditure was to be shared in the basis of 85:15 in the ninth plan and 75:25 from the tenth plan onwards. The SSA wanted to bring about the change in the following areas: Teacher training, improvement in quality of education, provision of teacher training materials, establishment of cluster groups for support and education guarantee centers.
Poverty & concept of ‘feminisation of poverty’ poverty & human capabilities ...VIBHUTI PATEL
Universalisatio n of Education (UE)
UE was launched in 2000 with the primary objective of achieving Universalization of elementary education before 2010 with time bound integrated approach in participation with the states. The project aimed at completion of five years of primary schooling for all children by 2007 and completion of eight years of schooling by 2010 along with reduction of gender and social gaps. The expenditure was to be shared in the basis of 85:15 in the ninth plan and 75:25 from the tenth plan onwards. The SSA wanted to bring about the change in the following areas: Teacher training, improvement in quality of education, provision of teacher training materials, establishment of cluster groups for support and education guarantee centers.
A igualdade de gênero na China, seus progressos, desafios e estratégias futuras, são o foco desta apresentação, exibida durante o seminário “População e Desenvolvimento na Agenda do Cairo: balanço e desafios”. Leia mais: www.sae.gov.br
Feminization of Poverty: Causes, Consequences & RecommendationsMasum Hussain
Women’s purportedly disproportionate and rising share of poverty - as encapsulated in the widely popularised term the ‘feminisation of poverty’ – has conferred unprecedented prominence upon gender in poverty analysis and policy. However, the ‘feminisation of poverty’ is often used in a cursory and unsubstantiated manner and, in its implicit privileging of income, does not necessarily highlight aspects of poverty which are most relevant to poor women at the grassroots. Although the UNDP’s gender indices go some way to reflecting broader aspects of gendered poverty, particularly in respect of capabilities and opportunities, there is scope for improvement. In the interests of working towards gender indices which are more responsive to crucial gender gaps in poverty (understood not only as income deficiency, but in a more multidimensional fashion, and which give weight to the onus of dealing with poverty), the main aims of this paper are three-fold. The first is to draw attention to existing conceptual and methodological weaknesses with the ‘feminisation of poverty’. The second is to offer some thoughts on how the ‘feminisation of poverty’ could be re-cast to more effectively capture trends in gendered privation among the poor. The third is to propose directions for the kinds of data and indicators which might be incorporated within the GDI or GEM, or used in the creation of a Gendered Poverty Index (GPI).
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
Abstract: This paper explores the socio-economic situation of women in Lesotho. Based on secondary data obtained from Bureau of Statistics, Land Administration Authority, country analytical annual reports ministerial reports as well as Lesotho government website; it analyzes the status of Basotho women with regard to access and control over economic opportunities. Main indicators discussed include access and control of resources like in education and land ownership, participation in decision making e.g. political participation. The issue of women and discriminatory laws is also addressed. This study is restricted to the relevant and available data and information on access on August 2015. The statistical data in this paper suggest that female is a dominating gender as far as land ownership is concerned. With regard to economic decision making and political participation, there is gender imbalance with men as a dominating gender. Women have been victims of discriminatory laws which denied them opportunity to own or inherit land and immovable property and hold senior positions in companies. These laws were later amended although gaps still exists. The finding shows that Lesotho has relatively high literacy and net primary school enrolment, but with a reversed gender gap signifying discrepancy to the advantage of girls. Gender related policies should be formulated and implemented so as to increase women’s representation and inclusiveness in political participation and economic decision-making. Given the responsibilities of women, improvement of women’s socio economic status in all sectors will not only be of essence to women alone, but also families and communities as well. This will also enhance women empowerment and contribute to inclusive sustainable economic growth, reduce poverty and social injustices and other forms of inequalities.Measures need to be developed to improve access to education for boys so as to ensure a balanced human development outcome. Amendments on Laws of Lerotholi should be a well understood public knowledge.
In May 2005, Karen was one of the seven 'visionaries' selected from 1600 applicants by the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust. With her ideas for a more just and peaceful world, Karen founded Equanomics UK.
Equanomics UK is an initiative to build a UK community led alliance that reshapes race related policy through an economic lens. Through Equanomics UK Karen organised two UK tours with the Reverend Jesse Jackson to highlight economic injustice.
In addition to her work with Equanomics UK, Karen runs her own consultancy with the premise: 'Equality for Your Business is My Business'. She also teaches Glen Parva Youth Offenders Institute, South Leicestershire College, and the Workers Educational Association.
Voluntary Action LeicesterShire was delighted to welcome Karen as a keynote speaker at our 2013 Future Focus Conference. The conference is now complete, but if you'd like to be a part of our 2014 conference, visit www.valonline.org.uk
Interesting presentation as prepared by the Association of University Women (AAUW). Addresses the facts about the pay gaps between men and women in the United States.
Indian Women in the Labour Force
Dr. Vibhuti Patel
Reader, Centre for Women’s Studies
Department of Economics,
University of Mumbai, Kalina,
Santacruz (East), Mumbai-400098
E mail-vibhuti@vsnl.net Ph®-6770227
Ph(W)-6527956,57Ext.553,Fax-6528198
Statistical Profile of Women
• Women constitute ½ of the world’s population, 2/3 of the world’s labour force but get 1/10th of the world’s income and 1% of the world’s Wealth.
• As per 2001 Census, 23% of women are in the work force. 94% of all working women are in the informal sector.
Work participation rate
Major Findings of Time use Survey
– “Women carry a disproportionately greater burden of work than men and since women are responsible for a greater share of non-SNA
( system of National Accounts) work in the care economy , they enter labour market already overburdened with work.” Report of Gender Diagnosis and Budgeting in India of National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, NIPFP. December, 2001.
WORK PARTICIPATION RATES 1991
The Female Economic Activity Rate (FEAR)
Census of India, 2001, Series 1
Distribution of Women Employees Across Industries
Women in the organized Sector
Women constitute only 14% of the total employment in the organized sector. It is concentrated in Maharashtra, Delhi, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu.
In the urban areas, FEAR in tertiary sector has increased, from 37.6 % in 1983 to 52.9 % in 1999. (Economic Survey, 2002, GOI).
Here, women workers and employees get relatively better wages, standard working hours, and the protection of labour laws.
Women in the Informal Sector
Factors Affecting Women’s Labour Force Participation
• Changes in age-structure, urbanisation, level & nature of economic development, infrastructure, government policies, labour laws, nature of work, structure of family, culture & tradition affecting autonomy and control, fertility levels and childbearing practices, nature of housework,women’s property rights, education, age at marriage, migration, access to technology.
Segmentation in the labour market
• Nature of wage differentials (WD)-for identical tasks women are paid less. And women are confined to relatively inferior tasks, casual work.
• Causes of WD-patriarchal attitude, myths
• Effects of WD- subordination of women, son preference, man is treated as a “bread winner”- Head of the Household (HoH)
Affirmative Action to remove
Wage Differential
*Legislative measures
*Equal Remuneration Act
*Formation of women’s union
*Constitutional guarantees
*Job reservation for women
*Self Help Groups(SHGs)
Demands of the Women’s Groups
Labour Legislations
Special Facilities for Women
Women and Trade Unions(T.U.)
Women’s Action Plan for T.U.s
Role of Human Rights Organisations
Women and Development Debate
Development Alternatives With Women
Human Development With Distributive Justice
Implications of Development Process on Women
Use of conservative ideology to retrench and lay off women
Women’s Challenges to the T.U.s
Role of the UN System-ILO, UNICEF
Suburban poverty affects over 16.4 million people across the U.S. and is growing rapidly, significantly outpacing the growth rate of urban poverty over the last decade (64% vs. 29%). Experts suggest that the problem of suburban poverty is “the new normal.” While the basic needs of the poor in the suburbs are similar to those of the urban poor (e.g. education inequity, poor access to quality healthcare etc.), there are some critical systemic differences (e.g. limited transportation options, jurisdictional challenges etc.). These challenges are further exacerbated by the lack of awareness and understanding of the problem and
potential solutions.
A igualdade de gênero na China, seus progressos, desafios e estratégias futuras, são o foco desta apresentação, exibida durante o seminário “População e Desenvolvimento na Agenda do Cairo: balanço e desafios”. Leia mais: www.sae.gov.br
Feminization of Poverty: Causes, Consequences & RecommendationsMasum Hussain
Women’s purportedly disproportionate and rising share of poverty - as encapsulated in the widely popularised term the ‘feminisation of poverty’ – has conferred unprecedented prominence upon gender in poverty analysis and policy. However, the ‘feminisation of poverty’ is often used in a cursory and unsubstantiated manner and, in its implicit privileging of income, does not necessarily highlight aspects of poverty which are most relevant to poor women at the grassroots. Although the UNDP’s gender indices go some way to reflecting broader aspects of gendered poverty, particularly in respect of capabilities and opportunities, there is scope for improvement. In the interests of working towards gender indices which are more responsive to crucial gender gaps in poverty (understood not only as income deficiency, but in a more multidimensional fashion, and which give weight to the onus of dealing with poverty), the main aims of this paper are three-fold. The first is to draw attention to existing conceptual and methodological weaknesses with the ‘feminisation of poverty’. The second is to offer some thoughts on how the ‘feminisation of poverty’ could be re-cast to more effectively capture trends in gendered privation among the poor. The third is to propose directions for the kinds of data and indicators which might be incorporated within the GDI or GEM, or used in the creation of a Gendered Poverty Index (GPI).
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
Abstract: This paper explores the socio-economic situation of women in Lesotho. Based on secondary data obtained from Bureau of Statistics, Land Administration Authority, country analytical annual reports ministerial reports as well as Lesotho government website; it analyzes the status of Basotho women with regard to access and control over economic opportunities. Main indicators discussed include access and control of resources like in education and land ownership, participation in decision making e.g. political participation. The issue of women and discriminatory laws is also addressed. This study is restricted to the relevant and available data and information on access on August 2015. The statistical data in this paper suggest that female is a dominating gender as far as land ownership is concerned. With regard to economic decision making and political participation, there is gender imbalance with men as a dominating gender. Women have been victims of discriminatory laws which denied them opportunity to own or inherit land and immovable property and hold senior positions in companies. These laws were later amended although gaps still exists. The finding shows that Lesotho has relatively high literacy and net primary school enrolment, but with a reversed gender gap signifying discrepancy to the advantage of girls. Gender related policies should be formulated and implemented so as to increase women’s representation and inclusiveness in political participation and economic decision-making. Given the responsibilities of women, improvement of women’s socio economic status in all sectors will not only be of essence to women alone, but also families and communities as well. This will also enhance women empowerment and contribute to inclusive sustainable economic growth, reduce poverty and social injustices and other forms of inequalities.Measures need to be developed to improve access to education for boys so as to ensure a balanced human development outcome. Amendments on Laws of Lerotholi should be a well understood public knowledge.
In May 2005, Karen was one of the seven 'visionaries' selected from 1600 applicants by the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust. With her ideas for a more just and peaceful world, Karen founded Equanomics UK.
Equanomics UK is an initiative to build a UK community led alliance that reshapes race related policy through an economic lens. Through Equanomics UK Karen organised two UK tours with the Reverend Jesse Jackson to highlight economic injustice.
In addition to her work with Equanomics UK, Karen runs her own consultancy with the premise: 'Equality for Your Business is My Business'. She also teaches Glen Parva Youth Offenders Institute, South Leicestershire College, and the Workers Educational Association.
Voluntary Action LeicesterShire was delighted to welcome Karen as a keynote speaker at our 2013 Future Focus Conference. The conference is now complete, but if you'd like to be a part of our 2014 conference, visit www.valonline.org.uk
Interesting presentation as prepared by the Association of University Women (AAUW). Addresses the facts about the pay gaps between men and women in the United States.
Indian Women in the Labour Force
Dr. Vibhuti Patel
Reader, Centre for Women’s Studies
Department of Economics,
University of Mumbai, Kalina,
Santacruz (East), Mumbai-400098
E mail-vibhuti@vsnl.net Ph®-6770227
Ph(W)-6527956,57Ext.553,Fax-6528198
Statistical Profile of Women
• Women constitute ½ of the world’s population, 2/3 of the world’s labour force but get 1/10th of the world’s income and 1% of the world’s Wealth.
• As per 2001 Census, 23% of women are in the work force. 94% of all working women are in the informal sector.
Work participation rate
Major Findings of Time use Survey
– “Women carry a disproportionately greater burden of work than men and since women are responsible for a greater share of non-SNA
( system of National Accounts) work in the care economy , they enter labour market already overburdened with work.” Report of Gender Diagnosis and Budgeting in India of National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, NIPFP. December, 2001.
WORK PARTICIPATION RATES 1991
The Female Economic Activity Rate (FEAR)
Census of India, 2001, Series 1
Distribution of Women Employees Across Industries
Women in the organized Sector
Women constitute only 14% of the total employment in the organized sector. It is concentrated in Maharashtra, Delhi, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu.
In the urban areas, FEAR in tertiary sector has increased, from 37.6 % in 1983 to 52.9 % in 1999. (Economic Survey, 2002, GOI).
Here, women workers and employees get relatively better wages, standard working hours, and the protection of labour laws.
Women in the Informal Sector
Factors Affecting Women’s Labour Force Participation
• Changes in age-structure, urbanisation, level & nature of economic development, infrastructure, government policies, labour laws, nature of work, structure of family, culture & tradition affecting autonomy and control, fertility levels and childbearing practices, nature of housework,women’s property rights, education, age at marriage, migration, access to technology.
Segmentation in the labour market
• Nature of wage differentials (WD)-for identical tasks women are paid less. And women are confined to relatively inferior tasks, casual work.
• Causes of WD-patriarchal attitude, myths
• Effects of WD- subordination of women, son preference, man is treated as a “bread winner”- Head of the Household (HoH)
Affirmative Action to remove
Wage Differential
*Legislative measures
*Equal Remuneration Act
*Formation of women’s union
*Constitutional guarantees
*Job reservation for women
*Self Help Groups(SHGs)
Demands of the Women’s Groups
Labour Legislations
Special Facilities for Women
Women and Trade Unions(T.U.)
Women’s Action Plan for T.U.s
Role of Human Rights Organisations
Women and Development Debate
Development Alternatives With Women
Human Development With Distributive Justice
Implications of Development Process on Women
Use of conservative ideology to retrench and lay off women
Women’s Challenges to the T.U.s
Role of the UN System-ILO, UNICEF
Suburban poverty affects over 16.4 million people across the U.S. and is growing rapidly, significantly outpacing the growth rate of urban poverty over the last decade (64% vs. 29%). Experts suggest that the problem of suburban poverty is “the new normal.” While the basic needs of the poor in the suburbs are similar to those of the urban poor (e.g. education inequity, poor access to quality healthcare etc.), there are some critical systemic differences (e.g. limited transportation options, jurisdictional challenges etc.). These challenges are further exacerbated by the lack of awareness and understanding of the problem and
potential solutions.
The OECD is actively engaged with MENA partners in addressing those challenges through well-proven work methods of regional dialogue, peerlearning and support for reforms. At the centre of the partnership is the MENA-OECD Initiative on Governance and Competitiveness for Development, launched in 2005 as a platform for joint work at the regional and country levels. With an extended mandate for 2016-2020, the fruitful and intense MENA-OECD co-operation will continue evolving to adapt to the development priorities of the region.
1.1.3 AWHN Conference 6 2010 Federation:
Commission on the Social Determinants of Health: gendering health inequities.
Southgate Institute for Health, Society & Equity,
Flinders University
Adelaide
On 1 December 2015, the final M-CARE conference was organised in Brussels, Belgium at VLEVA premises. The event “Caring for people with disabilities and older people: challenges, opportunities and (mobile/online) training solutions” focussed on the importance of good quality personal caregiving (PCG) for people with disabilities and older people. Focus was on caring in a broader perspective, and how M-CARE’s (mobile/online) training solutions can contribute to successful PCGs.
More information at:
http://mcare-project.eu/
http://twitter.com/MCareproject
http://www.facebook.com/MCareproj
This project (M-Care - 539913-LLP-1-2013-1-TR-LEONARDO-LMP) has been funded with support from the European Commission. This communication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Political economy of unpaid care and possible solutionsRanjani K.Murthy
This presentation defines unpaid care, and outlines the consequences of unpaid care on women and girls' welfare and rights. It also shares different feminist positions on origin of unpaid care work by women, and argues for locking at intersection of patriarchy, global capitalism, caste and other hierarchies which shape unpaid and low paid care by women. It argues that if the gender gap in economic and political sphere are to be bridged and if violence against women is to reduce inter-state organisations, state, markets, community and households have to reduce the care burden of women, with the burden shifting to state, markets and men in the household and men leaders of community
Aly Rashed - Economic Research Forum
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
The Future of Jobs is Facing the Biggest Policy Induced Price Distortion in H...Economic Research Forum
Lant Pritchett - University of Oxford
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Massoud Karshenas - University of London
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Rediscovering Industrial Policy for the 21st Century: Where to Start?Economic Research Forum
Rohinton P. Medhora - Centre for International Governance & Innovation
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Rana Hendy - Doha Institute
Mahmoud Mohieldin - World Bank
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Ibrahim Elbadawi - Economic Research Forum
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
KuwaitCity, Kuwait
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Canadian Immigration Tracker March 2024 - Key SlidesAndrew Griffith
Highlights
Permanent Residents decrease along with percentage of TR2PR decline to 52 percent of all Permanent Residents.
March asylum claim data not issued as of May 27 (unusually late). Irregular arrivals remain very small.
Study permit applications experiencing sharp decrease as a result of announced caps over 50 percent compared to February.
Citizenship numbers remain stable.
Slide 3 has the overall numbers and change.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Building a Notion of Equality: Thoughts on Women, Work and Welfare
1. Building a Notion of Equality:
Thoughts on Women, Work and
Welfare
Hania Sholkamy
ERF conference on Gender Equality
Cairo 24-5 October 2015
2. Outline of Presentation
• Articulations of work and welfare
• The female bias in benefits: Paid and unpaid
work
• Social Protection women: using the lens of
poverty
• Framing social pensions as a feminist
intervention
3. Social Citizenship
• Culmination of political transformation that
began in 18th century, notions of legal and
political rights (Marshall 1950)
• Post WWII golden age of full employment
• Exclusive of women as individuals
• Stable democracy demands a level of social
integration that only genuine social citizenship
can inculcate (Esping Andersen 1996)
4. Current Crisis in Social Models
• The welfare state stifles the market and erodes
incentives to work, save, and invest.
• The cataclysmic effects of demographic
changes, dependence structures and aging
• Consequences of the global economy that
mercilessly punishes profligate governments
and uncompetitive economies
6. Women and welfare conflicting
biases
• Formal Workers in a
lapsed era in Egypt
Decent periods of Paid
Maternity leave
Flexible hours for breast-
feeding
Onsite day care
Leave of absence with no
erosion to seniority
Social and health security
Access to preferential terms
for credit, purchase of durable
goods, holiday resorts
• Current global situation
(UN Women)
– women spend 2.5 times
that spent by men in unpaid
care and domestic work
(UN Women 2015).
– Pay gaps in the labor
market persist (24%)
– the majority of women
remain engaged in
unprotected informal work
(75%) all over the world.
7. UNPROTECTED WORK
• INFORMAL MARKET WORK inside the
home
• UNPAID FAMILY WORK outside or inside
the home
• CARE WORK
• Are these forms of work problems and or
solutions?
9. Social pensions
• False assumptions: economic inactivity, male
bread-winner, patriarchal family arrangements.
• Categorical targeting
• One beneficiary per family (in Practice!)
• Beneficiaries bear the risk of penalty if
‘caught’ working
11. Ain el Sira pilot program: health
burdens of women
• From the 158 female heads of household, 18%
were diagnosed with UTI. Among these
females, 21% were diagnosed with or reported
having previously been diagnosed with
hypertension and 9.5% with diabetes. In fact,
upon conclusion of the diagnostic process in
this short clinical visit, only 9 of the 158
female heads of household appeared to be
healthy and without any reported or concluded
diagnosis.
12. And their children….
• Among the 620 children who underwent the clinical
baseline, 7 children with rickets were identified. Other
commonly diagnosed diseases among the group of 1163
children and adults include bronchitis, asthma,
osteoarthritis or osteoporosis, jaundice and
hepatomegaly, tonsillitis, and varicose veins. Epilepsy,
trauma, congenital mental retardation and various
cancers were also recorded. Psychological disorders (in
children presenting as nocturnal enuresis) are present in
the community and psychological and neurological
follow up was recommended for particular patients.
13. Karama and Takaful
• Two relatively new social transfers
• Benefits given to women/care provider in the
family
• Currently being rolled out in areas of high
poverty
• Over 100,000 families registered
• Takaful is income support for working poor
(new concept and difficult to legitimate)
14. Elided Models of Gender Equality
• Focus on markets and in work equality (albeit
with variable success)
• CCT’s oppress women (Molyneux)
• The specificity of patriarchal privileges in
‘security’
• Necessity of state intervention and recognition
15. Some Evidence from ain el Sira
This program had three key design features that made it
particularly oriented towards women’s needs:
• Designed on the basis of talking to women
• It recognized the social context in which women make
decisions and practice their reproductive and productive
roles
• It recognized the pressures that could compromise
women’s autonomy.
• Encouraged beneficiaries to work and to use social
services
