This document summarizes an ethnographic methods presentation. It discusses participant observation, strengths and limitations of ethnographic research, issues around subjectivity and ethics. Examples are provided from the presenter's PhD research on bonded labor in Nepal, including living with participants and taking part in activities like hunting. Commercial applications of ethnography at Intel are also mentioned.
The one of the major approaches of the Qualitative Research is Ethnography, sometimes known as Cultural Anthropology or sometimes called as Naturalistic Enquiry. Its disciplinary origin is Anthropology. Ethnography deals with the discovery and description of culture of a group or group of individual. As the concept of culture is the central theme of Ethnography Research; that’s why the question raised from this point of view is that what the Cultural characteristics of a group of individuals are? Here Culture means the system of norms and standards that a society develops over the courses of many generations. Ethnography research helps to search very complicated or complex deign challenges. A tremendous and effective researcher is needed when he or she is viewing or observing or interacting with target population in their real-life situation. Ethnography Research is a one of the most important qualitative research where researcher observe or interact with the target population and researcher plays an important role to obtain useful cultural information that’s why Ethnography research is known as cultural ethnography or cultural anthropology. This kind of research is a part of social science research. We know there are several forms of Ethnography research. As for example, confessional Ethnography research, life history Ethnography research, feminist Ethnography research, realist Ethnography research, critical Ethnography research etc. Out of the several form of Ethnography research, the two most common and popular form of Ethnography research are “Realist Ethnography Research” and “Critical Ethnography Research”. The “Realist EthnographyResearch” is sometimes known as traditional Ethnography research whereas the critical Ethnography research is concerned with those group or group of individuals who are marginalized in society. The toughest activity of Ethnography research is the researcher should play as a member of the target population and spent several months even if several years with target population or group. Therefore, Ethnography researches not only a qualitative research but also it is a longitudinal research.
This is a report for my Anthropology 299 class in Field Methods under Dr. Francisco Datar, Medical Anthropologist, as part of my PhD Media Studies at the College of Mass Communication, University of the Philippines Diliman
My second report / meeting facilitation for the subject Media 303: Media and Discourses in Development under Eli Guieb PhD at the College of Mass Communication, University of the Philippines Diliman.
The one of the major approaches of the Qualitative Research is Ethnography, sometimes known as Cultural Anthropology or sometimes called as Naturalistic Enquiry. Its disciplinary origin is Anthropology. Ethnography deals with the discovery and description of culture of a group or group of individual. As the concept of culture is the central theme of Ethnography Research; that’s why the question raised from this point of view is that what the Cultural characteristics of a group of individuals are? Here Culture means the system of norms and standards that a society develops over the courses of many generations. Ethnography research helps to search very complicated or complex deign challenges. A tremendous and effective researcher is needed when he or she is viewing or observing or interacting with target population in their real-life situation. Ethnography Research is a one of the most important qualitative research where researcher observe or interact with the target population and researcher plays an important role to obtain useful cultural information that’s why Ethnography research is known as cultural ethnography or cultural anthropology. This kind of research is a part of social science research. We know there are several forms of Ethnography research. As for example, confessional Ethnography research, life history Ethnography research, feminist Ethnography research, realist Ethnography research, critical Ethnography research etc. Out of the several form of Ethnography research, the two most common and popular form of Ethnography research are “Realist Ethnography Research” and “Critical Ethnography Research”. The “Realist EthnographyResearch” is sometimes known as traditional Ethnography research whereas the critical Ethnography research is concerned with those group or group of individuals who are marginalized in society. The toughest activity of Ethnography research is the researcher should play as a member of the target population and spent several months even if several years with target population or group. Therefore, Ethnography researches not only a qualitative research but also it is a longitudinal research.
This is a report for my Anthropology 299 class in Field Methods under Dr. Francisco Datar, Medical Anthropologist, as part of my PhD Media Studies at the College of Mass Communication, University of the Philippines Diliman
My second report / meeting facilitation for the subject Media 303: Media and Discourses in Development under Eli Guieb PhD at the College of Mass Communication, University of the Philippines Diliman.
This was written for a presentation of the same name at the October meeting for Miyagi Assistant Language Teachers (ALTs) in 2014.
The focus of the presentation was identifying important cultural behavioral systems in Japanese society and discussing the functions they play in interpersonal relationships.
The file is only a backdrop to illustrate the speaker's arguments, but it may be able to provide some insight on its own.
Please check the last slides as they contain the references used for constructing this presentation, and please ask if you want to use this for your own research.
(Also, I'm not an expert on this, do more research - mine your bibliographies!)
Using qualitative research to generalizeAwais e Siraj
Dr. Awais e Siraj Managing Director Genzee Solutions, A Strategy, Balanced Scorecard, Scenario Planning, Competency Based Human Resource Management Consulting Company
Community Based Participatory Research Approaches: Experiences from St. James...Wellesley Institute
This presentation is an overview of community based participatory research methodologies. It draws on examples from work in St. James Town to illustrate the range of information that could be drawn using an arts-based participatory research method. The aim of this presentation is to illustrate how participatory research methodologies can be effectively used in research resistant communities for: 1) engaging and empowering marginalized populations; 2) enabling communities to advocate for social changes; and 3) developing new partnerships with stakeholders and initiating community-level changes.
Nasim Haque, MD, DrPH
Director of Community Health
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
This module talks about ethnography.
Contents:
1. What is Ethnography? - Definition, advantages and disadvantages, and when to use
ethnography
2. Ethnography vs Other
Qualitative Research - Comparisons between Ethnography and Narrative research, Phenomenology, Grounded Theory, and Case study
3. Ethnographic methods - Understanding how anthropology is investigated through
ethnographic means
4. Comparative Methods - Exploring anthropology through the comparative research
method
5. Challenges When Doing
Ethnography - Assessing the various obstacles ethnographers face while doing fieldwork
6. Global Challenges and Opportunities - Realizing the challenges that ethnographers go through in today's globalized world, and how they sought opportunities from it
Jerker Edstrom: Constructing AIDS: Contesting perspectives on an evolving epidemic. Presentation given at STEPS Centre Epidemics workshop, Dec 8-9 2008
This was written for a presentation of the same name at the October meeting for Miyagi Assistant Language Teachers (ALTs) in 2014.
The focus of the presentation was identifying important cultural behavioral systems in Japanese society and discussing the functions they play in interpersonal relationships.
The file is only a backdrop to illustrate the speaker's arguments, but it may be able to provide some insight on its own.
Please check the last slides as they contain the references used for constructing this presentation, and please ask if you want to use this for your own research.
(Also, I'm not an expert on this, do more research - mine your bibliographies!)
Using qualitative research to generalizeAwais e Siraj
Dr. Awais e Siraj Managing Director Genzee Solutions, A Strategy, Balanced Scorecard, Scenario Planning, Competency Based Human Resource Management Consulting Company
Community Based Participatory Research Approaches: Experiences from St. James...Wellesley Institute
This presentation is an overview of community based participatory research methodologies. It draws on examples from work in St. James Town to illustrate the range of information that could be drawn using an arts-based participatory research method. The aim of this presentation is to illustrate how participatory research methodologies can be effectively used in research resistant communities for: 1) engaging and empowering marginalized populations; 2) enabling communities to advocate for social changes; and 3) developing new partnerships with stakeholders and initiating community-level changes.
Nasim Haque, MD, DrPH
Director of Community Health
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
This module talks about ethnography.
Contents:
1. What is Ethnography? - Definition, advantages and disadvantages, and when to use
ethnography
2. Ethnography vs Other
Qualitative Research - Comparisons between Ethnography and Narrative research, Phenomenology, Grounded Theory, and Case study
3. Ethnographic methods - Understanding how anthropology is investigated through
ethnographic means
4. Comparative Methods - Exploring anthropology through the comparative research
method
5. Challenges When Doing
Ethnography - Assessing the various obstacles ethnographers face while doing fieldwork
6. Global Challenges and Opportunities - Realizing the challenges that ethnographers go through in today's globalized world, and how they sought opportunities from it
Jerker Edstrom: Constructing AIDS: Contesting perspectives on an evolving epidemic. Presentation given at STEPS Centre Epidemics workshop, Dec 8-9 2008
Presentation given by Standing to the annual Eurongos Conference in 2009 on t...IDS
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What is the most important thing in the world?
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Matt maycock on Ethnographic methods 28th jan 2015
1. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Ways of Knowing Culture: On Method
Dr Matt Maycock
MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit
28th January 2015
2. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Session overview
• Ethnographic methods and an outline of participant
observation
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of ethnographic
methods (including ethical considerations)?
• Illustrated with the following example:
• PhD research - contemporary slavery in Nepal
• Discussion this weeks readings
• Exercise focusing on the practical application of
ethnography to understanding ageing
3. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Ethnographic Methods
“From one point of view, that of the textbook, doing
ethnography is establishing rapport, selecting informants,
transcribing texts, taking genealogies, mapping fields,
keeping a diary, and so on. But it is not these things,
techniques and received procedures, that define the
enterprise. What defines it is the kind of intellectual effort
it is.... Ethnography is thick
description”
(Geertz 1973: 6, 9-10)
4. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Participant Observation
Participant Observation (PO)
• ‘Deep hanging out’
• Interviews
• Surveys
• Draw and Talk
• Genealogies
etc etc
5. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Some Practicalities of Participant Observation
• live in study site for extended time
• learn local language and dialect
• participate in wide range of daily activities
• use everyday conversation as interview technique
• informally observe while participating
• record observations in fieldnotes
• continually reflect on experiences and data
• use both explicit and tacit information in analysis
(adapted from Dewalt and Dewalt, 2002)
6. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Strengths of Ethnography
• Produces rich and detailed research material
• Validity of research material:
• Research material does not arise from artificial research
setting
• Reported behaviour can be compared with observed
behaviour
• Actions can be seen in relation to specific social contexts
• Area of enquiry is only partially pre-defined
• inductive
7. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Strengths of Participation
• Greater understanding of how life is experienced
• embodied experience
• tacit knowledge
• Development of trusting relationships
• long-term contact
• solidarity of shared experience
• Almost continually open to new data over long
period
• observe different social contexts
• witness unexpected
• continually testing/ confirming appropriate behaviour
8. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Limitations of Participant Observation
• Very expensive
• very time consuming
• both collecting and analysing data
• requires skilled researchers
• Can create substantial amounts of research
material
• Private behaviours v. difficult to observe
• Difficult to replicate
• Inherently conservative
9. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Subjectivity
• Data and their interpretation inevitably shaped by individual
researcher
• centrality of personal relationships
• selection of data to record
• PO data result from interaction
between researcher and researched
• Explore subjectivity
• don’t pretend objectivity
• be aware of biases and how one interacts
• ‘participant objectification’ (Bourdieu)
• Initial findings are about oneself and social conditions that gave one
one’s culture
10. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Ethics
• Informed consent
• initial introductions but continual process
• fully informed consent undermines main strength of PO
• concealing specific foci
• Confidentiality and reciprocating gossip
• Intervening against local practices
• Maintaining integrity across different groups
• degree of candour about own views
11. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
PhD research far-west Nepal, 2013
Masculinity, Modernity and Bonded Labour: Continuity and
Change amongst the Kamaiya of Kailali District, far-west
Nepal (School of International Development, UEA, Norwich)
12. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
PhD fieldwork far-west Nepal 2009
Yearlong fieldwork in Nepal:
• Three month language training and key informant
interviews
• Nine months in two fieldsites
My thesis addressed the the following research questions:
• How have the links between Kamaiya bodies and
Kamaiya masculinities changed following freedom?
• How are working patterns changing following freedom,
and what implications does this have for Kamaiya
masculinities?
• What are the Implications of modernity for Kamaiya
masculinities in family settings?
13. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Methods
• Household survey
• Life History interviews
• Participant observation
• I wore clothes similar to my research participants and made a
conscious effort not to display conspicuous signs of consumption.
• I tried to behave like the men of my age at both fieldwork sites as
far as possible. On occasion this involved doing the work that the
men in Kampur were involved in, although this did not include
driving a rickshaw as the rickshaw drivers found the idea ridiculous.
• I took part in various agricultural and hunting activities.
• I took part in the social life, which posed various difficulties for me.
14. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
My home for nine months…
16. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Participant Observation - Going ‘hunting’
17. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Going ‘hunting’
18. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Going ‘hunting’
19. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Going ‘hunting’
20. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Issues of Participant Observation/Fieldwork
• Trying to ‘keep up’ with the men in both fieldwork sites in various
ways was problematic and I was unable to do it in many respects,
particularly in relation to drinking, which was an important daily
occurrence
• Domestic Violence seemed to be most likely after a night at a local
bar many village women did not approve of their husbands going
there, especially as it meant they would be spending a large
proportion of the household’s limited income. Therefore, I did not
want to be a part of daily drinking, and felt very uncomfortable about
being associated with it.
• Not going to a local bar on a consistent basis allowed me to form
relationships with other people in the village, not least the women
and older men, who disapproved of the bar and what went on there.
• Isolation
• Incompetence
• Mental health implications of hearing disturbing narratives
21. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Positionality
• As Reinharz (1997) indicates, researchers have multiple
identities apart from those associated with being a researcher;
mine include being white, Welsh, heterosexual, male and, at
the time, unmarried.
• My positionality through the various identities I brought to the
research – my gender, race, class etc. – influenced both how I
collected data and its interpretation (Mullings, 1999)
• My position constituted both an advantage and a disadvantage.
West (2003) found that being positioned as an ‘outsider’
brought certain benefits in his research with victims of torture
in Mozambique’s war for independence. It allowed some of his
research subjects to discuss issues that they found it difficult to
speak about with members of their community.
22. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Positionality continued and reflexivity
• I had not considered the implications of having a long-term
girlfriend living with me in the field before going to my fieldwork
sites. That I was in a long-term relationship and unmarried caused
some consternation, as it was rare at both sites.
• It was often initially assumed that because I was white, I was a
development worker or involved with the UN in post-conflict work.
• Working with two research assistants provided the opportunity to
approach situations from different perspectives.
• Reflexivity was central to all stages of my research in Nepal. Hollway
and Jefferson (2000) outline how reflexivity can make an important
positive contribution to qualitative research, especially in relation to
the misreading of narratives.
23. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Some implications of my fieldwork…
• I have a long term commitment to these two fieldsites.
After 2009, I visited in 2011, 2013 and 2014 and will
continue to visit the same sites as long as I am able.
• Ethnographic methods have helped me to think differently
about my own identity, the places and people I know
• Having experience of using ethnographic methods is
transferable to other contexts (such as Scottish prisons)
• Sometimes it is hard not to think ‘ethnographically’
24. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Some potential dangers/ issues
25. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Discussion of Readings
Bourgois, P. (1996). In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Dettwyler, K. (1994). Dancing Skeleton: Life and Death in West Africa.
Prospect Heights: Waveland Press
Mol, A. (2004). The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice.
Durham, Duke University Press
• Briefly summarise the reading
• Give an outline of what ethnographic methods are used and how
these methods are described
• Consider some of the strengths, weaknesses and challenges of the
methods used
• Consider how the researcher positions him/herself in relation to the
research subjects being studied, how is rapport established?
26. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Ethnography – commercial applications
• Intel started using ethnography in the early 90s
• Ethnography helped to illustrate the potential for home
commuters, through deeper understandings of domestic
spaces
• The “Anywhere at work” study of fishermen in Alaska
helped Intel focus on mobile computing
• Intel has one of the biggest corporate teams of
anthropologists
• In house anthropologists now focus on a range of
healthcare solutions and technologies
• Intel is studying people in an effort to drive healthcare
solutions and technologies to help people look after
their health in their own home…
28. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
The Application of ethnographic methods
Imagine you are a team of ethnographers at Intel with an
interest in health. Work two teams to think about how you
would use ethnographic methods the better understand the
health implications of a new type of health watch:
• What can ethnographic methods contribute to understanding
the health implications of wearing a health watch that other
methods can’t?
• How will you approach participant observation?
• How will ethnographic methods complement other sources of
data collection?
• What issues or challenges do you
envisage?
29. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
Conclusions
• Ethnographic studies have demonstrated that illness
and medical care are socially constructed according to
the cultural context in which we live
• Ethnographic methods can contribute illuminating
insights into health and illness within and between
cultures
• Ethnographic methods are being utilised in an evolving
and diverse range of contexts
30. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow.
GU Ethnography group
The next meeting is 11th February 12:30-2
matthew.maycock@glasgow.ac.uk
www.matthewmaycock.com
Contact and connections