This document is a literature review that examines how to engage men aged 18-40 in regular health services in Canada. It finds that Canadian men on average live 4 years less than women, with higher rates of preventable causes of death like cardiovascular disease and suicide. Men are also less likely than women to access primary health services. The research problem is that cultural norms portraying men as independent and stoic make it difficult to engage men in preventative health behaviors. The literature review aims to understand how to better promote men's health and increase their participation in basic health services. It reviews both qualitative and quantitative research on factors influencing men's health behaviors and utilization of health care.
This document summarizes key aspects of women's health, including leading causes of death and conditions that disproportionately affect women. It discusses health issues specific to women like reproductive health and cancers. It also explains how some common conditions like heart disease, lung cancer, and diabetes present differently and may be more severe for women. Ensuring women receive appropriate diagnosis and treatment requires addressing gaps in understanding these gender differences and improving access to women-centered healthcare.
The document summarizes cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence, costs, risk factors, and prevention programs in the United States. It notes that CVD is the leading cause of death, costs over $444 billion annually in healthcare expenditures, and that over 83 million Americans have at least one CVD. Risk factors discussed include hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and diabetes. Prevention programs highlighted are the Sodium Reduction Community Program and WISEWOMAN program, which provide screening, lifestyle programs, and referrals to underserved women.
An Examination of Health Care Quality--with a focus on physician rendered caretoabel
This document discusses quality in healthcare and physician-rendered care. It notes that while quality aims to be discernible and reproducible, studies have shown variances in treatment recommendations and outcomes across patient groups. Specifically, a 1999 study found that a patient's race and sex independently influenced physicians' likelihood of recommending cardiac catheterization, indicating potential bias. This raises questions about how physician training and professionalism can allow for differences in care quality among groups. More research is needed to understand what systematic variances in health status are maintained over time for disparate patient populations.
This document discusses barriers to men seeking healthcare, disparities in health outcomes for men compared to women, and issues related to testicular cancer screening. It notes that significant barriers exist for men seeking healthcare, including limited service options and attitudes discouraging help-seeking. Men also experience higher rates of mortality for many leading causes of death compared to women. While testicular cancer has a high survival rate if caught early, it poses a significant threat to young men's life years. The document argues that recommendations against testicular self-exams create conflicting messages for practitioners and that including self-exams in standards of care could encourage earlier detection and help-seeking.
This document discusses LGBT health and healthcare disparities. It provides statistics showing that LGBT individuals make up a minority of the US population and are understudied. LGBT people face more barriers to healthcare access and are more likely to lack a regular provider. Without access to care, conditions like HIV can go undetected and spread. The document calls for efforts like increasing LGBT-inclusive data collection, education to reduce stigma, and policies protecting LGBT patients to help address healthcare disparities. An interdisciplinary, systemic approach is needed to improve health outcomes for LGBT populations.
Gender Differences in Health Care, Status, and Use: Spotlight on Men's HealthKFF
1) Men report worse access to health care than women. Fewer men have a regular doctor or place to go for care, see a clinician regularly, or have had a medical visit in the past two years. Low-income and uninsured men face even greater barriers.
2) Cost is a significant barrier to care for many men, with poorer and uninsured men much more likely to delay or go without needed care due to inability to pay. Non-financial barriers like transportation and time constraints also prevent many men from receiving care.
3) Men are less likely than women to receive some recommended preventive services like general checkups, blood pressure checks, and cholesterol screens. Improving preventive care for men could help
This document discusses potential causal relationships between institutional racism in the United States and high heart disease mortality rates among middle-aged African American males. It suggests that racism may contribute to heart disease indirectly by causing depression, stress, and fear of medical treatment (iatrophobia) stemming from a history of unethical medical experimentation on African Americans. It also discusses how mass incarceration of African Americans through the War on Drugs has disproportionately impacted their communities and health. The document concludes that eliminating institutional racism could help reduce heart disease in African American males by reducing associated depression, stress, and barriers to healthcare access and treatment.
This document summarizes key aspects of women's health, including leading causes of death and conditions that disproportionately affect women. It discusses health issues specific to women like reproductive health and cancers. It also explains how some common conditions like heart disease, lung cancer, and diabetes present differently and may be more severe for women. Ensuring women receive appropriate diagnosis and treatment requires addressing gaps in understanding these gender differences and improving access to women-centered healthcare.
The document summarizes cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence, costs, risk factors, and prevention programs in the United States. It notes that CVD is the leading cause of death, costs over $444 billion annually in healthcare expenditures, and that over 83 million Americans have at least one CVD. Risk factors discussed include hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and diabetes. Prevention programs highlighted are the Sodium Reduction Community Program and WISEWOMAN program, which provide screening, lifestyle programs, and referrals to underserved women.
An Examination of Health Care Quality--with a focus on physician rendered caretoabel
This document discusses quality in healthcare and physician-rendered care. It notes that while quality aims to be discernible and reproducible, studies have shown variances in treatment recommendations and outcomes across patient groups. Specifically, a 1999 study found that a patient's race and sex independently influenced physicians' likelihood of recommending cardiac catheterization, indicating potential bias. This raises questions about how physician training and professionalism can allow for differences in care quality among groups. More research is needed to understand what systematic variances in health status are maintained over time for disparate patient populations.
This document discusses barriers to men seeking healthcare, disparities in health outcomes for men compared to women, and issues related to testicular cancer screening. It notes that significant barriers exist for men seeking healthcare, including limited service options and attitudes discouraging help-seeking. Men also experience higher rates of mortality for many leading causes of death compared to women. While testicular cancer has a high survival rate if caught early, it poses a significant threat to young men's life years. The document argues that recommendations against testicular self-exams create conflicting messages for practitioners and that including self-exams in standards of care could encourage earlier detection and help-seeking.
This document discusses LGBT health and healthcare disparities. It provides statistics showing that LGBT individuals make up a minority of the US population and are understudied. LGBT people face more barriers to healthcare access and are more likely to lack a regular provider. Without access to care, conditions like HIV can go undetected and spread. The document calls for efforts like increasing LGBT-inclusive data collection, education to reduce stigma, and policies protecting LGBT patients to help address healthcare disparities. An interdisciplinary, systemic approach is needed to improve health outcomes for LGBT populations.
Gender Differences in Health Care, Status, and Use: Spotlight on Men's HealthKFF
1) Men report worse access to health care than women. Fewer men have a regular doctor or place to go for care, see a clinician regularly, or have had a medical visit in the past two years. Low-income and uninsured men face even greater barriers.
2) Cost is a significant barrier to care for many men, with poorer and uninsured men much more likely to delay or go without needed care due to inability to pay. Non-financial barriers like transportation and time constraints also prevent many men from receiving care.
3) Men are less likely than women to receive some recommended preventive services like general checkups, blood pressure checks, and cholesterol screens. Improving preventive care for men could help
This document discusses potential causal relationships between institutional racism in the United States and high heart disease mortality rates among middle-aged African American males. It suggests that racism may contribute to heart disease indirectly by causing depression, stress, and fear of medical treatment (iatrophobia) stemming from a history of unethical medical experimentation on African Americans. It also discusses how mass incarceration of African Americans through the War on Drugs has disproportionately impacted their communities and health. The document concludes that eliminating institutional racism could help reduce heart disease in African American males by reducing associated depression, stress, and barriers to healthcare access and treatment.
“Constrained Choice: A Framework for Understanding the Intersectionality of Social Disparities and Health Outcomes” American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta. August 16.
Discrimination in healthcare can take many forms and negatively impact patient outcomes. Studies show racial disparities exist, such as Black Americans being more likely to die from COVID-19 than white Americans. LGBTQ and women also face discrimination, including denial of care, disrespectful treatment, and medical research that overlooks their health needs. Addressing biases in healthcare is important to ensure all patients receive equal treatment.
This document discusses gender differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare. It provides statistics that show men have higher suicide rates, preventable mortality rates, and CVD mortality rates than women. However, women attend their GP 66% more than men. The document also notes that achieving gender equity requires ensuring both men and women have their health needs appropriately met, as gender norms can impact people's health. The World Health Organization is quoted as stating gender equality in health means equal opportunities and potential for health across genders, and may require specific measures to overcome barriers.
1) The document discusses issues of inequality, poverty, and lack of access to healthcare that disproportionately impact women. It notes that as poverty rises, so does the population in need of reproductive healthcare assistance, while public support is decreasing.
2) Income inequality is linked to poorer health outcomes, as the gap between rich and poor grows, the well-off are less willing to pay taxes to fund public services. Job status also correlates with health, with lower levels reporting more stress.
3) Women face discrimination in healthcare costs and coverage. They may be denied insurance or charged higher premiums based on gender or experiences like domestic violence. Single and minority women have less access and higher rates of poverty and uninsured.
This document summarizes the results of a study examining changes in health status of China's adult population between 2003 and 2008. The study found that respondents in 2008 were more likely to report illness and chronic diseases than in 2003, though smoking decreased slightly. Rates of reported chronic diseases increased more for women, the elderly, rural residents, and those in eastern China. Possible explanations given include China's aging population, risk factors associated with dietary and lifestyle changes, rising hypertension prevalence, and increasing health insurance coverage and utilization of services.
Despite many barriers that exist, physicians and nurses become the most important players in the space where MSM navigate their health and HIV needs. MSM face significant stigma and discrimination, which increases their vulnerability to poor health outcomes like HIV and mental health issues. Providers have an important role and responsibility to deliver compassionate and non-judgmental care to MSM. Overcoming biases, ensuring privacy and confidentiality, and addressing the specific health needs of MSM are crucial for encouraging MSM to seek the care they need.
Background: Sexual health is one aspect of daily life that becomes affected after an individual suffers from coronary artery diseases. Sexual health assessment is an important aspect in assessing general health of patients with coronary artery diseases. Patients often express their concern about sexual well-being after coronary artery diseases but they rarely receive sexual health-related information. Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess Jordanian patients with coronary artery diseases toward sexual health and resuming sexual health activities. Methods: A descriptive, correlational and longitudinal design was used. A convenience sample of 90 patients with coronary artery diseases was enrolled. The study was conducted at one university-affiliated hospital and one public hospital in Amman. Patients’ knowledge about sexual health was assessed using Sex after Myocardial Infarction Knowledge Test- Cardiac version. Results: The majority of patients (65.6%) were diagnosed with MI, male (76.7%) and above 45 years (78.9%). Most patients (72.2%) had a CAD for five years or less. Patients acknowledged the importance of sexual health assessment but they rarely receive sexual health information. The results revealed that patients’ knowledge was limited regarding certain aspects of sexual health (M=13.74, SD= 3.26) at phase one and most patients (55.6%) had moderate knowledge. The results indicated that patients’ knowledge had significantly improved at second phase. Conclusions: Sexual health is an important concern for patients with coronary artery diseases that need to be addressed after recovery. Results of the study showed that sexual health remains an important issue for both patients with coronary artery disease and their health care providers. Continuing education for nurses and health education for patients regarding sexual health should be considered in health institutions.
Building Better Health for Gay Men: Challenges and Opportunities in British C...CBRC
The document summarizes a presentation about building better health for gay men in British Columbia. It discusses the current health status of gay men, including issues like HIV, STIs, mental health challenges, and chronic diseases. It also examines social factors that influence gay men's health, such as stigma, shifts in community and connectivity, and political environments. Finally, it considers where gay men's health needs to go and opportunities to improve health, such as expanding prevention efforts and treatment, addressing mental health and substance use, and forming partnerships between public health and community groups.
Social integration and the mental health needs of lgbtq asylum seekers in nor...TÀI LIỆU NGÀNH MAY
Để xem full tài liệu Xin vui long liên hệ page để được hỗ trợ
: https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
HOẶC
https://www.facebook.com/garmentspace/
https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
tai lieu tong hop, thu vien luan van, luan van tong hop, do an chuyen nganh
The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) was a 15-year study from 1991-2010 that examined the effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) and lifestyle interventions on health outcomes in postmenopausal women. The WHI hormone therapy trials found that estrogen plus progestin therapy modestly increased risks of heart disease, stroke, blood clots and breast cancer. Estrogen-alone therapy increased risks of stroke and blood clots but did not change heart disease risk. Subsequent research has found that risks may depend on factors like age at start of therapy, duration of use, and type of progestin used. Current recommendations are to use the lowest effective dose of HT for the shortest time to treat
Alcohol misuse and older people- Conor Breen, CARDIRoger O'Sullivan
Many public health campaigns on the misuse of alcohol are aimed at younger age groups. However, there is evidence that alcohol misuse is increasing in people over the age of 65. For a variety of reasons, alcohol misuse among these older people may go unnoticed (Department of Work and Pensions, 2013).
This edition of the CARDI “Focus on . . .” series looks at alcohol misuse among older people across the island of Ireland and asks if more could be done in policy and social work terms to address the associated health and welfare issues among older age groups.
Minorities, especially African Americans, account for nearly half the population of Fulton County, Georgia but experience disproportionate rates of health issues like sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). STD rates in Fulton County, particularly for conditions like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, are among the highest in the state. African Americans contract STDs at much higher rates than other groups. Social factors like poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and segregation of minority populations likely contribute to these disparities.
This research project aims to examine the family burden of people living with AIDS receiving treatment at BPKIHS. It will use an exploratory research design and survey 30 primary caregiver family members using interviews and assessments of family burden. The study hypothesizes that there will be no association between family burden and caregiver characteristics or social stigma. It seeks to understand the demographic profiles of PLWAs and their families, problems faced by caregivers, and the relationship between family burden and demographics. The results could help develop strategies to better support patients and reduce caregiver burden through education and policy changes.
Substance Abuse Vs Suicidal risk report Final Draft 06_04_2015Geoffrey Kip, MPH
1. This study examines the relationship between substance abuse and suicide risk among youth ages 14-24 in Philadelphia. It analyzes whether substance abuse scores and specific drugs (alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, illicit drugs) predict suicide ideation and lifetime suicide scores.
2. The study uses a cross-sectional design and secondary data from behavioral health screens administered in emergency departments, primary care offices, schools and other locations. Logistic regression is used to calculate odds ratios for substance abuse variables predicting suicide history.
3. Preliminary results found that substance abuse scores and use of marijuana, alcohol, tobacco and other illicit drugs were all significant predictors of history of suicide in participants. Race also significantly predicted suicide history for those
The Health of the African American Community in the District of ColumbiaErik Schimmel, MHA
This document provides a summary of a report on health disparities faced by the African American community in Washington D.C. It finds that while overall health outcomes have improved, African Americans have lower life expectancy and higher rates of chronic diseases and homicides compared to other racial groups. Social factors like poverty, education levels and housing costs negatively impact the health of long-time Black residents. The report provides recommendations to address systemic inequities and promote health equity in D.C.
Presentation of gender and diseases.pptxssuser504dda
This document discusses gender differences in prevalent medical diseases and conditions such as heart disease and diabetes. It provides definitions of key terms like gender, disease, and prevalence. It then examines gender differences in risk factors for diseases according to sex, as well as differences in lifestyle behaviors, health service use, and disease prevalence between men and women.
The U.S Healthcare System, African Americans and the Notion of Toughing It Ou...Chelsea Dade, MS
This project presentation will explore whether or not African American adults are less engaged patients, and whether the notion of toughing it out plays a significant role regarding how African Americans interact with their healthcare.
The Tuskegee Experiment was not the first time that African Americans were experimented on for scientific gain. One book that examines this history is titled Medical Apartheid (Washington, 2006). The novel dives into the dark history of medical experiments on Blacks, including, but not limited to inhumane slavery assessments and Marion Sims’ gynecologic obscenities on Black women (Wall, 2006). Though these debacles occurred decades ago, I propose that these events may continue to play a role in the way African Americans interact with the American healthcare system. Today, there are rules in place to prevent such issues with consent. However, after historically being placed in positions marked by humiliation and mistreatment based on skin color, I wanted to obtain a clearer understanding of whether or not African Americans have responded to the effects of these events by limiting their trust of other people, creating gender norms within their communities, and “toughing it out”.
The structure of this power point presentation for my final paper from HLTHCOMM440, Engaging Patients in Care, will begin by defining this demographic by its key cultural attributes. Second, the paper will highlight research on how one health belief, “toughing it out”, effects African American patient engagement levels. Third, the paper will summarize and discuss the methodology and results from a standardized patient engagement survey, and compare them to the existing literature. Finally, this paper will highlight a hypothetical federally funded health care program, titled “Mandating Mental Health First Aid in Chicago Businesses”, which will require all mid-size and large companies in Chicago to train human resources professionals in “Mental Health First Aid”. This intervention not only benefits African American employees in Chicago, but entire staffs in Chicago in general. In this way, the program does not target African Americans, but seeks to offer helpful resources on mental health that due to either a lack of access or stigmatization, some African Americans may or may not have be aware of. Therefore, the point of having this program is to help employees , especially newer employees, feel supported as the manage the many facets of their lives. Whether or not resources are utilized will depend on many individualistic factors that are including in this presentation. However, the first step towards health equity is to offer equal resources, to everyone.
For access to the standardized survey, please contact Chelsea Dade via email (chelseadade2018@u.northwestern.edu).
LuciousDavis1-Research Methods for Health Sciences-01-Unit9_AssignmentLucious Davis
This document discusses health disparities faced by minority groups in the United States. It focuses on disparities experienced by African Americans, such as higher rates of homicide, heart disease, and cancer. These disparities are linked to socioeconomic factors like low income and lack of access to quality healthcare. The author proposes investigating connections between race, economic status, access to healthcare and treatment. A quantitative and qualitative research approach will be used to understand disparities and how socioeconomic status impacts health outcomes in minority communities.
“THE GLOBAL CASE FOR ACTION: ACKNOWLEDGING POVERTY AS A DETERMINANT OF MEN’S HEALTH”
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME DAY THREE
THIRD JAPAN-ASEAN MEN’S HEALTH AND AGING CONFERENCE
03 DECEMBER 2008
SINGAPORE
Plenary 8: jmh and ISMH Joint Lecture
Dr. April M. W. Young
Running Head FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POL.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POLICY DECISIONS 5
Findings Used to Make Public Health Planning and Policy Decisions
Unit 4 - HA560
March 28, 2016
There has been increased concern among policy makers, scientists and communities that health is greatly affected by a number of factors that occur in a person’s lifetime and in multi levels. Prevention is sententious to curb occurrence of any disease within the population, and it has to come first even if access to quality healthcare services is provided. To adequately promote health and prevent diseases, certain policies and factors need to be addressed mostly factors that are related to health behaviors.
Social psychology is all about understanding individuals’ behavior specifically in a social setting. Basically, social psychology focuses on factors that influence people to behave in certain ways in presence of others. The two greatest contributors in the field of social psychology were Allport (1920) and Bandura (1963). To begin with, according to Allport; he argued that the interaction of individuals with others or the presence of social groups can encourage the development of certain behaviors (Kassin, 2014). This is what Allport referred to as social facilitation, in his research he identified that an audience will facilitate the performance of an actor in a well learnt and understood task; however the performance of the same actor will decrease in performance on difficult tasks which are newly learnt, and this is contributed by social inhibition. The second contributor in the field of social psychology is Bandura (1963), in his work he developed a notion that behavior in the social world could be possibly modeled, and this is what he referred to as social learning theory. He gave his explanation with three groups of children who were watching a video where in the video an adult showed aggressiveness towards a “bobo doll” and the adults who displayed such behavior were awarded by another adult or were just punished. Therefore Bandura found that children who saw the adult being rewarded were found to be more likely to imitate that adult’s behavior.
Certain theories plays important roles in health assessment, and a theory is defined as a collection of concepts in specific area of concern or interest in the world that need explanations, intervening and prediction. Theories need to be backed up with evidence that tend to explain why things will happen in relation to current situations, and followed with some actions to turn situations in certain desirable ways. Health assessment can be defined as a plan of care that recognizes specific person’s health needs and how such needs will be addressed by healthcare system or any other health institutions (Jarvis, 2008). Generally, health assessment is the evaluation of health status through examination of physical and psychological concerns after looking at the health history of the victim assess ...
“Constrained Choice: A Framework for Understanding the Intersectionality of Social Disparities and Health Outcomes” American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta. August 16.
Discrimination in healthcare can take many forms and negatively impact patient outcomes. Studies show racial disparities exist, such as Black Americans being more likely to die from COVID-19 than white Americans. LGBTQ and women also face discrimination, including denial of care, disrespectful treatment, and medical research that overlooks their health needs. Addressing biases in healthcare is important to ensure all patients receive equal treatment.
This document discusses gender differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare. It provides statistics that show men have higher suicide rates, preventable mortality rates, and CVD mortality rates than women. However, women attend their GP 66% more than men. The document also notes that achieving gender equity requires ensuring both men and women have their health needs appropriately met, as gender norms can impact people's health. The World Health Organization is quoted as stating gender equality in health means equal opportunities and potential for health across genders, and may require specific measures to overcome barriers.
1) The document discusses issues of inequality, poverty, and lack of access to healthcare that disproportionately impact women. It notes that as poverty rises, so does the population in need of reproductive healthcare assistance, while public support is decreasing.
2) Income inequality is linked to poorer health outcomes, as the gap between rich and poor grows, the well-off are less willing to pay taxes to fund public services. Job status also correlates with health, with lower levels reporting more stress.
3) Women face discrimination in healthcare costs and coverage. They may be denied insurance or charged higher premiums based on gender or experiences like domestic violence. Single and minority women have less access and higher rates of poverty and uninsured.
This document summarizes the results of a study examining changes in health status of China's adult population between 2003 and 2008. The study found that respondents in 2008 were more likely to report illness and chronic diseases than in 2003, though smoking decreased slightly. Rates of reported chronic diseases increased more for women, the elderly, rural residents, and those in eastern China. Possible explanations given include China's aging population, risk factors associated with dietary and lifestyle changes, rising hypertension prevalence, and increasing health insurance coverage and utilization of services.
Despite many barriers that exist, physicians and nurses become the most important players in the space where MSM navigate their health and HIV needs. MSM face significant stigma and discrimination, which increases their vulnerability to poor health outcomes like HIV and mental health issues. Providers have an important role and responsibility to deliver compassionate and non-judgmental care to MSM. Overcoming biases, ensuring privacy and confidentiality, and addressing the specific health needs of MSM are crucial for encouraging MSM to seek the care they need.
Background: Sexual health is one aspect of daily life that becomes affected after an individual suffers from coronary artery diseases. Sexual health assessment is an important aspect in assessing general health of patients with coronary artery diseases. Patients often express their concern about sexual well-being after coronary artery diseases but they rarely receive sexual health-related information. Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess Jordanian patients with coronary artery diseases toward sexual health and resuming sexual health activities. Methods: A descriptive, correlational and longitudinal design was used. A convenience sample of 90 patients with coronary artery diseases was enrolled. The study was conducted at one university-affiliated hospital and one public hospital in Amman. Patients’ knowledge about sexual health was assessed using Sex after Myocardial Infarction Knowledge Test- Cardiac version. Results: The majority of patients (65.6%) were diagnosed with MI, male (76.7%) and above 45 years (78.9%). Most patients (72.2%) had a CAD for five years or less. Patients acknowledged the importance of sexual health assessment but they rarely receive sexual health information. The results revealed that patients’ knowledge was limited regarding certain aspects of sexual health (M=13.74, SD= 3.26) at phase one and most patients (55.6%) had moderate knowledge. The results indicated that patients’ knowledge had significantly improved at second phase. Conclusions: Sexual health is an important concern for patients with coronary artery diseases that need to be addressed after recovery. Results of the study showed that sexual health remains an important issue for both patients with coronary artery disease and their health care providers. Continuing education for nurses and health education for patients regarding sexual health should be considered in health institutions.
Building Better Health for Gay Men: Challenges and Opportunities in British C...CBRC
The document summarizes a presentation about building better health for gay men in British Columbia. It discusses the current health status of gay men, including issues like HIV, STIs, mental health challenges, and chronic diseases. It also examines social factors that influence gay men's health, such as stigma, shifts in community and connectivity, and political environments. Finally, it considers where gay men's health needs to go and opportunities to improve health, such as expanding prevention efforts and treatment, addressing mental health and substance use, and forming partnerships between public health and community groups.
Social integration and the mental health needs of lgbtq asylum seekers in nor...TÀI LIỆU NGÀNH MAY
Để xem full tài liệu Xin vui long liên hệ page để được hỗ trợ
: https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
HOẶC
https://www.facebook.com/garmentspace/
https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
tai lieu tong hop, thu vien luan van, luan van tong hop, do an chuyen nganh
The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) was a 15-year study from 1991-2010 that examined the effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) and lifestyle interventions on health outcomes in postmenopausal women. The WHI hormone therapy trials found that estrogen plus progestin therapy modestly increased risks of heart disease, stroke, blood clots and breast cancer. Estrogen-alone therapy increased risks of stroke and blood clots but did not change heart disease risk. Subsequent research has found that risks may depend on factors like age at start of therapy, duration of use, and type of progestin used. Current recommendations are to use the lowest effective dose of HT for the shortest time to treat
Alcohol misuse and older people- Conor Breen, CARDIRoger O'Sullivan
Many public health campaigns on the misuse of alcohol are aimed at younger age groups. However, there is evidence that alcohol misuse is increasing in people over the age of 65. For a variety of reasons, alcohol misuse among these older people may go unnoticed (Department of Work and Pensions, 2013).
This edition of the CARDI “Focus on . . .” series looks at alcohol misuse among older people across the island of Ireland and asks if more could be done in policy and social work terms to address the associated health and welfare issues among older age groups.
Minorities, especially African Americans, account for nearly half the population of Fulton County, Georgia but experience disproportionate rates of health issues like sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). STD rates in Fulton County, particularly for conditions like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, are among the highest in the state. African Americans contract STDs at much higher rates than other groups. Social factors like poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and segregation of minority populations likely contribute to these disparities.
This research project aims to examine the family burden of people living with AIDS receiving treatment at BPKIHS. It will use an exploratory research design and survey 30 primary caregiver family members using interviews and assessments of family burden. The study hypothesizes that there will be no association between family burden and caregiver characteristics or social stigma. It seeks to understand the demographic profiles of PLWAs and their families, problems faced by caregivers, and the relationship between family burden and demographics. The results could help develop strategies to better support patients and reduce caregiver burden through education and policy changes.
Substance Abuse Vs Suicidal risk report Final Draft 06_04_2015Geoffrey Kip, MPH
1. This study examines the relationship between substance abuse and suicide risk among youth ages 14-24 in Philadelphia. It analyzes whether substance abuse scores and specific drugs (alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, illicit drugs) predict suicide ideation and lifetime suicide scores.
2. The study uses a cross-sectional design and secondary data from behavioral health screens administered in emergency departments, primary care offices, schools and other locations. Logistic regression is used to calculate odds ratios for substance abuse variables predicting suicide history.
3. Preliminary results found that substance abuse scores and use of marijuana, alcohol, tobacco and other illicit drugs were all significant predictors of history of suicide in participants. Race also significantly predicted suicide history for those
The Health of the African American Community in the District of ColumbiaErik Schimmel, MHA
This document provides a summary of a report on health disparities faced by the African American community in Washington D.C. It finds that while overall health outcomes have improved, African Americans have lower life expectancy and higher rates of chronic diseases and homicides compared to other racial groups. Social factors like poverty, education levels and housing costs negatively impact the health of long-time Black residents. The report provides recommendations to address systemic inequities and promote health equity in D.C.
Presentation of gender and diseases.pptxssuser504dda
This document discusses gender differences in prevalent medical diseases and conditions such as heart disease and diabetes. It provides definitions of key terms like gender, disease, and prevalence. It then examines gender differences in risk factors for diseases according to sex, as well as differences in lifestyle behaviors, health service use, and disease prevalence between men and women.
The U.S Healthcare System, African Americans and the Notion of Toughing It Ou...Chelsea Dade, MS
This project presentation will explore whether or not African American adults are less engaged patients, and whether the notion of toughing it out plays a significant role regarding how African Americans interact with their healthcare.
The Tuskegee Experiment was not the first time that African Americans were experimented on for scientific gain. One book that examines this history is titled Medical Apartheid (Washington, 2006). The novel dives into the dark history of medical experiments on Blacks, including, but not limited to inhumane slavery assessments and Marion Sims’ gynecologic obscenities on Black women (Wall, 2006). Though these debacles occurred decades ago, I propose that these events may continue to play a role in the way African Americans interact with the American healthcare system. Today, there are rules in place to prevent such issues with consent. However, after historically being placed in positions marked by humiliation and mistreatment based on skin color, I wanted to obtain a clearer understanding of whether or not African Americans have responded to the effects of these events by limiting their trust of other people, creating gender norms within their communities, and “toughing it out”.
The structure of this power point presentation for my final paper from HLTHCOMM440, Engaging Patients in Care, will begin by defining this demographic by its key cultural attributes. Second, the paper will highlight research on how one health belief, “toughing it out”, effects African American patient engagement levels. Third, the paper will summarize and discuss the methodology and results from a standardized patient engagement survey, and compare them to the existing literature. Finally, this paper will highlight a hypothetical federally funded health care program, titled “Mandating Mental Health First Aid in Chicago Businesses”, which will require all mid-size and large companies in Chicago to train human resources professionals in “Mental Health First Aid”. This intervention not only benefits African American employees in Chicago, but entire staffs in Chicago in general. In this way, the program does not target African Americans, but seeks to offer helpful resources on mental health that due to either a lack of access or stigmatization, some African Americans may or may not have be aware of. Therefore, the point of having this program is to help employees , especially newer employees, feel supported as the manage the many facets of their lives. Whether or not resources are utilized will depend on many individualistic factors that are including in this presentation. However, the first step towards health equity is to offer equal resources, to everyone.
For access to the standardized survey, please contact Chelsea Dade via email (chelseadade2018@u.northwestern.edu).
LuciousDavis1-Research Methods for Health Sciences-01-Unit9_AssignmentLucious Davis
This document discusses health disparities faced by minority groups in the United States. It focuses on disparities experienced by African Americans, such as higher rates of homicide, heart disease, and cancer. These disparities are linked to socioeconomic factors like low income and lack of access to quality healthcare. The author proposes investigating connections between race, economic status, access to healthcare and treatment. A quantitative and qualitative research approach will be used to understand disparities and how socioeconomic status impacts health outcomes in minority communities.
“THE GLOBAL CASE FOR ACTION: ACKNOWLEDGING POVERTY AS A DETERMINANT OF MEN’S HEALTH”
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME DAY THREE
THIRD JAPAN-ASEAN MEN’S HEALTH AND AGING CONFERENCE
03 DECEMBER 2008
SINGAPORE
Plenary 8: jmh and ISMH Joint Lecture
Dr. April M. W. Young
Running Head FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POL.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POLICY DECISIONS 5
Findings Used to Make Public Health Planning and Policy Decisions
Unit 4 - HA560
March 28, 2016
There has been increased concern among policy makers, scientists and communities that health is greatly affected by a number of factors that occur in a person’s lifetime and in multi levels. Prevention is sententious to curb occurrence of any disease within the population, and it has to come first even if access to quality healthcare services is provided. To adequately promote health and prevent diseases, certain policies and factors need to be addressed mostly factors that are related to health behaviors.
Social psychology is all about understanding individuals’ behavior specifically in a social setting. Basically, social psychology focuses on factors that influence people to behave in certain ways in presence of others. The two greatest contributors in the field of social psychology were Allport (1920) and Bandura (1963). To begin with, according to Allport; he argued that the interaction of individuals with others or the presence of social groups can encourage the development of certain behaviors (Kassin, 2014). This is what Allport referred to as social facilitation, in his research he identified that an audience will facilitate the performance of an actor in a well learnt and understood task; however the performance of the same actor will decrease in performance on difficult tasks which are newly learnt, and this is contributed by social inhibition. The second contributor in the field of social psychology is Bandura (1963), in his work he developed a notion that behavior in the social world could be possibly modeled, and this is what he referred to as social learning theory. He gave his explanation with three groups of children who were watching a video where in the video an adult showed aggressiveness towards a “bobo doll” and the adults who displayed such behavior were awarded by another adult or were just punished. Therefore Bandura found that children who saw the adult being rewarded were found to be more likely to imitate that adult’s behavior.
Certain theories plays important roles in health assessment, and a theory is defined as a collection of concepts in specific area of concern or interest in the world that need explanations, intervening and prediction. Theories need to be backed up with evidence that tend to explain why things will happen in relation to current situations, and followed with some actions to turn situations in certain desirable ways. Health assessment can be defined as a plan of care that recognizes specific person’s health needs and how such needs will be addressed by healthcare system or any other health institutions (Jarvis, 2008). Generally, health assessment is the evaluation of health status through examination of physical and psychological concerns after looking at the health history of the victim assess ...
GLBT individuals experience significant health inequalities compared to heterosexual individuals according to Australian data. GLBT individuals are more likely to have chronic conditions, disabilities, mental health issues like psychological distress and suicidal behavior. They also have higher rates of risky behaviors like smoking, drug use, and alcohol use. Additionally, GLBT individuals face barriers to healthcare access and report more negative experiences with healthcare services compared to heterosexual individuals. Addressing these health disparities requires acknowledging and understanding how societal biases negatively impact the physical and mental health of GLBT individuals.
Knowledge about hypertension and antihypertensive medication compliance in a ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses a study that investigated the relationship between knowledge about hypertension and compliance with antihypertensive medications in elderly Jordanians. The study found that elders with higher knowledge scores about hypertension were more likely to comply with their medications. The document concludes that providing education to elders about hypertension and medications can help improve compliance.
Final PaperThis Final Paper involves the critical review and ana.docxssuser454af01
Final Paper
This Final Paper involves the critical review and analysis of a published epidemiological research study, using the epidemiological concepts covered in Modules 1–6. You do not choose your own study; your Instructor will provide the research study to review and analyze. The audience for this 5–8 page scholarly paper is other epidemiological researchers.
The Final Paper must include, but is not limited to, the following:
Part I. Study Summary (2–3 pages)
(Note: this summary must be in your own words)
· The study objective/research question
· Primary exposure(s) and outcome(s) of interest
· Identification of study design
· Description of study population and the sampling/selection process
· Description of the statistical analysis used and the primary measures of association reported
· Identification of potential confounders (if any) and the technique used to minimize them or analyze their effects
· Identification of potential effect modifiers (if any) and the technique used to analyze their effects
· Summary of major study results
Part II. Critical Analysis (3–5 pages)
· Discussion of random error and how it might have affected the results
· Explanation of possible selection bias and how it might have affected the results, including a discussion of the size and direction of any possible bias
· Explanation of possible misclassification (information) bias and how it might have affected the results, including a discussion of the size and direction of any possible bias
· Evaluation of the other limitations of the study
· Critique of the discussion section of the paper and whether it adequately addresses the strengths and limitations of the study
· Description of the potential generalizability of the study results
· Critique of the authors’ conclusions and whether or not they are appropriate given the study findings
· Descriptions of future studies that would be appropriate given the study findings
Original Contribution
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Cause-Specific Mortality in Black and
White Adults in the Southern Community Cohort Study
Charles E. Matthews*, Sarah S. Cohen, Jay H. Fowke, Xijing Han, Qian Xiao, Maciej S. Buchowski,
Margaret K. Hargreaves, Lisa B. Signorello, and William J. Blot
* Correspondence to Dr. Charles E. Matthews, Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer
Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E340, MSC 9704, Bethesda, MD 20892-9704 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Initially submitted November 15, 2013; accepted for publication May 6, 2014.
There is limited evidence demonstrating the benefits of physical activity with regard to mortality risk or the harms
associated with sedentary behavior in black adults, so we examined the relationships between these health behav-
iors and cause-specific mortality in a prospective study that had a large proportion of black adults. Participants
(40–79 years of age) enrolled in the Southern Community ...
Barriers and facilitators for regular physical exercise among adult females n...Dr. Anees Alyafei
What stimulates and prevents females from regular physical exercise. Updated Comprehensive narrative review.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341220204_Citation_AlYafei_A_Albaker_W_2020_Barriers_and_Facilitators_for_Regular_Physical_Exercise_among_Adult_Females_Narrative_Review_2020
This talk/workshop was presented at the Neighbourhood Houses Conference in George Town, Tasmania on 28th September 2017.
It was delivered by Glen Poole, Development Officer the Australian Men's Health Forum (AMHF) and focuses on the social determinants of men's health; the barriers that can prevent men accessing services and the common ingredients found in projects that engage with men effectively.
Engaging men in Neighbourhood Houses can sometimes require different approaches and ways of working. Some Neighbourhood Houses are looking to engage more men as service users or volunteers, and this session will look at how we may work to include more men in what we do. Glen will provide an overview of some of the key social issues than men and boys face and outline the common practices of male-friendly services, based on national and international research and best practice.
Glen Poole is the Development Officer for the Australian Men’s Health Forum, the peak body for male health in Australia focusing on the social issues that shape men and boys’ health and wellbeing. He has 20 years experience working with men and boys in the UK and Australia and is founder of the Stop Male Suicide project
This document summarizes Lorraine Greaves' presentation on women's health across time and space at the 6th Australian Women's Health Conference. The presentation reflected on progress over 50 years, identified conceptual developments, and recommended strategies to improve policy and practice. Greaves discussed the evolution of women's health concepts, movements advocating for self-care over medicalization, and key policy achievements promoting inclusion of sex and gender in research. She argued for embracing complexity, fluid concepts, and better data to measure progress and make the case for women's health. The overall goal is to improve care, policies, information, and build bridges across community, provider, researcher, and policymaker sectors.
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxlesleyryder69361
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a .
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxbraycarissa250
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a ...
The document discusses research on health care access disparities among Latino populations and their families. It notes that Latinos are more likely than other groups to have uninsured family members. Research shows socioeconomic factors play a role, but people of color experience different health care even with similar insurance and conditions. The document then outlines several research implications and opportunities for systemic interventions to address barriers Latinos face in accessing health care.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
The prevalence, patterns of usage and people's attitude towards complementary...home
The prevalence of CAM in Chatsworth is similar to findings in other parts of the
world. Although CAM was used to treat many different ailments, this practice could not be
attributed to any particular demographic profile. The majority of CAM users were satisfied with
the effects of CAM. Findings support a need for greater integration of allopathic medicine and
CAM, as well as improved communication between patients and caregivers regarding CAM usage.
Middle-age adulthood is a critical period in human development, seDioneWang844
Middle-age adulthood is a critical period in human development, seeing the peaking and decline of growth and development. As a result, an individual in the period experiences extensive biological changes. One of the critical changes that occur past the age of thirty years is the loss of body muscles and functioning, medically known as sarcopenia, at a rate of 3-8% per decade, which further accelerates past the age of 60 years (Lazzara, 2020). The loss is associated with the decline of the nervous system, leading to the nerves detaching from the muscles.
The age group also experiences a reduction in bone tissue, referred to as osteoporosis. Humans achieve peak bone mass between the age of 35 and 40 years, after which the descent begins. The decline is rapid in females past menopause, where they can lose as high as 5-10% of bone mass every year (Lazzara, 2020). Another critical biological change is the prevalence of chronic inflammation, with no discernible causes but is believed to result from the body's response to injuries and pathogens, which are prevalent at the age. Another critical change is presbyopia, which involves vision loss due to loss of eye flexibility necessary to adjust to stimuli. As a result, the group struggles to see up close at night or in dim lights (Lazzara, 2020).
The group also suffers from presbycusis, which entails the loss of hearing capacity due to the disintegration of the nerve hair cells in the cochlea and otosclerosis involving the distortion of the bone structure and other elements of the middle ear (Lazzara, 2020). The loss is more common in males due to risk factors such as working in noisy environments, smoking, high blood pressure, and stroke. Middle-aged adults also experience weight gain due to fat accumulation. Another critical change is climacteric, which involves the decline in the reproduction capacity in men and its total loss in women as they enter menopause (Lazzara, 2020). Individuals can regulate the changes in the middle ages through adequate exercise, dieting, and other lifestyle adjustments.
Contraceptives Counseling
The most critical step to ensuring efficiency is establishing a close and trusting relationship with the patients to bridge any barriers and achieve effective communication. Another crucial strategy is to actively engage the patient to jointly identify and evaluate alternatives, evaluate their benefits and drawbacks, answer any queries the patients may have, and help them make the best choice that suits them. It would also be critical to promote adherence to guidelines to ensure the best outcomes during contraception use (Dehlendorf et al., 2014). My personal beliefs should not affect my ability to advise clients because I base the process on scientific and medical data.
Smoking Cessation Plan
Smoking cessation is a critical medical intervention because its success depends on the willingness of the patient to adhere to the recommended actions. As a result, the process should begi ...
Descriptive epidemiology involves characterizing disease distribution and identifying potential risk factors. It describes person, place, and time factors like age, sex, race, and geographic location. Descriptive studies include case reports, case series, and cross-sectional surveys. They identify health problems but do not determine causation, while analytic studies follow to investigate causes through hypotheses testing. Social factors like SES strongly influence health outcomes.
1. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 1
"HOW TO ENGAGE MEN IN HEALTH SERVICES"
A LITERATURE REVIEW
By
Ankush Mahajan
Co op student
Under the guidance of
Neil Stephens
Program Co-ordinator
South Asian Diabetes Prevention Program
FLEMINGDON HEALTH CENTER
10 Gateway Boulevard
Toronto ON M3C 3A1
2. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 2
CONTENT
TITLE PAGE NO
1 INTRODUCTION 3
2 OVERVIEW OR BACKGROUND 4
3 1. RESEARCH FOCUS
2. RESEARCH PROBLEM
3. RESEARCH QUESTION
4. RESEARCH AIM
6
9
9
9
4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 9
5 LITERATURE REVIEW
1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
2. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
16
16
17
6 REFERENCES 18
3. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 3
1. INTRODUCTION 1
"Women's health " has been a favourite topic of research for scholars since many decades
and women's health movement has been a strong force in healthcare planning , addressing
significant gaps in healthcare delivery, research, advocacy and policy. In contrast, there has
been less focus on equally important issues related to men's health, even though mortality
rates are consistently higher among men than women. Consequently, the issue of engaging
men has gained a great deal of global attention across the last two decades. The rise of media
attention and consistent commentaries depicting a ‘crisis in men’s health’ has been matched
by an increase in the publication of academic books and articles in the field. According to
Health Canada, there are enough evidence detailing men’s lower life expectancy in
comparison to women(1) , concern about high rates of male suicide (2) and recognition that
some modifiable ‘behaviours’ determine Canadian men’s differential health outcomes(3) .
There is also increasing awareness that something needs to be done to better promote the
health of men as part of the process of addressing current health disparities within Canada
(4). Yet, the reasons for these aggregated statistical differences, and how they might best be
addressed, are complex. To date, there is no Canadian network, or single point of contact, for
gathering research evidence, collating examples of good practice, or examining policy in
order to explore how best to promote the health of men in ways that work with (rather than
competing against) advances in promoting women’s health. Following similar articles that
have examined the state of men’s health promotion in Australia (5,6) the United Kingdom
(7,8) and compared cross-country contexts(9) , this Research project emphasis on how to
engage men in regular heath care system of Canada along with current state of men’s health
promotion in Canada.
4. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 4
2. OVERVIEW OR BACKGROUND 1
Canadian men, on average, can expect to live for 4 fewer years than women. For instance, In
Ontario life expectancy of male is 79 years compared to their counterpart , females, 84
years(10). Life expectancy data shows steady increase for both sexes , credit goes to
improvements that have percolated through society (i.e., labour laws, safety legislation,
smoking cessation, seatbelts and environmental campaigns). Though the gender gap is
gradually narrowing, women are still consistently living, on average, longer than men(11). In
Canadian culture, men are not conditioned to see their health as a priority. Unhelpful
stereotypes of independence, risk taking and "the strong silent type" make it difficult to
engage in positive health behaviour. An alternative explanation is found in the biological
point of view is that he impact of the Y chromosome on the male body and the influence of
testosterone on human behaviour.
A number of biologic, social and environmental factors contribute to this gap in average life
expectancy between the sexes, and there are several particular causes of early life loss.
Cardiovascular disease is known to strike men more often and earlier than women(12). Some
proposed factors contributing to this disparity include poor nutritional habits, such as lower
consumption of fruits and vegetables and higher salt intake(12-14) poorer anger
management(15) and a higher likelihood of being overweight(11). A potential cardio
protective effect of estrogens has been hypothesized to account for part of the disparity in
cardiovascular disease between men and women16,17). Death by suicide is also higher
among men than women(18,19). Men are 3 to 4 times more likely to carry out suicide, with
the highest rates being among middle-aged men 18-40 years(20) Reasons for this have been
attributed to a greater willingness to use lethal methods, a reluctance to talk about emotional
distress or seek help for it, higher rates of alcohol use, and a greater tendency to move
quickly from thought to action. Males are generally considered to be higher risk-takers than
females. Indeed, motor vehicle accidents account for a high proportion of deaths among men
in their late teens and 20s. As well, men may be exposed to increased risk of death due to
occupational incidents. In particular, northern residents account for 35% of all workplace
5. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 5
deaths in British Columbia, and males account for nearly 94% of occupational deaths and the
vast majority of hospitalizations resulting from workplace incidents(22)
In addition to reduced life expectancy, men also have lower rates of health expectancy - the
number of years a person can expect to live in good health(23) As a society, we have grown
accustomed to the disappearance of millions of Canadian men from our daily lives - not only
from death, but also from illnesses that have rendered them too frail to contribute to their
full potential. The reality is that Canadian men spend their later years in poorer health than
their female counterparts. It is debatable whether this variability between the sexes in
different countries and localities is an issue of inequity, masculinity or biological inevitability.
Many chronic health conditions in men (estimated at 70%) can be attributed to lifestyle and
are potentially preventable. In most cultures, most men have been raised to adopt a
masculine role, with a focus on independence, fearlessness and strength. As a result, men are
generally less likely than women to seek help, or to acknowledge weakness or
vulnerability, with negative health consequences(24). It is generally acknowledged that men
are less likely than women to use healthcare services, with an estimated 80% of men refusing
to see a physician until they are convinced by their spouse or partner to do so(25,26)
6. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 6
3. RESEARCH FOCUS 1
For this Particular research project the central focus is on how maximum participation by 18-
40 years old men can be increased in accessing basic health care facilities provided by
various public funded or private community centers. the reason for focusing on this issue is
has been discussed above but again pointing out that average life expectancy for Canadian
Men is 4 years less than woman(1). Men experience a higher rate of premature death than
women in all leading causes of death. The dominant masculine gender role plays a part in
some men’s reluctance to access health care many people delay consulting their doctor, and
men tend to delay more and visit their doctor less often than women. Numerous population-
based (27) longitudinal and smaller-scale studies of health care utilisation (have indicated
that men of many different cultures in the Western world tend to delay visiting their doctor
for longer and use their services less often than women(28). However, a growing number of
exceptions indicate that the relationship between gender and help-seeking is more complex
than once thought. (29).
7. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 7
3.1 RESEARCH PROBLEM
"I know I have a problem but I will let them heal by themselves", "Macho man do not need a
doctor" , "I rarely go to GP", "I work long hours and I can't get an appointment to visit doctor"
This what we generally hear from community health workers when they talk about their
experience while dealing with men's health and men's lives that appear, at best, to be
extremely hesitant or, at worst, unwilling to seek medical help, despite a clear and pressing
need.
Unfortunately, men being less likely than women to attend primary health services is, to a
large extent, borne out in the research evidence. In general, GP practice consultation rates
with all clinicians are consistently higher among females compared to males except in the
extremes of age, i.e. the very young and the very elderly. In 2009, for example, around 1 in 16
females attended a consultation at a general practice compared with only 1 in 25 males (30).
Of greater concern are epidemiological studies that show men experience a higher rate of
premature death than women in all leading causes of death (White and Holmes, 2006). The
recently published European Commission (EC) report on The State of Men’s Health in Europe
(2011) adds further weight to these observations. The report provided an unprecedented
level of analysis of the health of the male population in the 27 member states of the EU (some
290 million men). It revealed that infrequent use of and late presentation to health services is
associated with men experiencing higher levels of potentially preventable health problems
and, that male gender plays a significant role in the lifestyles and behavioural choices that
put men at greater risk of ill-health. It is clear to see how the behavioural norms associated
with the dominant masculine gender role might influence men’s interactions with health
services and hinder their ability to manage their health. Health beliefs and behaviours, such
as attending a GP surgery for routine health screening, are activities that represent gender in
the same way that other societal activities like playing sport, going to the pub, or wearing a
tie might do: it is a way for men to demonstrate their masculinity and, therefore, an
opportunity to enact the dominant masculine gender role. Numerous research studies have
found that pressure to adhere to the dominant masculine gender role can lead many men to
8. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 8
delay seeking medical help when experiencing the symptoms of a range of conditions
including heart disease, prostate cancer, testicular cancer and depression (Galdas et al,
2005). Other investigations have shown that men whose views of masculinity are strongly
aligned with the dominant masculine gender role have an increased risk for poor health and
fewer health promotion practices (Mahalik et al, 2007). In short, seeking help or engaging
with health care is perceived by many men as incompatible with the masculine ‘norms’ of
strength, stoicism and self-reliance; rather, such behaviour has the potential to make others
view them as vulnerable, dependent and weak. A particularly poignant example of this is
evident in a study conducted by Chapple and Ziebland (2002). They found that, among 52
men diagnosed with prostate cancer, many had been hesitant about seeking help for their
problems because they believed it was not ‘macho’ to seek advice about health problems,
that ‘boys don’t cry,’ and it was ‘not masculine’ to display signs of weakness. Evidence shows
that accessing primary care services poses a particular problem for many men, especially for
routine or preventive health care. In addition to the incongruence of seeking help with the
dominant masculine gender role, other obstacles to accessing primary care that have been
reported include services being available only during traditional working hours, lack of
flexibility in men’s working days, excessive delays for appointments, rushed consultations, a
lack of understanding of the process of making appointments, and men lacking the
vocabulary required to discuss sensitive issues (EC, 2011; White et al, 2011). The ‘feminine’
environment of the typical primary care surgery, e.g. being staffed predominantly by women
with mostly female-oriented literature available, has also been found to be problematic for
some men (EC, 2011). Although these barriers serve to illustrate that new approaches need
to be taken to address men’s health help-seeking behaviour and more effectively engage men
in primary care, it is vital that any new approach should not entrench or reinforce
stereotypes that all men are unhealthy or disinterested in their health (White et al, 2011).
Worryingly, health professionals have been found to be liable to gender-stereotyping;
viewing female patients as over-users of health services and men as stubborn and unwilling
to seek help; attitudes which could further discourage men from accessing health care
(Seymour-Smith et al, 2002). While the dominant masculine gender role undoubtedly has a
part to play in some men’s infrequent health service use, the relationship between men’s
9. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 9
health, the use of health services, and the enactment of masculinity is a complex one. Not all
men will adhere to masculine behavioural norms in the same way in similar situations. Age,
ethnicity, sexuality and socioeconomic status are a few of the factors that contribute to
differences in how men define and enact masculinity, and therefore how they view their
health and use health services (Galdas et al, 2007).
3.2 RESEARCH QUESTION 2
How to engage men between age 18 to 40 who do not use health services ?
3.3 RESEARCH AIM 2
This project will work upon the "problem", why some men appear to be reluctant to access
available health services. Finding reasons of low engagement by men in Canada.
Furthermore, developing some of the evidence-based strategies that can be practiced by
community health workers effectively to engage men in primary health care.
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2
'Engagement' is the dynamic process of sharing and connecting with men to achieve better
health. When developing strategies for engagement in health care we need to consider both
the system of health care provision and those who work in that system. This encompasses a
broad range of practitioners including, but not limited to, community health care providers,
hospital based workers, paramedics, educators, and anyone who needs to, or should
consider, the health of men in their service provision. In general practice it includes general
practitioners, practice nurses and managers, receptionists and medical students.
10. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 10
It should be recognised that much health related activity takes place outside general practice
in community health centres, hospitals, schools, and the workplace - without GP involvement.
This whole of community approach, offers opportunities to 'engage the unengageable' - the
'blue collar and singlet' group of men - the group with some of the worst health outcomes.
Engagement in the community
It makes sense to focus on societal engagement of men because most of their health related
activity (Eg. work, education, recreation) occurs separately from primary health care, and
men's under utilisation of existing services demands solutions both outside that framework
as well as within it. Many men define themselves via their work, often feeling more
comfortable in the workplace than in health oriented settings such as community health
centres, hospitals, maternal and child health centres and general practices. Many indigenous
men still see the health delivery system as part of a powerful, authoritarian and threatening
complex that cannot be trusted. (Engaging men in health care Malcher, Greg. Australian
Family Physician 38.3 (Mar 2009): 92-5.)
Practitioners are beginning to discover that men do care about their health and are willing to
engage with primary and preventive care services if they are structured and delivered in a
way that is accessible, ‘male-friendly’ and responsive to men’s health needs. Although little
definitive evidence is available in the published literature on how to translate men’s interest
in their health into improvements in the uptake of health services (Robertson et al, 2008),
several small-scale initiatives designed to improve men’s engagement with primary care
point to some potentially effective strategies. Many of these initiatives have taken the
dominant masculine gender role into account in the planning and delivery of services. A
model that has proved to be particularly successful in a number of pilot studies has been the
provision of male-specific health assessments, often marketed as a male ‘MOT’ or ‘well-man
check’ (Linnell and James, 2010). Components of successful ‘MOT’ initiatives have typically
included the targeting of at-risk men (such as the over-40s) with written, personalized
11. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 11
letters of invitation, adopting a ‘one-stop’ approach to screening and assessment, providing
‘male-friendly’ written information, e.g. the Haynes Man: Owners Workshop Manual, and the
delivery of the service soutside the surgery environment such as in gyms, pubs or work
environments. Other strategies that have been reported as having some success in improving
the engagement of men in primary care include (Leishman and Dalziel, 2003; Wilkins et al,
2008; EC, 2011):
➤ Offering a wider range of opening times, including evening appointments
➤ Providing longer consultations and offering ‘popular’ tests such as cholesterol and blood
pressure checks
➤ Offering a comprehensive referral system.
➤ Developing male-specific advertising through posters, newspapers and radio.
Implementation of program
The first step in finding solutions is the recognition that men's health is a broad discipline in
which improvements need to occur in social, legal and educational spheres, and the medical
system. We need to stop blaming men for their worse health outcomes compared with
women's health outcomes, and expecting all men to respond to a particular model of health
promotion or marketing. The solution is to provide for differences in both male and female
health needs strategically (policy) and operationally (programs) throughout our health
services. In the United Kingdom this is called 'gender mainstreaming'
Initiation activities
A range of structured male rite of passage (initiation) activities, such as the Pathways to
Manhood program, challenge cultural stereotypes relating to masculinity. Rite of passage
programs help young men, with their fathers/mentors, step beyond the stereotypes to find
ways of positively expressing their masculinity. Research suggests that boys who have
participated in the pathways program have more confident communication and social skills,
12. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 12
stronger more supportive father relationships, increased respect for women, more
motivation to set goals and finish school, and more motivation to give back to the community.
As the impact of masculinity gone wrong is found in our ambulances, emergency
departments and cemeteries, the uptake of initiation programs becomes a health care
engagement issue. These programs can reduce potentially lethal risk taking or promote
engagement of health services. Health providers have a role in recommending such programs
to the families with which we are in contact. Workplaces should promote these programs,
and offer men the necessary time off to participate.
Community health services
Male perinatal depression is increasingly recognised, but is not reflected in early childhood
services such as maternal and child health centres, offering appropriate services to fathers.
Fletcher et al4 observed that, 'even a cursory scan of existing perinatal health services
reveals that few of them are designed to meet a father's specific needs'. A Victorian
Department of Human Services survey noted that 'barriers to increased engagement of
fathers included limited hours of operation and embedded cultural attitudes in some pockets
that make the service unwelcoming to fathers'. While some maternal and child health centres
are keenly working on engaging fathers, it appears that many are not. Perhaps it's time for
parent and child health centres - in function as well as name - to be adequately resourced to
deal with the multiple parenting roles now in existence and to provide help to both parents
for problems such as perinatal depression.
A search on seek.com for men's health positions yielded seven results, compared with many
more for women's health. The lack of men's health programs is reflected in the low number
of men's health workers. Clearly, governments need to train and employ more men's health
workers.
In indigenous health care there is a dire need for the provision of separate areas for men, and
for male men's health workers.
13. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 13
Workplace based health care
Workplace health programs engage men successfully and lead to establishment of GP
relationships, as well as fostering reduced absenteeism, higher productivity, higher
workforce retention rates and healthier employees with better home lives7. Cultural changes
may include dietary improvement and changing men's expectations that they always be stoic
and that work demands over-rule health demands. Given the enormous potential benefits for
all men, but especially for some high risk groups (that is those in the lowest socioeconomic
strata), it would seem sensible for a number of trials to be funded to identify successful
models for national roll-out .
Men's health initiatives in Canada
Although several provinces support specific men's health initiatives, such as prostate cancer
awareness, depression or exercise/diet, none of the provincial or territorial health
ministeries promote any overarching strategies or initiatives to target men's health directly.
In 2002, Quebec commissioned the Comité de travail en matière de prévention et d'aide aux
hommes (Working committee for prevention and assistance to men); this group released a
report focusing on male health and social services. In 2004, the Committee made a number of
recommendations to the Quebec Ministry of Health and Social Services. These
recommendations included the development of specific strategies for addressing suicide,
where men are considered a priority client; and the development of public awareness
campaigns related to men's health, focusing on the need for men to conduct self-
examinations of their testicles, as well as prostate cancer screening and prevention. They
also recommended that services offered by the Ministry be adapted towards the needs of
men.
Until 2007, no federal government actions directly targeted men's health. This changed when
the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) sponsored the first national Canadian
conference on men's health and held a "Boy's and Men's Health" Seed Grant competition,
which led to the funding of 9 proposals. Awareness campaigns such as "Movember" have
helped to raise awareness of men's health issues within the mainstream population.
14. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 14
Movember has become one of the largest sources of funding for prostate cancer in the world,
and has recently expanded to increase awareness around male mental health.
In 2009, the Male Health Initiative of BC was launched as an umbrella initiative to facilitate
educational collaboration, broad spectrum research and the gathering, production and
dissemination of best practices or standards of care. The initiative also enabled the advocacy
of men's health issues at all levels of government. Most recently, in June 2014, the non-profit
Canadian Men's Health Foundation (CMHF) was established to inspire men to live healthier
lives. The goal of the foundation is to raise social awareness of largely preventable health
problems and to enable men, and their families to value men's health by providing them with
information and healthy lifestyle programs that will motivate them to truly hear, absorb and
act on it. This is achieved through programs, such as online health risk assessment tools and
ongoing awareness campaigns based on modern communications research, focus groups as
well as collaboration with other healthcare societies and associations to assist them to
activate their men's health campaigns. The Foundation's first national awareness campaign,
"don't change much," includes websites, social media, advertising and news coverage
directed at 30- to 50-year-old men, their partners and families. A Canadian Men's Health
Week now takes place annually in the days leading up to Father's Day.
Other interventions
Community men's health nights have a long tradition. They are likely to be most useful when
formally linked with long term men's programs which link primary care providers in health
centres and general practices.
'Men's sheds' are another intervention successfully operated in Australia which can also be
incorporated in Canadian Health System. There are over 100 in Australia providing a
supportive environment characterised by team activities, learning, belonging and mentoring.
For many of the men involved a major desire is to learn 'how to stay fit and healthy'. Sheds
15. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 15
represent a proven resource, one that has the capacity to help engage men who may be
marginalised or disinclined to participate in costly, competitive organised activity.
A range of school based interventions (primary and secondary) designed to support boys and
young men at high risk of disengagement has the capacity to improve their social
connectedness and health, as well as their employment prospects.
The underlying key principle of engagement will continue to be the development of focused
activities in the comfort or activity zone of the target group. Some call this 'narrow casting',
which could be summarised as 'on their terms, on their turf'.
16. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 16
LITERATURE REVIEW
4.1 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
There are number of qualitative research results showing evidences that men are less likely
to seek help in their health issues. Sharpe and Arnold (1998) yielded qualitative and
quantitative data through the use of focus groups, in-depth interviews and questionnaires on a
sample of 760 men from diverse occupations. The findings illustrated that men consistently
ignored health symptoms and avoided seeking help from the health services. For example, from
the questionnaire men agreed that ‘minor illness can be fought off if you don’t give in to it’
(64%); ‘I often ignore symptoms hoping they will go away’ (52%); and ‘I have to be really ill
before I go and see the doctor’ (75%). Similar themes have been found in a qualitative
semistructured interview study of 21 men who had discovered a testicular lump (Sanden et al.
2000). The findings revealed significant delays in men between discovery (of a testicular lump)
and treatment, attributed by the authors to men’s ‘wait and see’ attitude. For the men in the
study, seeking help was not an obvious solution. Akin to the findings of Sharpe and Arnold
(1998), Sanden et al. (2000) noted subjects regarded physical problems initially as something
that would cure themselves, like a cold, and seeking expert advice was regarded strange ‘for men
in general’. Richardson and Rabiee (2001) reported comparable findings in a qualitative study
employing a semi-structured interview schedule with small groups of young men aged 15–19
years. Based on the findings of three focus group interviews, the researchers concluded that:
…participants consistently equated health to physical fitness and help-seeking behaviour was
dictated by ‘social norms’. These demanded that a problem should be both physically and
sufficiently severe to justify needing help. GP’s were not a popular choice for confiding because of
discomfort associated with communication issues, unfamiliarity and feelings of vulnerability. In
some cases this was expressed using homophobic comments. (Richardson and Rabiee 2001, p. 3)
17. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 17
4.2 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Researchers have documented that that men are less likely than women to seek help and
they are reluctant to seek help from health professionals for problems as diverse as
depression, substance abuse, physical disabilities and stressful life events. (Weissman &
Klerman 1977, Padesky & Hammen 1981, Thom 1986, Husaini et al. 1994, McKay et al. 1996)
Here are some evidences of quantitative research done by researchers in canada and all over
world. Men visited their general practitioner 67 million times in 1990, while women visited 143
million times in the same period (OPCS 1991). Cook et al. (1990) have also found that, across all
social classes, 10% of men aged 45–65 did not consult their GP over a 3-year period, and a
further 44% consulted on average twice a year or less. Similar findings have been noted in an
National Health Service (NHS) survey of younger men; 69% of men aged 18–24 had visited their
surgery in the preceding 12 months compared with 90% of women of the same age group (NHS
Executive 1998). Moreover, the same survey showed that only 58% of men in excellent health
attended their surgery, compared with 74% of healthy women, suggesting men are also poor
attendees for preventative medicine. In addition, there is evidence that men not only consult less
often than women, but their method of help seeking behaviour differs. Mo ¨ller-Leimku ¨hler
(2002) found that although minor emotional symptoms increase the probability of consulting a
general practitioner, physical symptoms were the determining factor for help seeking by men.
Corney (1990) has also found that, in contrast to women, men are less likely to report
psychosocial problems and distress as an additional reason for consulting. Lewis and O’Brien
(1987) note that men are also unlikely to be the first to seek help when there are marital, child-
care, or other relationship problems. Indeed, the ‘absent man’ has been noted in a variety of
18. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 18
other clinical settings, such as child health clinics, family planning centres and antenatal classes
(O’Dowd & Jewell 1998).
19. Engaging Men In Health Services-A Literature Review Page 19
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