The document discusses differences between approaches to small and medium enterprise development in the Western world and in developing countries in the Middle East and North Africa region. It notes that in the West, SMEs are integrated into growth, while in developing countries and MENA they are seen as disconnected and not major contributors. The document also examines women's entrepreneurship, finding that most women-owned businesses are very small and vulnerable. It questions whether increased access to microloans truly leads to empowerment and growth.
Srinivasa Madhur Director of Research, Cambodia Development Resource Institute (CDRI) slides
GDN 14th Annual conference
June19-21, 2013
Manila, Philippines
Nadereh chamlou talent crisis and gender equality englishicgfmconference
Human Capital Concerns – Ensuring Gender Equality
Nadereh Chamlou, Senior Advisor, Middle East and North Africa, The World Bank
The importance of a focus on gender impact in all aspects of PFM will the topic of this session.
Srinivasa Madhur Director of Research, Cambodia Development Resource Institute (CDRI) slides
GDN 14th Annual conference
June19-21, 2013
Manila, Philippines
Nadereh chamlou talent crisis and gender equality englishicgfmconference
Human Capital Concerns – Ensuring Gender Equality
Nadereh Chamlou, Senior Advisor, Middle East and North Africa, The World Bank
The importance of a focus on gender impact in all aspects of PFM will the topic of this session.
Khalid Abu Ismail - ESCWA
Racha Ramadan - Cairo University
ERF 24th Annual Conference
The New Normal in the Global Economy: Challenges & Prospects for MENA
July 8-10, 2018
Cairo, Egypt
Abstract: Discouraged Youth’ is defined as those youth who are not working even though they have expressed a desire to work, but due to the fact that they felt that undertaking a job search would be a futile effort, have not continued with the effort to seek a job . The magnitude of this crisis is a cause for concern for Mauritius; hence this study was conducted with the objective of creating a deeper understanding of discouraged youth. Primary data is used for this study, and the survey covers a sample of 500 unemployed youth across the island. The probit regression model is used to analyse the determinants affecting discouraged youth. The findings of the study found that age, age2, marital status, gender and tertiary education, area of study based on friend’s opinion, length of unemployment less than 12 months and prior experience have an impact on discouraged youth. From the analysis it was noted that education and training systems should be revisited to bridge the skills gap.
Keywords: Labour Force, Unemployment, Discouraged Youth, Probit Regression Analysis, Mauritius.
Driven by long‐term shifts in the labor market and on‐going poverty and inequality, youth employment challenges have mounted steadily over the last decade and reached a crisis point in the wake of the Great Recession. Youth unemployment in 2010 reached its highest level since World War II. The short‐ and long‐term consequences of youth unemployment are severe. Individuals who fail to
transition to stable jobs by their early 20s are at risk of experiencing more frequent and prolonged spells of joblessness, permanently lower earnings, and greater difficulty building a secure financial future for themselves and their families. Ultimately, youth unemployment and associated challenges threaten to perpetuate cycles of intergenerational poverty for individuals and communities.
Presented during Tshikululu's first Serious Social Investing workshop, which took place on 25 and 26 February 2010. Tracey Henry (CEO, Tshikululu Social Investments) discusses the social investment landscape.
Giving Them an Edge? The Effects of Work Experience on the Employment Prospec...The Rockefeller Foundation
This brief summarizes the results of NCLR’s quantitative analysis of the marginal effects of work experience on the employment prospects of millennials. It focuses on Latino young men, offering an overview of the structural barriers, an investigation of whether and to what extent additional work experience gives millennials a competitive edge in today’s hypercompetitive labor market, and recommendations to ensure that they fully leverage their work to maximize their potential in the labor market. In particular, this brief will examine the labor market outcomes of Latinos, the youngest and fastest-growing segment of the American labor force.
Engaging Women Entrepreneurs Effectively In the Realm of Innovation and Digit...Novida Global
Founder and CEO of Novida Strategic Management Services, Işık Deliorman Aydın has delivered speech at the World Congress for Entrepreneurship organized in Zagreb on December 2018. The situation of women entrepreneurs across the Region and world has been discussed and a suggestion regarding model for engagement of women entrepreneurs has been made.
Employment prospects for teens and young adults in the nation’s 100 largest metropolitan areas plummeted between 2000 and 2011. On a number of measures—employment rates, labor force underutilization, unemployment, and year-round joblessness—teens and young adults fared poorly, and sometimes disastrously. While labor market problems affected all young people, some groups had better outcomes than others: Non-Hispanic whites, those from higher income households, those with work experience, and those with higher levels of education were more successful in the labor market. In particular, education and previous work experience were most strongly associated with employment.
Policy and program efforts to reduce youth joblessness and labor force underutilization should focus on the following priorities: incorporating more work-based learning (such as apprenticeships, co-ops, and internships) into education and training; creating tighter linkages between secondary and post-secondary education; ensuring that training meets regional labor market needs; expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit; and facilitating the transition of young people into the labor market through enhanced career counseling, mentoring, occupational and work-readiness skills development, and the creation of short-term subsidized jobs.
This newsletter features an article on worker migration from South Asia. Other articles are on the topics of domestic work in India and affordable transportation for the poor.
Women in business: from classroom to boardroom
Grant Thornton International Business Report 2014
We have been tracking the proportion of women in senior management since
2004 and the research this year finds that the proportion of women in the
most senior roles has stagnated at 24% - the same as the result in 2012, 2009
and 2007. The question this raises is: what are the roadblocks on the path
to senior management?
Od 2014 roku śledzimy liczbę kobiet na stanowiskach menedżerskich. Tegoroczne badania wskazują, że ich udział procentowy wśród najważniejszych osób w firmie zatrzymał się na poziomie 24% - czyli takim samym jak w 2012, 2009 i 2007. Rodzi się pytanie - jakie bariery spotyka kobieta na drodze do wyższych stanowisk?
The Report analyzes from a human development perspective the opportunities and constraints that today face Egypt’s sizeable youth population, where 25 percent of Egyptians are between the ages of 18 and 29. It examines the role of youth in Egypt’s development process looking at issues including education, health, gender, poverty, employment, housing, and participation in society. The Report also showcases success stories of youth-centred initiatives, programmes, and projects, calling for greater consultation and communication between young people, the Government and civil society. In conclusion, the Report highlights nine main messages to ensure youth’s inclusion and full participation in society.
Khalid Abu Ismail - ESCWA
Racha Ramadan - Cairo University
ERF 24th Annual Conference
The New Normal in the Global Economy: Challenges & Prospects for MENA
July 8-10, 2018
Cairo, Egypt
Abstract: Discouraged Youth’ is defined as those youth who are not working even though they have expressed a desire to work, but due to the fact that they felt that undertaking a job search would be a futile effort, have not continued with the effort to seek a job . The magnitude of this crisis is a cause for concern for Mauritius; hence this study was conducted with the objective of creating a deeper understanding of discouraged youth. Primary data is used for this study, and the survey covers a sample of 500 unemployed youth across the island. The probit regression model is used to analyse the determinants affecting discouraged youth. The findings of the study found that age, age2, marital status, gender and tertiary education, area of study based on friend’s opinion, length of unemployment less than 12 months and prior experience have an impact on discouraged youth. From the analysis it was noted that education and training systems should be revisited to bridge the skills gap.
Keywords: Labour Force, Unemployment, Discouraged Youth, Probit Regression Analysis, Mauritius.
Driven by long‐term shifts in the labor market and on‐going poverty and inequality, youth employment challenges have mounted steadily over the last decade and reached a crisis point in the wake of the Great Recession. Youth unemployment in 2010 reached its highest level since World War II. The short‐ and long‐term consequences of youth unemployment are severe. Individuals who fail to
transition to stable jobs by their early 20s are at risk of experiencing more frequent and prolonged spells of joblessness, permanently lower earnings, and greater difficulty building a secure financial future for themselves and their families. Ultimately, youth unemployment and associated challenges threaten to perpetuate cycles of intergenerational poverty for individuals and communities.
Presented during Tshikululu's first Serious Social Investing workshop, which took place on 25 and 26 February 2010. Tracey Henry (CEO, Tshikululu Social Investments) discusses the social investment landscape.
Giving Them an Edge? The Effects of Work Experience on the Employment Prospec...The Rockefeller Foundation
This brief summarizes the results of NCLR’s quantitative analysis of the marginal effects of work experience on the employment prospects of millennials. It focuses on Latino young men, offering an overview of the structural barriers, an investigation of whether and to what extent additional work experience gives millennials a competitive edge in today’s hypercompetitive labor market, and recommendations to ensure that they fully leverage their work to maximize their potential in the labor market. In particular, this brief will examine the labor market outcomes of Latinos, the youngest and fastest-growing segment of the American labor force.
Engaging Women Entrepreneurs Effectively In the Realm of Innovation and Digit...Novida Global
Founder and CEO of Novida Strategic Management Services, Işık Deliorman Aydın has delivered speech at the World Congress for Entrepreneurship organized in Zagreb on December 2018. The situation of women entrepreneurs across the Region and world has been discussed and a suggestion regarding model for engagement of women entrepreneurs has been made.
Employment prospects for teens and young adults in the nation’s 100 largest metropolitan areas plummeted between 2000 and 2011. On a number of measures—employment rates, labor force underutilization, unemployment, and year-round joblessness—teens and young adults fared poorly, and sometimes disastrously. While labor market problems affected all young people, some groups had better outcomes than others: Non-Hispanic whites, those from higher income households, those with work experience, and those with higher levels of education were more successful in the labor market. In particular, education and previous work experience were most strongly associated with employment.
Policy and program efforts to reduce youth joblessness and labor force underutilization should focus on the following priorities: incorporating more work-based learning (such as apprenticeships, co-ops, and internships) into education and training; creating tighter linkages between secondary and post-secondary education; ensuring that training meets regional labor market needs; expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit; and facilitating the transition of young people into the labor market through enhanced career counseling, mentoring, occupational and work-readiness skills development, and the creation of short-term subsidized jobs.
This newsletter features an article on worker migration from South Asia. Other articles are on the topics of domestic work in India and affordable transportation for the poor.
Women in business: from classroom to boardroom
Grant Thornton International Business Report 2014
We have been tracking the proportion of women in senior management since
2004 and the research this year finds that the proportion of women in the
most senior roles has stagnated at 24% - the same as the result in 2012, 2009
and 2007. The question this raises is: what are the roadblocks on the path
to senior management?
Od 2014 roku śledzimy liczbę kobiet na stanowiskach menedżerskich. Tegoroczne badania wskazują, że ich udział procentowy wśród najważniejszych osób w firmie zatrzymał się na poziomie 24% - czyli takim samym jak w 2012, 2009 i 2007. Rodzi się pytanie - jakie bariery spotyka kobieta na drodze do wyższych stanowisk?
The Report analyzes from a human development perspective the opportunities and constraints that today face Egypt’s sizeable youth population, where 25 percent of Egyptians are between the ages of 18 and 29. It examines the role of youth in Egypt’s development process looking at issues including education, health, gender, poverty, employment, housing, and participation in society. The Report also showcases success stories of youth-centred initiatives, programmes, and projects, calling for greater consultation and communication between young people, the Government and civil society. In conclusion, the Report highlights nine main messages to ensure youth’s inclusion and full participation in society.
The OECD is actively engaged with MENA partners in addressing those challenges through well-proven work methods of regional dialogue, peerlearning and support for reforms. At the centre of the partnership is the MENA-OECD Initiative on Governance and Competitiveness for Development, launched in 2005 as a platform for joint work at the regional and country levels. With an extended mandate for 2016-2020, the fruitful and intense MENA-OECD co-operation will continue evolving to adapt to the development priorities of the region.
Financing Women-Owned SMEs: A Case Study in EthiopiaHeather Risley
This report, authored by Heather Kipnis, provides an analysis of USAID's Development Credit Authority loan guarantee program in Ethiopia and provides recommendations for how future programming could improve financial services that help female borrowers grow their businesses.
Impact of Microcredit in Microfinance Banks on Small Business Spread in Yemen...inventionjournals
Microfinance Banks provide a microcredit service to contribute to spread of small businesses in order to develop the economies of the countries. However, the relation between the microcredit service and the small business spread have been given a less attention in other studies This study examines the impact of the 5 components of the microcredit service (collaterals, loan amount, loan duration, loan repayment and interest rates) in microfinance banks in Sana’a on small business spread. It reviews the literature regarding the microcredit service and its 5 components in addition to the small business spread. The framework and the hypotheses were prepared, in order to empirically examine the relation between the microcredit service and the small business spread in the case of Sana’a. For this purpose, a questionnaire was distributed to 375 small businesses in Sana’a that accessed the microcredit service from the microfinance banks available so far in Yemen (AlAmal Microfinance Bank &Alkurimi Islamic Microfinance Bank). The responses to the questionnaires were analyzed descriptively and inferentially to get the outcomes statistically about the microcredit service and its relation with the small business spread. After measuring separately the relation between each of the 5 components of the microcredit service (collaterals, loan amount, loan duration, loan repayment and interest rates) and the small business spread, the outcomes reveal that each component from the 5 components of the microcredit service has a significant positive correlation with the small business spread. This correlation is the same if it is measured for the microcredit service as a whole (if the five components are fully taken) and the small business spread. Furthermore, the results also show that the most influential component of the microcredit service on the small business spread is the loan repayment followed by loan duration, interest rates and loan amount respectively. Collaterals were found of no significant influence on the small business spread.
New Entrepreneurs and High Growth Entreprises in the MENA RegionOECDglobal
Presented at the July 2012 Meeting of the OECD-MENA Initiative's Working Group on SME Policy, Entrepreneurship and Human Capital Development http://www.oecd.org/mena/investment
The development of a viable and sustainable social enterprise (SE) sector can be a powerful driver of economic progress. But the development of an ecosystem conducive to social enterprise requires a shift in the approach for both business and development aims among governments and the societies they manage. Addition of low-cost policy mechanisms can go a long way towards addressing improved development needs through use of SEs. This paper considers how governments can define SEs as for-profit entities in which most of the profits are reinvested, and examines the positive role of government in the growth of SEs. The paper considers the existing literature and research in examining the cases of India, Iran, and Egypt as the basis for developing policy recommendations that can be applied globally. These recommendations include the development of effective legal and regulatory frameworks, incentives for SEs, training and awareness, and financing.
Keywords: social enterprise, emerging markets, hybrids, social entrepreneurship, social business models, India, Iran, Egypt
Micro Financing Of Small and Medium Enterprises (Smes) In Zambiainventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Sowing the Seeds of Prosperity: Solutions to the Youth Unemployment CrisisAnthony Williams
With nearly 300 million unemployed or inactive youth around the world, youth unemployment is a serious threat to global prosperity and well-being. The social and economic repercussions of prolonged youth unemployment range from to a loss aggregate demand in the form of slower growth and less job creation to heightened pressure on fragile social support systems and even increases in crime, violence and social unrest. While single-actor interventions have largely proven ineffective, global solution networks are drawing on the resources and competencies of diverse actors in society to create new pathways for skills development, entrepreneurship and policy creation that will underpin long-term solutions for youth employment.
Ellie Howard travelled to Amman, Jordan in 2012 shadowing the work of Microfund for Women, both in the office and in the field. As well as completing an entry to the Grameen Jameel awards, and carrying out desk research, Ellie interviewed various staff within the organisation.
Content is also derived from interviews with other organisations in the region such as FINCA and Jordanian Insurance Company.
Ellie_howard@hotmail.co.uk
Report - The Prosperity Index In Africahamishbanks
Entrepreneurs play a key role in fostering wealth and wellbeing for ordinary Africans; entrepreneurs are "enablers of growth" who break down economic barriers and social constraints.
For the process of economic growth and industrialization the Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) plays a very crucial role in developing and developed countries. For developing nations like Nigeria, the country has great interest in contributing towards the development of SMEs. SMEs provide great advantages to the developing nations. SMEs have been known to increase output and per capita income, increases regional economy and promotes resource utilization in an effective manner, encourage entrepreneurship and all these factors lead to growth and development of the country. The SMEs having labor intensive work also create employment opportunities for people of the nation and this also leads to development of the nation. The SMEs can be established quickly and can produce quick returns. Thus these industries contribute to nations by achieving economic and socio-economic objective in very short period of time and thus also contribute towards the alleviation of poverty
Problems Of Funding Small And Medium Scale Enterprises In Nigeriaiosrjce
This paper examined the problems of funding small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. The
study identified the sources of finance, types of finance available to small scale enterprises and the various
financial challenges bedevilling the smooth operation of small and medium scale enterprises and suggested the
way forward. Observation and review of relevant documents were employed in carrying out the study. It was
discovered that though adequate finance is indispensable for the successful operation of small and medium
scale enterprises, government still needs to create a more conducive environment for small scale business to
thrive by streamlining business tax policies to eliminate extortion from small scale businesses.
Aly Rashed - Economic Research Forum
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
The Future of Jobs is Facing the Biggest Policy Induced Price Distortion in H...Economic Research Forum
Lant Pritchett - University of Oxford
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Massoud Karshenas - University of London
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Rediscovering Industrial Policy for the 21st Century: Where to Start?Economic Research Forum
Rohinton P. Medhora - Centre for International Governance & Innovation
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Rana Hendy - Doha Institute
Mahmoud Mohieldin - World Bank
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Ibrahim Elbadawi - Economic Research Forum
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
KuwaitCity, Kuwait
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
2. Development Theories
• The human factor in economic development, the innovator economic
agent
• The role of efficient institutions, rewarding incentives, enabling legal
framework, and property rights to nurture this small entity
• Developing countries …..borrowing the tools of development from
successful economies of the West.
• But: the starting point is different.
3. First...
• The West: SMEs are an essential, and integrated instrument of
local and regional growth.
• The New Deal plan (1942) established “Smaller War Plants Corporation”
(SWPC) …later this transformed large firms led economies to SM size
firms in 70s and 80s.
• Developing Countries and MENA: SMEs competitive,
disconnected, and are not perceived significant enough to
contribute to the development process.
4. Second…
• The West: Technology diffusion…..exploited the shortage in the
labor force along with boosting productivity…..producing more
with existing labor force.
• Developing Countries and MENA: SMEs are viewed and
endorsed to alleviate the pressure on overwhelmed labor
markets…….dismissing labor saving, productivity enhancing tools
as an appropriate technology.
5. Third…
• The West: small business owners and entrepreneurs have many
characteristics in common. The entrepreneur/SME owner takes
risks to realize an idea with a long-term vision… has a significant
and positive impact on economic growth
• Developing Countries and MENA: SME owners and
entrepreneurs start and end with “having an idea”.
• SME owner motivated by necessity….makes calculated decisions to
set up the business for short-term goals and gains.
6. Fourth…
• Gender (in)equality:
• The West: FLFPR in the west was not that much different from
current levels of MENA. But, Western government played a
significant role. In 1942, the U.S., adopted an aggressive campaign
urging more than six million women to join the labor market
during WWII.
• Why gender equality?: Modern economic development theories
maintain that gender inequality inhibits economic growth.
7. Fifth…
• The West: efficient and enabling institutions.
• State coordinated policy interventions nurtured the
interdependence between macro planning and the development of
SMEs (financial assistance, protected rights).
• Developing Countries and MENA: saturated with large numbers
of identical informal micro and small enterprises….not eligible for
public financial assistances.
8. Informal Business…Informal Financing
• The rise of formal and informal micro and small businesses in
developing economies was matched by a similar rise in formal and
informal lending institutions, particularly micro lending/micro
finance institutions (MFI).
• In the last 20 plus years, MFIs rendered two types of institutions:
• 1) small, MFIs (most likely an NGO or internationally backed by a
development agency for the purpose of social development or helping
vulnerable and low income groups),
• 2) a “microfinance-lending window” in commercial financial institutions
such as banks and credit unions.
9. Source: World Development Indicators, 2015
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Algeria
Egypt, Arab Rep.
Lebanon
Libya
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
Tunisia
West Bank and Gaza
Yemen Rep.
Depositors and Borrowers from Commercial Banks, (per 1000 Adults)
2013 Borrowers 2013 Depositors 2010 Borrowers 2010 Depositors
10. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Algeria Egypt, Arab
Rep.
Iran, Islamic
Rep.
Iraq Jordan Lebanon Morocco Syrian Arab
Republic
West Bank
and Gaza
Yemen, Rep. Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab
Emirates
LoanformFinancialInstitutions
LoanFromFamliy/Friends Percentage of People 15+ years Who Took a Loan from Family/Friends,
and from a Financial Institutions in the Last Year, By Gender, 2011
Females-Fmly/Frnd Males-Fmly/Frnd Females-Fin.Inst. Males-Fin.Inst.
11. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Domestic Credit to Private Sector (% of GDP)
EA&P OECD MENA SSA SA
MENA
12. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Egypt Iraq Jordan Lebanon Morocco WB/G Syria Tunisia Yemen MENA East Asia &
Pacific
South Asia Sub-Saharan
Africa
Access to MFIs in Select MENA Countries, and Regional Comparison
(%) Active Borrowers per WAP GLP/total credit
13. Success / Failure of MFIs:
• Good repayment rates are indicative of low risks and increased
profitability.
• But compared to a small or medium size loan offering institution,
managing a micro lending institution requires additional personnel and
administrative costs.
14. Women in the MENA Region: The Legal Systems in MENA
• The constitution: the family is the core unit of society.
• Derived laws and regulations therefore protect this entity where
the man is the breadwinner for the family and the woman as a
secondary agent in the family.
15. Achievements of MENA:
• Two of the most noted achievements of the MENA region during
the last sixty plus years are:
• the promotion of women’s education
and
• successes in closing the education gender gap.
16. N.A. vs. M.E.
• A higher female participation in North African countries compared
to Middle Eastern countries.
• Normalized by population, the average FLFP in North Africa rose
by a little over 3 percentage points; and by 1.6 percentage point in
the Middle Eastern countries between 2002 and 2012.
17. 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Distribution of Women in the Labor Force (Ages 15-64) Across MENA Countries
Turkey Egypt Iran Morocco Sudan Algeria Yemen Iraq
Tunisia Syria Libya Lebanon Jordan WB&G GCC
Turkey
Egypt
Iran
Morocco
GCC
18. Business Differences
• Female owned businesses are significantly smaller than those of
males across the globe.
• Tiny size == vulnerable to external shocks.
• Consequences of failing
19. 0
5
10
15
20
25
Algeria_Fem Algeria_male Egypt_Fem Egypt_Male Iran_Fem Iran_Male Tunisia_Fem Tunisia_Male Turkey_Fem Tukey_Male UAE_Fem UAE_Male
Percentage 18-64 Population Who are involved in a New Business
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
21. The Empowerment (Desperate) Effect:
• While short term benefits of micro funds are not contested in the
literature, the evidence is uncertain in the long run.
• Some scholars believe that targeting women with microcredits is sure
to bring short and long term economic benefits and improve the
welfare of the household.
• Others find a small fraction of informal micro businesses in
developing countries mature into formal small businesses
22. A More Important Question is:
• Does the availability of funds or easy access to micro loans guarantee
any level of empowerment for women or long term economic growth?
• Recent empirical evaluations on the borrowers’ business or standards of
living are mixed. Results differ by the objective of the program.
• Programs with “women empowerment” objectives (i.e. access to loans), have rendered
positive outcomes.
• Yet, programs valuing control over resources, (i.e. control over loan use), delivered
negative outcomes.
• Other studies find evidence that the empowerment of women, measured by
their participation in decision making within the household, differs by social
status and is contingent upon social norms
23. Do these surveys convey the whole picture?
• Non response issue…
• the culture of sharing the experiences and opinions for research and
scientific reasons. ……………varies by education
• Particularly in GCC.
• Noncompliance…
24. More Regulations
• MFIs in:
• Morocco and Egypt: capping the interest rate (already imposed
on financial institutions), will be enforced on MFIs.
• Will discourage further commercial institutions from
participating in the microcredit market.
25. Conclusion:
• MSMEs business owners in MENA do not fit the “entrepreneur” definition.
• Necessity, survival and lack of other income generating activities ……== Competition is
already fierce among men.
• The business structure is not “institutionally” promoted.
• Financial institutions are underdeveloped
• The legal system is not conducive to the advancement of women.
• Economic dev. is insufficient in promoting empowerment== targeted
intervention.
• The connection between microcredit and improving standards of living is not
causative…but associative….=== need all-inclusive battery of fin and non-fin
tools.
26. Need More:
• Short and long-term impact studies of microfinance.
• Programs to alleviate poverty (control over available resources)
should not be lumped with programs to promote gender equality
(regulate /amend legal and property rights).
27. Egypt: A Case Study
• MSMEs dominate the non-agriculture private enterprise sector
(99percent), of which 11percent is owned by women, and
contributes 75percent of national value added and 4percent of
industrial exports.
