Gay,lesbian criticism and queer theory by Ab Ghafffar
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This document discusses queer theory and its key concepts. It defines queer theory as attempting to redefine sexual identity and preference in order to find a space where homosexuality is seen as normal. It notes that queer theory interrogates how sexuality and identity are constructed. Some basic tenets discussed are that gender and sexuality are socially constructed rather than biological. The document also provides brief overviews of lesbian and gay criticism as well as gay and lesbian literature and history.
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Formalism
Russian Formalism emerged in the early 20th century focusing on analyzing literature through its form and technique rather than external factors. Key figures included Victor Shklovsky, Mikhail Bakhtin, and Roman Jakobson. New Criticism originated in the 1920s-30s emphasizing close reading of texts and their aesthetic qualities over historical context. I.A. Richards, William Empson, and John Crowe Ransom were influential New Critics. While both were formalist schools, Russian Formalism was more theoretical while New Criticism emphasized the practical criticism of individual works.
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2) History of Feminist Criticism
3) Special Video through examples
4) Types of Feminism
this presentation is submitted to Department of English, MKBU
Marxist Criticism
Marxist criticism is a method of literary analysis based on the ideas of Karl Marx and focuses on the struggles between social classes in literature. Marxist critics believe that works inherently reflect the conflicts between the bourgeoisie (the rich owners) and the proletariat (the poor workers) in society. To conduct a Marxist critical analysis, one asks how the conflicts in the work relate to struggles between social classes, how the work suggests life for the bourgeoisie is empty, and what the values are of each social class portrayed in the characters.
Queer Theory
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Feminist criticism
Feminist criticism began in the 1960s as a product of second-wave feminism and focused on exposing the patriarchal ideology and stereotypical representations of women in literature written by men. It aimed to show how these works emphasized masculine dominance and inferior portrayals of women characters. In later decades, feminist criticism shifted to discovering neglected works written by women and evaluating literary representations of women against social realities. There are differences between Anglo-American feminist criticism, which emphasizes close reading of texts, and French feminism, which incorporates more post-structuralist and psychoanalytic approaches.
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Here I talk about ,
1) What is Feminist Criticism
2) History of Feminist Criticism
3) Special Video through examples
4) Types of Feminism
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Marxist Criticism
Marxist criticism is a method of literary analysis based on the ideas of Karl Marx and focuses on the struggles between social classes in literature. Marxist critics believe that works inherently reflect the conflicts between the bourgeoisie (the rich owners) and the proletariat (the poor workers) in society. To conduct a Marxist critical analysis, one asks how the conflicts in the work relate to struggles between social classes, how the work suggests life for the bourgeoisie is empty, and what the values are of each social class portrayed in the characters.
Queer Theory
Queer Theory emphasizes radical differences from social norms and views social structures as the root of human oppression. It focuses on critiquing social boundaries and the mechanisms that enforce them. Historically centered on sexuality studies, Queer Theory also addresses other issues and is critical of anything mainstream. While marriage equality seems radical to some, Queer approaches tend to oppose gay marriage as too traditional and conforming to social control. Queer Theory draws from both academic social science and political activism that challenges traditions and institutions. It overlaps with but also differs from feminism and racial theory by questioning the validity of gender and racial categories.
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Feminist criticism began in the 1960s as a product of second-wave feminism and focused on exposing the patriarchal ideology and stereotypical representations of women in literature written by men. It aimed to show how these works emphasized masculine dominance and inferior portrayals of women characters. In later decades, feminist criticism shifted to discovering neglected works written by women and evaluating literary representations of women against social realities. There are differences between Anglo-American feminist criticism, which emphasizes close reading of texts, and French feminism, which incorporates more post-structuralist and psychoanalytic approaches.
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Elaine Showalter was a leading feminist critic in the late 1970s who proposed three phases of female writing: the feminine phase from 1840-1880 where women wrote under male pseudonyms, the feminist phase from 1880-1920 where women wrote about the struggles of women, and the female phase from 1920 onward where women rejected social constructs of gender and dependency. Showalter developed the concept of gynocriticism, a feminist framework for analyzing women's literature using female-centered models like the biological, linguistic, psychoanalytic, and cultural approaches. Feminist criticism then expanded with different schools emerging from America, Britain, and France.
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This slideshow showcases the Feminist Criticism which helps the students to understand well the literary piece.
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2. Early feminist critics analyzed how women authors faced barriers and how female characters were portrayed in limited, stereotypical ways.
3. More recent criticism looks at the intersection of gender with other identities like race and sexuality, and how cultural factors shape concepts of masculinity and femininity.
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Both through his family heritage and his personal experience (he was in Walsingham's house in Paris during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre), Sidney was a keenly militant Protestant. In the 1570s, he had persuaded John Casimir to consider proposals for a united Protestant effort against the Roman Catholic Church and Spain. In the early 1580s, he argued unsuccessfully for an assault on Spain itself. Promoted General of Horse in 1583,[1] his enthusiasm for the Protestant struggle was given a free rein when he was appointed governor of Flushing in the Netherlands in 1585. In the Netherlands, he consistently urged boldness on his superior, his uncle the Earl of Leicester. He conducted a successful raid on Spanish forces near Axel in July, 1586.
An early biography of Sidney was written by his friend and schoolfellow, Fulke Greville. While Sidney was traditionally depicted as a staunch and unwavering Protestant, recent biographers such as Katherine Duncan-Jones have suggested that his religious loyalties were more ambiguous. He was known to be friendly and sympathetic towards individual Catholics.
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Wilson's 1938 essay "Marxism and Literature" evaluates the impact of Marxism on art and literature. It celebrates how Marxism shed light on works' social significance, but criticizes the belief that good literature can be produced through ideology. Later Marxists like Lenin believed in specialization and turning art into propaganda, limiting artistic freedom, while Marx and Engels saw art's artistic merits and allowed for complexity. The document discusses how Marxism influenced perspectives on literature over time.
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This document discusses the history and development of feminism and feminist literary criticism. It outlines how traditional gender roles portrayed women as emotional, weak, nurturing and submissive while men were seen as rational, strong, protective and decisive. Early feminist thinkers like Mary Wollstonecraft argued women should have equal rights. Later authors like Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir examined how patriarchal societies define women in relation to men. The document also discusses the work of feminist critics like Elaine Showalter who argued for a feminist literary criticism focused on examining women's writing through a female framework. It provides examples of genres and historical periods feminist criticism has been applied to.
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1. Feminist literary criticism examines representations of women in texts and challenges traditional gender roles and stereotypes.
2. Early feminist critics analyzed how women authors faced barriers and how female characters were portrayed in limited, stereotypical ways.
3. More recent criticism looks at the intersection of gender with other identities like race and sexuality, and how cultural factors shape concepts of masculinity and femininity.
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Sir Philip Sidney
Sir Philip Sidney (30 November 1554 – 17 October 1586) was an English poet, courtier, scholar, and soldier, who is remembered as one of the most prominent figures of the Elizabethan age. His works include Astrophel and Stella, The Defence of Poesy (also known as The Defence of Poetry or An Apology for Poetry), and The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia.
His artistic contacts were more peaceful and more significant for his lasting fame. During his absence from court, he wrote Astrophel and Stella and the first draft of The Arcadia and The Defence of Poesy. Somewhat earlier, he had met Edmund Spenser, who dedicated The Shepheardes Calender to him. Other literary contacts included membership, along with his friends and fellow poets Fulke Greville, Edward Dyer, Edmund Spenser and Gabriel Harvey, of the (possibly fictitious) 'Areopagus', a humanist endeavour to classicise English verse.
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An early biography of Sidney was written by his friend and schoolfellow, Fulke Greville. While Sidney was traditionally depicted as a staunch and unwavering Protestant, recent biographers such as Katherine Duncan-Jones have suggested that his religious loyalties were more ambiguous. He was known to be friendly and sympathetic towards individual Catholics.
An Apology for Poetry(also known as A Defence of Poesie and The Defence of Poetry) – Sidney wrote the Defence before 1583. It is generally believed that he was at least partly motivated by Stephen Gosson, a former playwright who dedicated his attack on the English stage, The School of Abuse, to Sidney in 1579, but Sidney primarily addresses more general objections to poetry, such as those of Plato. In his essay, Sidney integrates a number of classical and Italian precepts on fiction. The essence of his defence is that poetry, by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of philosophy, is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. The work also offers important comments on Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethan stage.
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This document summarizes the major themes in Juno and the Paycock by Sean O'Casey, including poverty, fighting for ideals, the debilitating effects of poverty, escapism, religion, reality and fantasy, tragedy and comedy, and feminism. It notes that the play depicts the poverty of its characters and conflicts between dreams and reality. It also analyzes O'Casey's portrayal of women as more realistic and responsible than the men. The document concludes by arguing the play stresses women's instinctive good sense and role in modern life.
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and using these as sources for social and political theorization. I appreci-
ate this observation because it helps to make clear something that I have
practiced for years but had not thought to explain. Without exception, the
contributors to this dossier are indebted to the legacies of feminist activism
and theory of the 1960s and 1970s. The feminist slogan “the personal is
political,” which originated during this period, seems almost to be a cliché
these days, but within most traditional academic fields it is still a profound
challenge to business as usual. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, it became
common for scholars to include cursory personal anecdotes to demystify
the status of the anonymous author or to briefly reflect on one’s position
of privilege in relation to one’s subject matter. What was rarely done thor-
oughly in academic publications, however, was the work performed by the
original feminist theorists who gave substance to the slogan: women like
Audre Lorde (1984), Cherríe Moraga (1983), Adrienne Rich (1980), and
Gloria Anzaldúa (1987). These women didn’t merely “situate themselves”
in relation to their subject. They dared to claim that their personal experi-
ences—of serving their brothers at home, of experiencing violence at the
hands of men, of desiring other women, of being cast out by their own
people—were political subjects worthy of theorization. These experiences
could be the starting point for theory, and their own personal responses to
them were, in fact, theory.
Jotería studies emerges from similar insights. Even understanding
something as vast as the colonial/modern world system can begin with
V39-1.indb 135 2/7/14 9:08 AM
136
Hames-García
the glances exchanged between two cholos at a bar in Boyle Heights. As
jotería, our bodies and our selves are lived legacies of colonialism, racism,
xenophobia, homophobia, sexism, and heterosexism. By bringing jotería
studies into existence, we make the claim that these social and political
processes cannot be adequately theorized without attending to our personal
experiences. That is to say, the political is personal. With this in mind,
permit me to begin with a personal narrative to explain how I found
jotería studies.
My first sexual encounter with another man, at age fourteen, was in
a restroom near the entrance to Disneyland. I was on vacation with my
family. The man, Alejandro, was an immigrant from Venezuela in his late
twenties or early thirties. He was living in Los Angeles and visiting the
Magic Kingdom with family members who had just arrived ...
135Aztlán A Journal of Chicano Studies 391 Spring 2014 © Un
135Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 39:1 Spring 2014 © University of California Regents
Jotería Studies, or the Political Is
Personal
Michael Hames-García
When I first compiled this dossier and submitted it to the Aztlán editorial
board, they observed something that I had more or less taken for granted: a
pattern across the essays of opening with meaningful personal experiences
and using these as sources for social and political theorization. I appreci-
ate this observation because it helps to make clear something that I have
practiced for years but had not thought to explain. Without exception, the
contributors to this dossier are indebted to the legacies of feminist activism
and theory of the 1960s and 1970s. The feminist slogan “the personal is
political,” which originated during this period, seems almost to be a cliché
these days, but within most traditional academic fields it is still a profound
challenge to business as usual. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, it became
common for scholars to include cursory personal anecdotes to demystify
the status of the anonymous author or to briefly reflect on one’s position
of privilege in relation to one’s subject matter. What was rarely done thor-
oughly in academic publications, however, was the work performed by the
original feminist theorists who gave substance to the slogan: women like
Audre Lorde (1984), Cherríe Moraga (1983), Adrienne Rich (1980), and
Gloria Anzaldúa (1987). These women didn’t merely “situate themselves”
in relation to their subject. They dared to claim that their personal experi-
ences—of serving their brothers at home, of experiencing violence at the
hands of men, of desiring other women, of being cast out by their own
people—were political subjects worthy of theorization. These experiences
could be the starting point for theory, and their own personal responses to
them were, in fact, theory.
Jotería studies emerges from similar insights. Even understanding
something as vast as the colonial/modern world system can begin with
V39-1.indb 135 2/7/14 9:08 AM
136
Hames-García
the glances exchanged between two cholos at a bar in Boyle Heights. As
jotería, our bodies and our selves are lived legacies of colonialism, racism,
xenophobia, homophobia, sexism, and heterosexism. By bringing jotería
studies into existence, we make the claim that these social and political
processes cannot be adequately theorized without attending to our personal
experiences. That is to say, the political is personal. With this in mind,
permit me to begin with a personal narrative to explain how I found
jotería studies.
My first sexual encounter with another man, at age fourteen, was in
a restroom near the entrance to Disneyland. I was on vacation with my
family. The man, Alejandro, was an immigrant from Venezuela in his late
twenties or early thirties. He was living in Los Angeles and visiting the
Magic Kingdom with family members who had just arrived ...
CARESS-REPORTING about Literary Criticism
The document provides an overview of various approaches to literary criticism, including formalism and close reading, Marxist criticism, feminist criticism, psychoanalytic theory, postcolonial criticism, and integrating critical theory into pedagogy. It defines each approach and provides examples of questions critics may ask and suggested texts to analyze using that lens. The importance of literary criticism is that it expands one's worldview, helps understand literature better, provides opportunities for new writing styles, and supports critical thinking skill development.
Elit 48 c class 5 post qhq composed vs comprised
This document provides information on composed/comprised, feminist criticism, lesbian/gay/queer criticism, and terms used in these types of literary analysis.
It explains that "composed" means made up of some or all parts, while "comprise" means to contain all parts, with the whole coming before parts.
It then outlines the objectives and waves of feminist criticism, focusing on uncovering misogyny and the female experience. It also summarizes lesbian, gay, and queer criticism in examining oppression beyond sexism. Finally, it lists common terms and textual clues used in these analyses, such as homosocial bonding and same-sex doubles. Typical questions asked by these critiques
Elit 48 c class 5 post qhq composed vs comprised
This document provides information on composed/comprised, feminist criticism, lesbian/gay/queer criticism, and terms used in these types of literary analysis.
It explains that "composed" means made up of some or all parts, while "comprise" means to contain all parts, with the whole coming before parts.
It then outlines the objectives and waves of feminist criticism, focusing on uncovering misogyny and the female experience. It also summarizes lesbian, gay, and queer criticism in examining oppression beyond sexism. Finally, it lists common terms and textual clues used in these analyses, such as homosocial bonding and same-sex doubles. Typical questions asked by these critiques
LGBT
The document discusses various aspects of LGBTQ+ culture. It begins by defining the LGBTQ+ acronym and then discusses elements that are common across LGBTQ+ cultures, such as works by famous LGBTQ+ figures and an understanding of social movements. It then provides more specific information about the cultures of gay men, lesbians, bisexual people, and transgender individuals. For each group, it discusses icons, social practices, relationships, and flags that represent their identities and communities.
Gay in the Media
This document summarizes a research paper about portrayals of lesbians in mainstream media. It discusses Ellen DeGeneres, the TV show The L Word, and the musical duo Tegan and Sara. While these portrayals have brought lesbian issues to mainstream audiences, they also project heteronormative ideals and stereotypes onto lesbians. For example, Ellen fits a "butch" stereotype while her wife Portia fits a "femme" role. The L Word over-sexualizes relationships and reinforces gender binaries. Overall, while media representations have increased visibility, they also objectify lesbians and impose heteronormative standards.
Lesbian and gay literature.
Lesbian criticism addresses issues of both sexism and heterosexism as lesbian critics must deal with psychological, social, economic, and political oppression from patriarchal male privilege and heterosexual privilege. Gay criticism often analyzes how being gay influences one's worldview and how one deals with the implicit social oppression of living in a heterosexist culture. Lesbian, gay, and queer criticism rely on textual evidence like homoerotic imagery and subtle cues to strengthen interpretations of apparently heterosexual texts.
Lesbian and gay literature.
Lesbian criticism addresses issues of both sexism and heterosexism as lesbian critics must deal with psychological, social, economic, and political oppression from patriarchal male privilege and heterosexual privilege. Gay criticism often analyzes how being gay influences one's worldview and how one deals with the implicit social oppression of living in a heterosexist culture. Lesbian, gay, and queer criticism rely on textual evidence like homoerotic imagery and subtle cues to strengthen interpretations of apparently heterosexual texts.
Lesbian and Gay literature.
Lesbian criticism addresses issues of personal identity and politics related to both sexism and heterosexism. Gay criticism often analyzes how being gay influences one's worldview and experience of oppression as a gay person in a heterosexist culture. Lesbian, gay, and queer criticism rely on textual evidence like homoerotic imagery and subtle cues to strengthen interpretations of apparently heterosexual texts.
Gender studies & Queer Theory
Gender studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation. It includes women's studies (concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics), men's studies and queer studies.
Its rise to prominence, especially in Western universities after 1990, has been noted as a success of deconstructionism. Sometimes, gender studies is offered together with study of sexuality.
Queer theory
Queer theory emerged from gay and lesbian studies in the early 1990s. It challenges traditional assumptions that sexuality fits into binary categories of heterosexual or homosexual. Queer theory asserts that all sexual behaviors and identities are socially constructed rather than innate. It critiques the normalization of heterosexuality and the labeling of other sexualities as deviant. Queer theory questions the idea that gender and sexuality are fixed, arguing instead that they are fluid and performative in nature.
Similar to Gay,lesbian criticism and queer theory by Ab Ghafffar (20)
135Aztlán A Journal of Chicano Studies 391 Spring 2014 © Un
135Aztlán A Journal of Chicano Studies 391 Spring 2014 © Un
135Aztlán A Journal of Chicano Studies 391 Spring 2014 © Un
135Aztlán A Journal of Chicano Studies 391 Spring 2014 © Un
More from Abdul Ghaffar Englican
104 -what isliterature
The document defines the key traits and elements of literature. It discusses how literature has structure and form, uses genres like tragedy and comedy, and literary movements. Literature tells stories through elements like plot, characters, themes and symbolism. Great works of literature are distinguished by their ability to engage readers and provide insight into the human condition through the mastery of form and meaning beyond just transmitting information.
Culture and anarchy
Culture and anarchy is a notorious philosophical work written by the celebrated Victorian poet and critic Mathew Arnold. This essay was first published in ‘Cornhill Magazine’ during 1867-’68. Its full name is “Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism”.
Gay,lesbian criticism and queer theory by ghaffar
Queer theory is a field of critical theory that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of queer studies and women's studies. Queer theory includes both queer readings of texts and the theorization of 'queerness' itself.[clarify] Heavily influenced by the work of Lauren Berlant, Leo Bersani, Judith Butler, Lee Edelman, Jack Halberstam,[1] and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, queer theory builds both upon feminist challenges to the idea that gender is part of the essential self and upon gay/lesbian studies' close examination of the socially constructed nature of sexual acts and identities.
Primary and secondary imagination
Coleridge distinguishes between primary and secondary imagination. Primary imagination is an involuntary and subconscious faculty that allows humans to perceive and receive sense impressions from the external world. Secondary imagination is a creative and conscious faculty that selects and reshapes the raw materials of primary imagination to create something new. It involves both conscious selection and subconscious infusion. While primary imagination is a universal human ability, secondary imagination is a heightened creative power that allows poets to blend conscious and unconscious elements into new wholes.
Life of cowley by Ghaffar
Abraham Cowley (pronounced Cooley) was born in London, the posthumous son of a wealthy London stationer. He was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his BA in 1639, was made fellow in 1640, and became MA in 1643. Cowley published his first volume of verse, Poetical Blossoms (1633), when he was 15. The collection consisted of five poems, one of which Cowley had written at age 10. He wrote a pastoral drama and a Latin comedy, Naufragium Ioculare (1638), when he was but 20.
Book review ghaffar
Man’s Search for Meaning written by Viktor E Frankl is one of the most eminent and splendid
works of psychiatric literature after Freud. This book ‘’Man’s Search for Meaning’’ embodies an
account of the author’s personal experiences while being a prisoner in a concentration camp.
According Frankl that the book’s main objective is to answer the question-How the usual and
ordinary routine life in a concentration camp is portrayed through the mind of an ordinary prisoner
there
functional English
This document contains information about Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, a famous Sindhi poet from Pakistan. It provides details about his life, including that he was born in 1102 Hijra in a small village, he was a great poet and musician of Sindh who invented the 'Tambooro' instrument, and that he lived a life of meditation before passing away in 1165 Hijra. It also discusses his work, including his collection of poetry called "Risalo of Shah Abdul Latif" which contains his verses and has been translated into other languages to spread his message.
Ghazal shaikh ayaz
Ayaz was a major 20th century Sindhi poet born in 1923 in Sindh who wrote for over 6 decades across various poetry and prose forms in Sindhi, Urdu and other languages. This ghazal expresses Ayaz's patriotic feelings for his country, emphasizing that thousands of innocent people have suffered and died for the nation, not just himself, and maintains hope that difficult times will pass and their situation will improve. The ghazal uses imagery of dew drops falling at night and questioning the moon to convey its message poetically despite addressing serious themes of oppression and nationalism.
Kalyaan by shah Abdul Latif
Kalyan is a Sanskrit word meaning "peace". It is one of 32 melodies from the Shah-jo-risalo, a Sufi text where the author Shah Inayat praises Allah and describes His qualities. The kalyan describes Allah as the omniscient and supreme lord of the universe, the mighty creator and sustainer who is merciful and the one and only God. It says those who believe in Allah's oneness and accept Muhammad's guidance will find bliss by following God's decree and not being misled from the righteous path.
Kalyaan by shah Abdul Latif
Shah Abdul Latif was an 18th century Sufi poet from Sindh, Pakistan. In this poem "Kalyaan", Latif praises God and discusses those who have true faith. He describes God as the omniscient creator of the universe. He discusses those who believe in God's oneness and follow the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, noting they will find bliss and not be misled. Latif notes the pure of heart become absorbed in God and are fortunate in their origins. The poem discusses seekers who constantly remember only God and are spiritually united, carefully following righteous paths to seek eternal life with rare knowledge.
GHAZAL
Shaikh Ayaz (1923-1997) was a renowned Sindhi poet from Pakistan who dedicated almost 10 decades of his life to Sindhi literature. He wrote extensively in both Sindhi and Urdu, publishing several books of poetry, prose, biographies, plays, and short stories. Some of his notable works include translating "Shah Jo Risalo" into Urdu. As a poet, he utilized many genres including ghazals. Shaikh Ayaz received prestigious awards for his literary contributions and helped establish Sindhi University as its vice-chancellor. The given ghazal poem by Shaikh Ayaz explores themes of loss, separation, love, hunger, and defiance through the use of
Plot structure of Doll's House
The way plays are written is a special style of writing called dramatic structure.
This style is different from the way a short story, novel, or poem is written.
In a play, the talk, or conversation between two or more characters is called dialogue.
Dialogue is not set in quotation marks. Instead, the character’s name appears before the spoken part.
Plays are made up entirely of dialogue and stage directions, additional information provided by the playwright or author.
Waiting for Godot, use of imagery and symbolims
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
Does culture matter
I read Does Culture Matter ? (taken from Two Cheers For Democracy ) by E M Forster . I answer this question as yes ,it matters .The very beginning of the essay is 'Culture is a forbidden word '.He uses it ,in a real and literal sense, for the modern ignorance of cultural stuff .
People are not interested in 'the Classics ' which are the real joy .They are interested in cheap amusement in form of parodies and pastiches which are representations of the real but not original -- hyperreal.
Culture is a kind of ambrosia which helps us in receiving the power to enjoy the Classics .It is not only British culture but the culture of every nation has its sacred importance ( not superstitiously but for the sake of its nation and universe ).
Bhai shab Anil Punia....ram ram phli to......now..... culture is overgrowing.... We can't say it's the 'culture'....culture changes as time changes......and yes culture matters..... Our good rational old faiths, rituals, festivals, our way of life...all is part of culture......nd if we r social beings....it affects us....nd matters for us....
Henrik ibsen
Henrik Ibsen was born to Knud Ibsen and Marichen
Altenburg, a relatively well-to-do merchant family, in the
small port town of Skien, Norway.
He was a descendant of some of the oldest and most
distinguished families of Norway, including the Paus family.
Shortly after his birth his family's fortunes became very bad.
Prose, competition
According to people in America or England, the only thing that interferes their lives and enjoyments is “struggle for life” or the competition especially between businessmen. This is their pure view of life and they blindly believe on it. But Russell then expresses his idea about the very topic and says that in some situations it’s true but on the other hand this statement is completely wrong. Russell says that struggle for life occurs to those who are unlucky, weak and submissive. To support his argument, Russell gives the example of Conrad’s hero Folk who won the competition over meal from another man but he was purely vegetarian. According to Russell, people don’t name this reason accurately rather they use an “inaccurate phrase” for such trivial things just for the sake of their own dignity. Hence, Russell provides an accurate phrase for “struggle of life” which is “struggle for success” and according to him this is actually what people mean as well but they are unable to name it. So actually Russell first observes that the competition of the workplace is not nearly as serious as is usually imagined; failure does not result in death or starvation. People take the competition so seriously either because they do not realize they can take it less seriously, or because they believe that it would be dishonorable to slack off.
In this struggle for success or life, Russell points out that man does not seem to realize that they are “caught in the grip of a mechanism from which there is no escape” and Russell also points out the drawback of such mechanism and thus put forward his statement that such mechanism repeat themselves and do not allow man “up to a higher level.” Then Russell provides the reader with a business man’s life in which he is very busy towards his struggle for life or success. Russell points out that throughout the day such a man is all engaged in great executions, firm law, “a decisive manner of speech, and an air of sagacious reserve” to impress the allied class and not the “office boy”. He keep in touch with his profitable persons and such a routine is continued till dinner time. Also at dinner table, he has to pretend to enjoy the company of his lady. Russell call such people “poor man” who are unable to escape unless or until they sleep. In the age of Russell, industrialization gave rise to so many tensions and competition is one of them. Through this detailed description of such a hectic life, Russell is trying to point out that in such a competitive era and life, man has forgot himself and his originality and now he is nothing but a machine.
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Gay,lesbian criticism and queer theory by Ab Ghafffar
- 1. Gay and Lesbian Criticism and Queer Theory ABDUL GHAFFAR JAT 2K16/BLENG/4 Department of English Language and Literature University of Sindh Laar Campus Badin
- 2. Definition Queer theory an attempt to redefine sexual preference and identity. It seeks to find a cultural and political space. Where homosexual no longer consider immoral, unnatural, against moral code or sick of heterosexuality. Considered as a normal and ordinary people of the society. Queer theory interrogates the modes by which sexuality of the inside and outside are constructed and sexual identity assigned and politics formulated.
- 3. New field of inquiry called queer theory, which is based on the insights of deconstruction and is relevant to issues of heterosexual identity as well as to issues of gay and lesbian sexual identity. Gay and lesbian liberation movements have always struggled against social, economical, religious, political restrictions They always seeks to find a space in the mainstream of the society Fought for social recognition in community at large. Queer theory has significantly contributed in political, social, economical movements and activism.
- 4. Basic tenets of Gay, Lesbian, and Queer theory's Gender identity is socially constructed It is not biological problem but is a social problem Judith Butler mention in his book ‘’SEX TRUBLE’’ sexuality is socially constructed and practiced, performed again and again so people take it as a natural According to this view, which is called social constructionism, homosexuality and heterosexuality are products of social, not biological, forces.
- 5. History In 1969 police raid the stonewall tavern of Newark city, many lesbian, gay transgender were arrested and imprisoned, than they got popularity globally. British Gay Liberation Front’’ took place in London school of economics on 13 November 1970 The first annual gay parade was conducted on 1st April 1972, after that they have received wide popularity across the globe A field of critical theory that emerged in the early 1990s
- 6. LGBT MOVEMENT Lesbian: Women who primarily choose to partner with women. Gay: Refers to men who primarily choose to partner with men. Some lesbians prefer this term. Bisexual: Individuals who choose to partner on the basis of characteristics other than gender. Individuals who prefer to partner with men and women. Transgender :An umbrella term for people who do not conform to conventional notions of male or female gender
- 8. Gay and Lesbian Literature Gay and Lesbian literature is a collective term for literature produced by or for the LGBT community which involves characters, plot lines, and/or themes portraying male and female homosexual behavior. EXAMPLE The Price of Salt is a romance novel by Patricia Highsmith under the pen name Claire Morgan. It was published in 1952 and tells the story of love between two women. It was unique at the time because it was the only lesbian novel to feature a joyful
- 9. These two people—the girl (Therese aged 19) and the older woman (Carol in her early 30s)—meet in a department store during the Christmas season. Therese works temporarily as an assistant in the toy department, and Carol is looking for a doll for her young daughter: EXAMPLE Saw the Lesbians kissing across their smitten Lutes with lips more sweet than the sound of lute-strings, Mouth to mouth and hand upon hand, her chosen, Fairer than all men
- 10. Gay and Lesbian Criticism An approach to literature that focuses on how homosexuals are represented in literature, how they read literature, and whether sexuality, as well as gender, is culturally constructed or innate.
- 11. Lesbian Criticism lesbian literary critics……….. They try to decide what constitutes a lesbian literary tradition and what writers and works belong to it. They attempt to determine what might constitute a lesbian poetics, that is, a uniquely lesbian way of writing. They analyze how the sexual/emotional orientation of lesbian writers has affected their literary expression.
- 12. GAY CRITICISM Gay critics attempt to determine what might constitute a gay poetics, or a way of writing that is uniquely gay; to establish a gay literary tradition Gay critics also examine how gay sensibility affects literary expression and study the ways in which heterosexual
- 13. CONCLUSION Nothing within your identity is fixed. Your identity is little more than a pile of (social and cultural) things which you have previously expressed, or which have been said about you. There is not really an ‘inner self’. We come to believe we have one through the repetition of discourses about it Gender, like other aspects of identity, is a performance (though not necessarily a consciously chosen one). Again, this is reinforced through repetition.