Watch the slideshow for a better understanding: https://youtu.be/frmGwCEtDnM
1. Learn how mRNA vaccines work.
2. Learn challenges in making HIV vaccines.
3. Learn about the advantage of mRNA vaccines in HIV
4. Learn about trials.
A comprehensive description of recombinant DNA vaccines. prevention is the most desirable option against a disease. want to know what are recombinant DNA vaccines. Check out this for easy description
A COVID 19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19). types of active and inactivated vaccine
This presentation talks about vaccines, currently being used in medicinal processes and therapeutics and their types. It elaborates the importance of the different types of vaccines along with their examples and their mechanism of action. The mode of production of all the types of vaccines is also discussed in the presentation including recent developments made for the production of mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2
Watch the slideshow for a better understanding: https://youtu.be/frmGwCEtDnM
1. Learn how mRNA vaccines work.
2. Learn challenges in making HIV vaccines.
3. Learn about the advantage of mRNA vaccines in HIV
4. Learn about trials.
A comprehensive description of recombinant DNA vaccines. prevention is the most desirable option against a disease. want to know what are recombinant DNA vaccines. Check out this for easy description
A COVID 19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19). types of active and inactivated vaccine
This presentation talks about vaccines, currently being used in medicinal processes and therapeutics and their types. It elaborates the importance of the different types of vaccines along with their examples and their mechanism of action. The mode of production of all the types of vaccines is also discussed in the presentation including recent developments made for the production of mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2
Vaccine discovery
DNA vaccine, mechanism
methods of delivery
Main concerns: do DNA vaccines cause insertional mutation and elicit anti-DNA antibodies in the body?
completed and ongoing trials.
new strategies: Prime Boost vaccines
Future prospects
The Production of Vaccines using Genetic Engineering as the world’s population continues to rise annually, new technology becomes known to man! Technology is a never-ending process where newer and better things are being discovered. The area of technology that will be discussed here is biotechnology. Biotechnology is the harnessing by man of the ability of organisms to produce drugs, food or other useful products. Micro-organisms are the main ones involved in biotechnology, especially bacteria and fungi. More recently, genetic engineering or the altering of the genes, the building blocks which determine the make-up of an organism, has been increasingly used in biotechnology.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.Vaccine contains certain agents that not only resembles a disease-causing microorganism but it also stimulates body’s immune system recognize the foreign agents.Vaccines can be prophylactic or therapeutic.
The administration of vaccines is called vaccination.
British physician Edward Jenner, who in 1796 used the cowpox virus (Latin variola vaccinia) to confer protection against smallpox. In 1885 the French microbiologist Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux developed the first vaccine against rabies.
There are several types of vaccines like Whole-Organism vaccine, recombinant vaccine,dna vaccine, multivalent subunit vaccines etc.
Most developments in biotechnology originated for their potential applications in health care.
Contributions of biotechnology are more frequent, more notable and more rewarding in health sector.
Vaccine discovery
DNA vaccine, mechanism
methods of delivery
Main concerns: do DNA vaccines cause insertional mutation and elicit anti-DNA antibodies in the body?
completed and ongoing trials.
new strategies: Prime Boost vaccines
Future prospects
The Production of Vaccines using Genetic Engineering as the world’s population continues to rise annually, new technology becomes known to man! Technology is a never-ending process where newer and better things are being discovered. The area of technology that will be discussed here is biotechnology. Biotechnology is the harnessing by man of the ability of organisms to produce drugs, food or other useful products. Micro-organisms are the main ones involved in biotechnology, especially bacteria and fungi. More recently, genetic engineering or the altering of the genes, the building blocks which determine the make-up of an organism, has been increasingly used in biotechnology.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.Vaccine contains certain agents that not only resembles a disease-causing microorganism but it also stimulates body’s immune system recognize the foreign agents.Vaccines can be prophylactic or therapeutic.
The administration of vaccines is called vaccination.
British physician Edward Jenner, who in 1796 used the cowpox virus (Latin variola vaccinia) to confer protection against smallpox. In 1885 the French microbiologist Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux developed the first vaccine against rabies.
There are several types of vaccines like Whole-Organism vaccine, recombinant vaccine,dna vaccine, multivalent subunit vaccines etc.
Most developments in biotechnology originated for their potential applications in health care.
Contributions of biotechnology are more frequent, more notable and more rewarding in health sector.
A detailed description of HIV covering virology, morphology, pathogenesis, clinical stages and manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and diagnostic strategy, and therapeutic options and prevention.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
current understanding of the immunological changes and adaptations that occur in pregnancy enabling tolerance to the foreign paternal fetal antigens in the maternal uterus
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. Objectives :
Revision about the immune system components.
MHCs and some of it’s associated diseases .
Some of the inherited immunodeficiencies.
Rhesus factor .
RNA vaccine.
5. Located on chromosome 6 in the human
1. Class I: expressed on the cell surface of all nucleated cells except sperm.
2. Class II: found primarily on APCs such as monocytes/macrophages and B cells
3. Class III: physiologic roles (TNF and complement proteins).
They (I & II) are extremely polymorphic
In humans the MHC is also called HLA (human leucocyte antigen)
There are three class I loci in the human, called HLA-A, HLA-B and
HLA-C.
There are three class II MHC loci in the human MHC, called DP, DQ and DR.
!! What is the role of HLA ?
6. MHC Polymorphism :
Multiple allele for each locus: MHC genes are one of the most
polymorphic genes known. For example: class I MHC region in humans,
there are 240 alleles for HLA-A. 470 alleles for HLA-B and 110 alleles for HLA-C.
The MHC class I region of any individual would have one of the allele from each HLA-A,
Band C allele bank. So, there are total 240 x 470 x 110 number of theoretical combinations
possible for class I MHC region.
These alleles encode for products that vary from one another by 5- 10% of their DNA
sequence. Similar polymorphism also exists for alleles of class II DP, DQ and DR loci.
Codominant expression: MHC genes are expressed in codominant form.
9. Disorders of Innate Immunity :
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD):
This is the best known example of a disorder of phagocytic function,
and follows either an X-linked or an autosomal recessive inheritance. It results
from an inability of phagocytes to kill ingested microbes
due to defects in the NADPH oxidase enzyme complex which generates the so-
called microbicidal ‘respiratory burst’ .
CGD is therefore associated with recurrent bacterial or fungal infections
Treatment Childhood mortality was high until the advent of supportive treatment
and prophylactic antibiotics.
Bone marrow transplant has been successful, as well as transplantation of
peripheral blood stem cells from an HLA identical sibling.
10. Humoral Immunodeficiencies :
Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia :
Males with this X-linked immunodefciency usually develop multiple
recurrent bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin after the
first few months of life, having been protected initially by placentally
transferred maternal IgG.
The disorder has been shown to result from mutations in a tyrosine
kinase specific to B cells (Btk) that result in loss of the signal for B
cells to differentiate to mature antibody-producing plasma cells.
Treatment of life-threatening infections with antibiotics and the use
of prophylactic intravenous immunoglobulin.
11. Cellular Immunodeficiencies :
DiGeorge syndrome ( Thymus aplasia ): results from a congenital
defect in thymic development leading to defect in T-cell maturation.
• infants are extremely vulnerable to viral, fungal, intracellular bacterial
and protozoan infections
•The Genetic defect: in 90% of cases, there occurs a deletion affecting
chromosome 22q11 which leads to developmental malformation
affecting the lower parts pharyngeal region in embryonic life.
• illnesses, in addition to the thymic defects, there may be associated:
• Parathyroid gland hypoplasia resulting in neonatal tetany .
• anomalies of the heart and the great vessels.
• Treatment: thymus transplantation has been found to be successful in
restoration of immune function
12. Combined immunodeficiency :
Severe combined immunodefciency :(SCID)
an increased susceptibility to both viral and bacterial infections
because of profoundly abnormal humoral and cell-mediated
immunity.
Common to all forms of SCID is the absence of T cell–mediated
cellular immunity from defective T-cell development.
Presentation is in infants with recurrent, persistent, opportunistic
infections by many organisms, including Candida albicans,
Pneumocystis carinii, and CMV.
13. ..cont
SCID is genetically heterogeneous and can be inherited as either an X-linked or
autosomal recessive disorder.
The X-linked form (SCIDX1) is the most common form of SCID in males,
accounting for 50% to 60% overall, and has been shown to be due to mutations in
the γ chain of the cytokine receptor for IL-2 (IL2RG ).
In approximately one-third to one-half of children with SCID that is not X-
linked, inheritance is autosomal recessive (SCID1).
14.
15. Rhesus Factor :
is a protein found in the outer surface of the RBCs .
RH locus of human genome which is located on chromosome 1 , consisting
of two genes RHD and RHCE .
in case of deletion of the gene from the genotype the phenotype is Rh D –
and if the gene is present the phenotype is Rh D +.
the presence of the Rh trait is dominant .
83 % of human population are Rh D + .
16. hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN):-
(erythroblastosis fetalis )
this disease occur when the mother is Rh D – pregnant with a Rh D+ fetus and at
the delivery some of the fetal blood may cross the placenta and cause in
recognition of the protein as an antigens and production of IgG antibodies in the
mother .
at later pregnancy with a Rh D+ fetus ; HDN is caused by a maternal IgG
antibody response to the antigens expressed on fetal red blood cells. Maternal
anti-Rh IgG antibodies cross the placenta, This can result in opsonisation of the
red blood cells and their phagocytosis and destruction in the liver or spleen.
17. RNA vaccine or mRNA vaccine :
is a new type of vaccine that inserts fragments of mRNA into human cells in order
to reprogram them to produce pathogen antigens (e.g. viral protein spikes or
cancer antigens).
The mRNA molecule is usually held in a drug delivery vehicle, such as lipid
nanoparticles…. WHY ??
before 2020, mRNA was only considered a theoretical possibility for effective use
in humans.
As of November 2020, there were two novel mRNA vaccines awaiting emergency
use authorization as potential COVID-19 vaccines, MRNA-1273 from Moderna,
and BNT162b2 from a BioNTech/Pfizer partnership .