Presentation by Jemimah Njuki at the FAO-ILRI Workshop on Integrating Gender in Livestock Projects and Programs, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 22-25 November 2011.
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxlesleyryder69361
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a .
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxbraycarissa250
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a ...
Presentation by Jemimah Njuki at the FAO-ILRI Workshop on Integrating Gender in Livestock Projects and Programs, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 22-25 November 2011.
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxlesleyryder69361
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a .
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxbraycarissa250
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a ...
Health problems can be caused by a person's genetic make-up, lifestyle behaviours (e.g. smoking), exposure to toxic substances (e.g. asbestos) or other reasons. With multiple health problems, one illness or its treatment might lead to another.
Growing old in a society that has been obsessed with youth may have a critical impact on the mental health of many people. This situation has serious implications for psychiatric nursing.
This chapter focuses on physical and psychological changes associated with the aging process, as well as special concerns of the elderly population, such as retirement, long-term care, elder abuse, and rising suicide rates. The nursing process is presented as the vehicle for delivery of nursing care to elderly individuals.
Bias in Healthcare: An Evidence-Based OverviewKR_Barker
Bias can be both conscious and unconscious, and affects all areas of life including healthcare, with unfortunate (and sometimes deadly) consequences for patients. Join Kimberley for an evidence-based exploration of this topic which will include learning about biases in several different areas (sexual identity, physical weight, race, socioeconomic status, education, age, and disability), defining the scale of the problem, and how some in healthcare are working to combat bias and improve outcomes for patients.
Sexual and Intimate Needs of Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer: A Qual...Methodist HealthcareSA
Sexual and Intimate Needs of Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer: A Quality of Life Issue
Author: Sage Bolte, PhD, LCSW., Life With Cancer, Fairfax, VA
Presented to the 2010 Texas Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Conference hosted by Methodist Healthcare-San Antonio in October 2010
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Gender and Health
2nd Feb 2016
Dr Matt Maycock
MRC|CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow
matthew.maycock@glasgow.ac.uk
2. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Session overview
• Theories of gender and health
• Theories of masculinity
• Theories of masculinity applied to a health
promotion intervention - Fit for Life
• Practical application of theories of masculinity
to a health promotion resource
3. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
DEFINITIONS
• Sex – biological or genetic differences between
men and women. Largely universal.
• Gender – socially/culturally constructed
differences between men and women. Variable.
• Sexism – the personal and institutional
differentiation of power and status between the
sexes which limit opportunities for girls and
women.
• Gender/sex role – pattern of behaviour a
particular society expects from individuals of
either sex. Learned through socialisation.
4. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Recognising the Social
Construction of Gender
‘Gender refers to women’s and men’s roles
and responsibilities that are socially
determined. Gender is related to how we
are perceived and expected to think
and act as women and men because of
the way society is organised, not
because of our biological differences’.
Gender and Health, WHO (1998:5)
5. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
THE SECOND SEX
‘In truth, to go for a walk with one’s eye open is
enough to demonstrate that humanity is divided
into two classes of individuals whose clothes,
faces, bodies, smiles, gaits, interests and
occupations are manifestly different.
Perhaps these differences are superficial, perhaps
they are destined to disappear.
What is most certain is that they do most obviously
exist.’
Simone De Beauvoir – 1953
6. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Social explanations of gender
differences
• Feminine traits are de-valued and under-
valued by society.
• Women as relative beings – ‘woman as
other’.
• Men are the ‘unmarked’ or norm
7. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Explanations Cont.
• The process of socialisation places men in a
different position to women: a masculine
(hegemonic) archetype
• Traditional notions of masculinity position men as
‘breadwinners’, risk takers (in terms of hazardous
work – industrial accidents, contact with harmful
substances, and other pursuits such as sport, sex,
violence and health damaging behaviours –
smoking and excessive alcohol intake)
See Doyal, L. (2002) in Bendelow, G. et al (eds)
Gender, Health and Healing. London:Routledge.
8. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Social or Biological?
‘Men’s health is not a medical issue, it is
societal’ argues White (2001:3)
Equally, argues Doyal (2002), this is the
case for women also – both nationally and
globally.
9. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Difference/sameness debate
• Why should any difference – if it exists, or
we believe it to – be constructed as
disadvantage, particularly for women?
• If we are the same – the problem of
women's relative disadvantage and lack of
power remains unresolved.
• What needs to be addressed is not are we
the same or different, but what structures
exist which convert this into
disadvantage?
10. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Gender & health inequalities
‘Women get sicker but men die quicker’
(Miers, 2000)
Morbidity rates are higher for women
Mortality rates are higher for men
11. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Statistically Speaking…
• Life expectancy is higher for women than
men: in 2001 life expectancy at birth for
women was 80.4 years compared with
75.7 for men.
• Life expectancy for men has been
increasing faster than for women: an
increase of 4.8 years for men, and 3.6
years for women between 1981 and 2001.
12. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
More stats…
• In 2001 obesity levels were similar for both sexes: nearly
half of men were considered overweight, compared with
a third of women
• Underweight: men 4%, women 6%
• Men twice as likely to exceed recommended daily
benchmarks for alcohol consumption (3-4 units daily for
men, 2-3 for women)
• Young men more likely to binge drink
• Student drinking levels/behaviours revealed no significant
differences between the sexes!
13. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
CRITIQUE
THE PICTURE IS MORE COMPLEX
• Age ranges are significant.
• Men have higher rates of serious illness than
women
• Women have higher consultancy rates than men –
particularly GP contact
14. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Impact on Health
Women may still (just) have some
advantage over men in life expectancy,
may seem to get ‘sicker’ (higher rates of
morbidity), may be protected to some
extent from CHD due to oestrogen levels –
but their changing patterns of behaviour
are giving cause for interest and concern:
women are becoming more like men, and
thus experiencing similar health problems.
15. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
• To examine gender differences in consulting in
primary care in the UK population using routinely
collected general practice data. ▪
• To explore whether gender differences remain when
consultation for reproductive reasons or treatment for
common underlying morbidities are accounted for.
17. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
• The crude consultation rate was 32% lower in men than
women.
• The magnitude of gender difference varied across the life
course, and there was no ‘excess’ female consulting in early
and later life.
• The greatest gender gap in primary care consultations was
seen among those aged between 16 and 60 years.
• Gender differences in consulting were higher in people from
more deprived areas than among those from more affluent
areas.
• Accounting for reproductive-related consultations
diminished but did not eradicate the gender gap.
• However, consultation rates in men and women who had
comparable underlying morbidities (as assessed by receipt
of medication) were similar
18. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
• Conclusion: Overall gender differences in consulting are
most marked between the ages of 16 and 60 years; these
differences are only partially accounted for by consultations
for reproductive reasons.
• On average, men consulted less than women between the
ages of 16 and 60 years, but not at younger and older
ages.
• After controlling for medication for common underlying
morbidities (depression and cardiovascular disease), gender
differences in the use of primary healthcare services reduce
substantially and are modest.
19. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Why are women the main consumers
of health care?
• Women assume main responsibility for contraception
• Women encounter medical profession during pregnancy and
childbirth
• Women assume prime responsibility for well and sick
children
• Women’s anatomy is seen to be more complex than men’s
and appears to be more likely to succumb to health
problems and illness
• Traditionally women have been seen to be frail – medicine
has capitalised on women’s perceived weaknesses ( from
the vapours to pms)
• Women see themselves as ill more often than men
20. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Hegemonic Masculinity, Raewyn Connell (2005)
21. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Hegemonic Masculinity
• “hegemonic masculinity” - a form of masculinity that is
dominant in society, establishes the cultural ideal for what
it is to be a man, silences other masculinities, and
combats alternative visions of masculinity.
• Hegemonic masculinity’ is a concept that draws upon the
ideas of Gramsci. It refers to the dynamic cultural process
which guarantees (or is taken to guarantee) the dominant
position of men and the subordination of women.
• hegemonic masculinity - rejection of the idea that all men
are the same
22. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Hegemonic Masculinity Cont…
• a change from the concept of masculinity to the concept
of masculinities
• allows meaningful distinction between different
collective constructions of masculinity and identification
of power inequalities among these constructions.
Masculinities:
• Are actively constructed (not biologically determined)
• Are dynamic- change over time
• Have negative impacts- be tough don’t cry, can lead
to disengagement, health problems, aggression,
overwork and lack of emotional responsiveness.
23. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Criticisms (V. Seidler)
• Leaves gender roles, and in particular patriarchy
unchallenged
• Leaves out personal and emotional perspectives-
emotional lives of men ignored.
• “There is a danger of creating a fixed category of
‘abusing men,’ rather than learning how pregnancy
invokes unresolved emotional feelings in men”
• Is often applied to research quite uncritically
24. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Inclusive Masculinity, Eric Anderson (2009)
25. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
• Eric Anderson’s theory of Inclusive Masculinity describes
changes in the ways some men conceive of and enact their
masculinity. Employing ethnographic methods and “social-
feminist thinking” (14)
• Inclusive masculinity, like hegemonic masculinity, frames
gender (partially) in terms of power relations. However, it
suggests a shift toward a more egalitarian conception of
masculinity and a less rigidly vertical notion of hierarchy
• Anderson claims that “university-attending men are rapidly
running from the hegemonic type of masculinity that scholars
have been describing for the past 25 years” (4).
Inclusive Masculinity (2009)
26. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
• Connell’s definition of “hegemonic masculinity”—emerges
as insufficient for describing “the complexity of what
occurs as cultural homohysteria diminishes.” To rectify
this shortfall, Anderson proposes “inclusive masculinity
theory,” his own “new social theory” (7).
• homohysteria “describes the fear of being
homosexualized,”
• diminishing “homohysteria,” which Anderson defines as
combining “a culture of homophobia, femphobia, and
compulsory heterosexuality” (7).
Inclusive Masculinity
27. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Criticisms (de Boise, 2014)
• Misread hegemonic masculinity to be a type of person as opposed
to a web or matrix of configuration
• Assumes that hegemonic masculinity is inflexible and doesn’t adapt
to periods of low homohysteria
• Assumes a singular dominant ideal, but Connell uses a
multidimensional understanding of gender
• Claims of a ‘decline’ homophobia and homohysteria are questioned;
can levels of prejudice be objectively established; are acts like
same-sex kissing indicative of attitudes, is homophobia is really as
insignificant as inclusive masculinity claims.
28. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Prison masculinities and health in
Scotland (post-doc)
29. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Can FFIT be adapted to attract men to positive lifestyle change in a
prison?
Football Fans in Training (FFIT) has helped overweight and obese men
lose weight, improve diet, and increase physical activity (Hunt et al,
The Lancet, 2014)
30. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Context
Prisons are largely
all-male
environments
p-FFIT delivered to
men-only groups
Content
Info about science of
weight-loss presented
simply
Role of alcohol in
weight management
FFIT logo branding
Delivery notes
adapted to take
account of prison
context
Style of delivery
PEIs have detailed
knowledge of
prison context
Participative and
peer-supported
learning
Encouraged male
banter to facilitate
discussion of
sensitive topics
Testing feasibility of delivering an adapted version of FFIT, Fit for Life
was delivered in two prison gyms over course of 10 weeks
31. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Methods
Prison A
Delivered to 18 prisoners by prison
Physical Education Instructors (PEIs)
Data collection
Observations of all 15 sessions
Interviews with participants who
completed programme (n=9)
Interviews with participants who did
not complete (n=3)
Focus group with PEIs (n = 1)
Delivered to 21 prisoners by
community coaches from a
professional football club
Data collection
Observations of all 12 sessions
Interviews with participants who
completed programme (n=9)
Interviews with PEIs and staff
(n=3)
Prison B
32. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Health in prison contexts
Context-specific challenges to
prisoners’ mental and
physical well-being
The prevalence of overweight and
obesity among male prisoners in
the UK is ‘unacceptably high’
(Herbert et al, 2012)
Many prisoners do not take given opportunities to eat healthily and
exercise regularly and are less likely to achieve recommended
minimum PA guidelines (Herbert et al, 2012)
33. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Prison masculinities
In (largely male) prisons environments, there are performances of masculinity that
are structured in hierarchical ways in reference to both orthodox/hegemonic' and
'inclusive' masculinities
Orthodox/ hegemonic
masculinity
" inclusive form of
masculinity based on social
equality for gay men,
respect for women, and
racial parity and one in
which... men bond over
emotional intimacy"
(Anderson, 2008, 604)
"masculine performance
labeled as orthodox attempts
to approximate the hegemonic
form of masculinity, largely by
devaluing women and gay
men." (Anderson, 2005, 338)
(Bourdieu, 1998) (Connell,
1995)
Inclusive
masculinity
34. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Prison is an ultramasculine world where
nobody talks about masculinity. (Sabo et
al 2001, 3)
…a hegemonically defined hypermasculine
and heteronormative environment with an
abundance of alpha males, sexism, and
violence. (Jenness and Fenstermaker,
2013, 13)
…prison facilities are a
particular kind of institutional
setting, one that actively resists
the diversity of masculine
practices and identities.
(Curtis, 2014, 121)
…places of great humour and
playfulness, of friendship and
camaraderie, of educational
enlightenment, of successful
therapeutic intervention. (Jewkes,
2013, 14).
in their mutual support and
encouragement, it was also possible
to discern sublimated forms of
intimacy. Certainly, the vivid and
joyful ways in which prisoners
engaged in collective exercise, and
the sheer amount of physical
horseplay among younger prisoners,
pointed to submerged emotional
sentiments. (Crewe et al, 2013, 11)
Orthodox/ hegemonic
prison masculinities
Inclusive
Prison masculinities
35. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Orthodox masculinities in the context of the
Fit for Life programme
I can understand aboot guys being
apprehensive an’ that, ken I think
when, especially wi’ everybody else
in the hall, ken, an’ you’re goin’ and
they’re goin’ “aye, goin’ tae fat
club,” an’ a’ this carry on, ken whit I
mean? So I could imagine people
being apprehensive aboot it, eh.
(Prison A - P2)
I was hammering everybody fae
the word go. I'm the sort o' person,
see once I get up there I don't like
anybody beating me, you know?
Determined an' that, you know?
(Prison B - P11)
Ken what I mean? I’ll par—ken, I’ll... I’ll
take—I’ll partake in anythin’ eh? And as I
say when, ken when I got there I was
like that, ‘right, fair enough.’ I mean
you’re only putting your view forward. I
mean we’re in a hostile situation
here, eh? And people dinnae want
tae speak forward in case the boy,
“he’s a fucking idiot,” excuse my
French. (Prison A - P11)
36. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Inclusive masculinity within the context
of the Fit for Life programme
I think it was a part of—it was
being a part of a group. On the
outside I’m a lone person. I’m no’
part of any group. So see learning in
a group, and interacting wi’
people, and speaking to people
in the group that kept me
motivated as well. (Prison A - P11)
it was important for me tae, for me tae
do my thing and for me tae tell people
that they was doing good at their
thing, and encouraging them and
pushing them and stuff like that.
(Prison A - P3)
Well you’re having a laugh wi’
people and it’s like yous are losing a
wee bit o’ weight an’ you’re kinda
like, it’s just you’re no’ coming an’
you’re no’ like if you’re coming tae
the gym, it’s like you’re no’ the
fattest person in the gym. So
you’re here and yous are all
kinda fat, yous are all here for
the same reason. (Prison B - P3)
37. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Embodied masculinity - The gym,
muscularity and weight
You’ve gottae get big, aye, you’ve
got a group, your group o’ guys,
that’s what they’re intae, their
bodybuilding an’ they’re strength
things like that. (Prison A - P8)
You want everybody tae go intae a
prison an' they all want tae dae the
weights, they a’ want tae get big
an' strong. That's what they all want
tae dae. (Prison B P11)
I actually get people that go like
that, “oh how long did it take you to
get that [large] size?” And this is the
first time I’ve ever trained in my life!
Know what I mean? And I’ve just
worked hard at it, and worked hard,
and I explain that to guys. I just,
know what I mean? Guys were all
wanting to get like me, and like
as big as me kinda thing. (Prison
B-P1)
38. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Changes to bodies and appearance
I think people in general do take a
lot more care of themselves
nowadays and it happens more in
prison. So you're not
automatically in inverted
commas 'a poof' if you use face
cream and keep yourself clean
and... yeah. (Prison A - P4)
When I lost weight I kind o'... I
like tae keep my strength up an’ I
felt as if when I was losing my
weight that I was losing my
strength as well, that my strength
was falling away. (Prison B - P11)
Some people don't care aboot
themselves 'cause they're in the jail,
they've hit rock bottom. (Prison A
- P7)
39. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Orthodox to Inclusive masculinity -
Group dynamics
I think it was a part of—it was being
a part of a group. On the outside I’m
a lone person. I’m no’ part of any
group. So see learning in a group,
and interacting wi’ people, and
speaking to people in the group that
kept me motivated as well. I mean I
enjoyed the group. It’s one of
the biggest things I’ll take away
fae it has been involved in the
group. (Prison A - P11)
...you dinnae want tae be yourself,
‘cause you just single yoursel’ oot, ken
whit I mean? As I say you can put
yourself the gither as a team an’ you
take it on as a team, ken whit I
mean? An’ you support each other
through it. (Prison A - P2)
Yeah, there was two lads in
particular that were like really
taking the piss an’ I didn’t enjoy
that bit. No-one had control over
them. D’you know what I mean?
But other than that everything went
really, really well. (Prison B - P5)
40. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Results - ActiGraph data – Total Moderate to
Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) (HMP Perth and
Kilmarnock, Phase three)
Mean
54.70956504
Mean
81.0760771
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Basline 12 week
M
i
n
u
t
e
s
41. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Results - ActiGraph data: Sedentary time (HMP
Perth and Kilmarnock, Phase three)
Mean
473.475067
Mean
427.5057823
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Basline 12 week
M
i
n
u
t
e
s
42. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Results - ActiGraph data: Step counts (HMP Perth
and Kilmarnock, Phase three)
Mean
8817.266193
Mean
12522.58197
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Basline 12 week
S
t
e
p
s
43. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Results - Self reported - Portion sizes (HMP Perth
and Kilmarnock, Phase three (14 participants))
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Cheese Pasta Meat Chips
Baseline
12 weeks
44. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Results - Self reported – Self-Esteem (HMP Perth
and Kilmarnock, Phase three (14 participants))
Mean
14.54545455
Mean
15.22727273
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
baseline 12 weeks
45. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Fit for Life - Conclusions
• Masculinity has shaped the planning and the experience of engagement in the
Fit for Life programme.
• An approach to men's health similar to that taken by FFIT has the potential to
be successfully adapted for secure settings.
• A gender and context sensitised health promotion intervention has the potential
to facilitate engagement with a cohort of hard to reach and disadvantaged men
in a secure setting.
• Performances of both hegemonic/orthodox and inclusive forms of masculinity
were evident amongst men who took part in the Fit for Life programme.
• Programmes such as Fit for Life have the potential to enhance more inclusive
forms of masculinity.
• There are many, often contradictory implications for masculinities in taking part
in programmes to enhance health and wellbeing.
46. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Practical exercise
In groups think about a health promotion resource in the
form of a leaflet that will communicate men or boys about
health.
• Consider how the theory/s of gender/ masculinity
will shape the resource
• Consider how you will design the leaflet in a
gendered way
• Consider about what subjects/issues you will cover
47. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Masculinity and health – the Haynes Man Manuals
Men&Work
Warning:
Reading this may
seriously improve
your health
48. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Masculinity and health – the Haynes Man Manuals
49. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Questions/ Comments
Editor's Notes
The Football Fans in Training (FFIT) programme is a group-based, gender-sensitised weight management, physical activity and healthy lifestyle programme which is delivered through Scottish Professional Football League football clubs. In this community setting, FFIT has attracted overweight and obese men and helped them to lose weight, improve their diet and increase physical activity. Following expressions of interest from other stakeholders, we wanted to see if a) FFIT could be translated to other settings, without compromising the integrity of the programme, and b) could engage different target groups within these novel settings. In this paper, we’re asking whether FFIT can be adapted to attract men to positive lifestyle change in a prison?
These borrow heavily on the main FFIT adaptations.
Adapting FFIT for prisoners (p-FFIT) capitalises on the known appeal of football to this disadvantaged and excluded population,
Context –
Content – mention literacy issues
This is quite different to the main FFIT study given that the p-FFIT participants supported quite a wide range of football clubs.
Delivery – stress the impressive work of the PEIs
18 men were recruited to p-FFIT, a pilot version of FFIT adapted for the prison setting, by prison physical exercise instructors. P-FFIT was delivered in the prison gym by PEIs over the course of 15 weeks (including baseline measures and a graduation week).
We evaluated p-FFIT to assess the programme’s potential to recruit prisoners to lose weight and become more active, improve health behaviours and deliver physical and mental health benefits.
Data collection included:
Collection of a number of objective, self-report and biomarker measures (at baseline, post-programme, and at 6, 9, and 12 months)
Observations of all 15 sessions
Interviews with participants who completed the programme
Interviews with men who do not complete the programme
A focus group with the PEIs
There is significant movement of prisoners within the prison system, which makes
measuring participants challenging.
Ethical approval was gained from the College of Social Science, Glasgow University and NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde West of Scotland Research Ethics Board.
Due to time restrictions, we won’t be reporting the results of the quantitative data or PEI focus group in this presentation.
Men living within prisons experience many context-specific challenges to their mental and physical well-being, which are often compounded by lifetime disadvantage that makes the adoption of healthier practices particularly difficult.
The prevalence of overweight/obesity among male prisoners in the UK is ‘unacceptably high’ (even though previous substance misuse can lower BMI for some prisoners).
Despite being given opportunities to eat healthily and take part in PA, many prisoners choose not to do so, and they are less likely to achieve recommended minimum PA guidelines than non-incarcerated men.
National recommendations suggest using prison settings to promote PA, healthy eating and wellbeing.
*Towards the end of the programme fidelity declined noticeably (I have removed this as a bullet on slide but you could just say it instead)
I have also taken out coaches from the 4th bullet as we haven’t mentioned anything about external coaches before this.
*Towards the end of the programme fidelity declined noticeably (I have removed this as a bullet on slide but you could just say it instead)
I have also taken out coaches from the 4th bullet as we haven’t mentioned anything about external coaches before this.
Read through inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Elevated BP = systolic≥160mmHg and/or diastolic≥100mmHg (I’ve taken off slide)
This give a sense of the sorts of prisoners we were trying to attract to the programme, although participants did not have to meet all three inclusion criteria.
Read through inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Elevated BP = systolic≥160mmHg and/or diastolic≥100mmHg (I’ve taken off slide)
This give a sense of the sorts of prisoners we were trying to attract to the programme, although participants did not have to meet all three inclusion criteria.
Read through inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Elevated BP = systolic≥160mmHg and/or diastolic≥100mmHg (I’ve taken off slide)
This give a sense of the sorts of prisoners we were trying to attract to the programme, although participants did not have to meet all three inclusion criteria.
Read through inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Elevated BP = systolic≥160mmHg and/or diastolic≥100mmHg (I’ve taken off slide)
This give a sense of the sorts of prisoners we were trying to attract to the programme, although participants did not have to meet all three inclusion criteria.
Read through inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Elevated BP = systolic≥160mmHg and/or diastolic≥100mmHg (I’ve taken off slide)
This give a sense of the sorts of prisoners we were trying to attract to the programme, although participants did not have to meet all three inclusion criteria.
For more on FFIT, please see (cf. Hunt et al (2014), A gender-sensitised weight loss and healthy living programme for overweight and obese men delivered by Scottish Premier League football clubs (FFIT): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet, April)
We will present findings on the acceptability of the programme to prisoners and staff, and on the potential for such approaches to improve the health of a vulnerable group of men.
For more on FFIT, please see (cf. Hunt et al (2014), A gender-sensitised weight loss and healthy living programme for overweight and obese men delivered by Scottish Premier League football clubs (FFIT): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet, April)
We will present findings on the acceptability of the programme to prisoners and staff, and on the potential for such approaches to improve the health of a vulnerable group of men.
For more on FFIT, please see (cf. Hunt et al (2014), A gender-sensitised weight loss and healthy living programme for overweight and obese men delivered by Scottish Premier League football clubs (FFIT): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet, April)
We will present findings on the acceptability of the programme to prisoners and staff, and on the potential for such approaches to improve the health of a vulnerable group of men.
For more on FFIT, please see (cf. Hunt et al (2014), A gender-sensitised weight loss and healthy living programme for overweight and obese men delivered by Scottish Premier League football clubs (FFIT): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet, April)
We will present findings on the acceptability of the programme to prisoners and staff, and on the potential for such approaches to improve the health of a vulnerable group of men.
For more on FFIT, please see (cf. Hunt et al (2014), A gender-sensitised weight loss and healthy living programme for overweight and obese men delivered by Scottish Premier League football clubs (FFIT): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet, April)
We will present findings on the acceptability of the programme to prisoners and staff, and on the potential for such approaches to improve the health of a vulnerable group of men.
*Towards the end of the programme fidelity declined noticeably (I have removed this as a bullet on slide but you could just say it instead)
I have also taken out coaches from the 4th bullet as we haven’t mentioned anything about external coaches before this.
with the majority of participants having maintained or put on weight between enrolment and session five
with the majority of participants having maintained or put on weight between enrolment and session five