Neighbor discovery and router advertisements are used to configure IPv6 addresses and discover routers but are vulnerable to attacks like address spoofing, router advertisement spoofing, and cache exhaustion attacks; securing these first-hop operations requires techniques like source address validation, cryptographic authentication of messages and sources, and rate limiting to prevent cache exhaustion on routers and switches.
1. The document discusses IPNL, a proposed NAT-extended Internet architecture that aims to improve IPv4's scalability while maintaining its key properties. IPNL utilizes FQDNs and a new IPNL address format consisting of a middle realm number, realm number, and end host ID.
2. IPNL routing works by including optional FQDN and global address headers. Hosts know their FQDN/IP mappings and nearby routers know routing information. Experiments show IPNL introduces minimal latency overhead.
3. While IPNL maintains IPv4 properties like long addresses and robustness, it enables greater address scalability through realm-based addressing and isolation of site networks.
The document describes the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. AODV is designed for mobile ad hoc networks and uses route discovery and maintenance to dynamically discover and maintain routes. It uses sequence numbers to determine freshness of routing information and broadcasts RREQ, RREP, RERR and HELLO messages for route discovery, maintenance and link status monitoring.
This document summarizes an academic project report on building a DNS server that supports IPv6 name resolution. The project configured a server with full IPv4 and IPv6 support in hosts and routers. It used IPv6 over IPv4 encapsulation to carry IPv6 packets over an IPv4 network. The objective was to set up a Linux IPv6 DNS server to allow IPv6 name resolution using the latest version of BIND. The project created a dual IP stack node with full IPv4 and IPv6 support by configuring the kernel using shell and C programming scripts.
This document provides an overview of coding theory and recent advances in low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. It discusses Shannon's channel coding theorem and how modern error-correcting codes achieve rates close to channel capacity. LDPC codes are described as having sparse parity-check matrices and being decoded iteratively using message passing. The performance of LDPC codes can be analyzed using density evolution and threshold calculations. Linear programming decoding is introduced as an alternative decoding approach that has connections to message passing decoding.
The document discusses IPv6 Neighbor Discovery. It explains that Neighbor Discovery allows nodes on the same link to discover each other, determine link-layer addresses, find routers, and maintain reachability information for active neighbors. It describes the various Neighbor Discovery message types and processes, including address resolution, duplicate address detection, and redirect function. Conceptual data structures for neighbor caches, destination caches, prefix lists, and default router lists are also outlined.
Segment Routing (SR) is a tunneling and traffic engineering technology that allows routers to steer traffic along an SR path that may differ from the normal shortest path. An SR path is divided into segments that connect points within the SR domain. Segments are represented by Segment Identifiers (SIDs) that can identify single hops or multiple hops. The SR header or MPLS label stack enumerates the segments in the path to forward packets. SR supports various segment types including adjacency, prefix, anycast, and binding segments. SR provides traffic engineering capabilities and flexibility in path selection within the domain.
The document introduces data-flow analysis, which derives information about a program's dynamic behavior by examining its static code. It discusses liveness analysis, which determines whether a variable is live (will be used in the future) or dead at a given point. The concepts of control flow graphs, uses/defs, and solving the data-flow equations through iterative analysis are explained. An example liveness analysis is worked through to demonstrate the process.
The document discusses the upcoming introduction of IPv6. [1] IPv6 is a new standard for IP numbering that will provide more IP addresses as the current IPv4 addresses are running out. [2] It will help overcome limitations in the old IPv4 system and ensure there are enough addresses available into the next century. [3] The document outlines some of the key features and improvements IPv6 will provide, such as larger packet sizes, better security features, quality of service support, and mobility support.
1. The document discusses IPNL, a proposed NAT-extended Internet architecture that aims to improve IPv4's scalability while maintaining its key properties. IPNL utilizes FQDNs and a new IPNL address format consisting of a middle realm number, realm number, and end host ID.
2. IPNL routing works by including optional FQDN and global address headers. Hosts know their FQDN/IP mappings and nearby routers know routing information. Experiments show IPNL introduces minimal latency overhead.
3. While IPNL maintains IPv4 properties like long addresses and robustness, it enables greater address scalability through realm-based addressing and isolation of site networks.
The document describes the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. AODV is designed for mobile ad hoc networks and uses route discovery and maintenance to dynamically discover and maintain routes. It uses sequence numbers to determine freshness of routing information and broadcasts RREQ, RREP, RERR and HELLO messages for route discovery, maintenance and link status monitoring.
This document summarizes an academic project report on building a DNS server that supports IPv6 name resolution. The project configured a server with full IPv4 and IPv6 support in hosts and routers. It used IPv6 over IPv4 encapsulation to carry IPv6 packets over an IPv4 network. The objective was to set up a Linux IPv6 DNS server to allow IPv6 name resolution using the latest version of BIND. The project created a dual IP stack node with full IPv4 and IPv6 support by configuring the kernel using shell and C programming scripts.
This document provides an overview of coding theory and recent advances in low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. It discusses Shannon's channel coding theorem and how modern error-correcting codes achieve rates close to channel capacity. LDPC codes are described as having sparse parity-check matrices and being decoded iteratively using message passing. The performance of LDPC codes can be analyzed using density evolution and threshold calculations. Linear programming decoding is introduced as an alternative decoding approach that has connections to message passing decoding.
The document discusses IPv6 Neighbor Discovery. It explains that Neighbor Discovery allows nodes on the same link to discover each other, determine link-layer addresses, find routers, and maintain reachability information for active neighbors. It describes the various Neighbor Discovery message types and processes, including address resolution, duplicate address detection, and redirect function. Conceptual data structures for neighbor caches, destination caches, prefix lists, and default router lists are also outlined.
Segment Routing (SR) is a tunneling and traffic engineering technology that allows routers to steer traffic along an SR path that may differ from the normal shortest path. An SR path is divided into segments that connect points within the SR domain. Segments are represented by Segment Identifiers (SIDs) that can identify single hops or multiple hops. The SR header or MPLS label stack enumerates the segments in the path to forward packets. SR supports various segment types including adjacency, prefix, anycast, and binding segments. SR provides traffic engineering capabilities and flexibility in path selection within the domain.
The document introduces data-flow analysis, which derives information about a program's dynamic behavior by examining its static code. It discusses liveness analysis, which determines whether a variable is live (will be used in the future) or dead at a given point. The concepts of control flow graphs, uses/defs, and solving the data-flow equations through iterative analysis are explained. An example liveness analysis is worked through to demonstrate the process.
The document discusses the upcoming introduction of IPv6. [1] IPv6 is a new standard for IP numbering that will provide more IP addresses as the current IPv4 addresses are running out. [2] It will help overcome limitations in the old IPv4 system and ensure there are enough addresses available into the next century. [3] The document outlines some of the key features and improvements IPv6 will provide, such as larger packet sizes, better security features, quality of service support, and mobility support.
Performance analysis and implementation for nonbinary quasi cyclic ldpc decod...ijwmn
Non-binary low-density parity check (NB-LDPC) codes are an extension of binary LDPC codes with
significantly better performance. Although various kinds of low-complexity iterative decoding algorithms
have been proposed, there is a big challenge for VLSI implementation of NBLDPC decoders due to its high
complexity and long latency. In this brief, highly efficient check node processing scheme, which the
processing delay greatly reduced, including Min-Max decoding algorithm and check node unit are
proposed. Compare with previous works, less than 52% could be reduced for the latency of check node
unit. In addition, the efficiency of the presented techniques is design to demonstrate for the (620, 310) NBQC-
LDPC decoder.
FR1.L09 - PREDICTIVE QUANTIZATION OF DECHIRPED SPOTLIGHT-MODE SAR RAW DATA IN...grssieee
This document presents methods for predictive quantization of dechirped spotlight-mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) raw data in the transform domain. It discusses previous work on SAR data compression, analyzes the characteristics of spotlight SAR data in the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) domain, and proposes three predictive encoding schemes - transform domain block predictive quantization (TD-BPQ), transform domain block predictive vector quantization (TD-BPVQ), and predictive trellis coded quantization (TD-PTCQ) - to take advantage of correlations in the transformed data. Numerical results on an example dataset show SNR improvements of up to 6 dB compared to baseline block adaptive quantization.
The document describes a new transition methodology called BD-SIIT (Bi-Directional Stateless Internet Protocol/Internet Control Messaging Protocol Translation) for translating between IPv4 and IPv6. BD-SIIT uses a bidirectional mapping algorithm between IPv4 and IPv6 headers and addresses. It proposes using a new address mapping approach that identifies two public addresses (IPv4 and IPv6) instead of using IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses. The paper evaluates the performance of BD-SIIT based on metrics like end-to-end delay, throughput, and round-trip time and finds that it outperforms other transition mechanisms like DSTM.
Implementation of Forward Scheduling (GOS Factor) on BSC 6600 CDMA EvDO Rev.ARay KHASTUR
This document discusses testing and results from implementing a new scheduling algorithm with adjusted GoS factor values in the Pekanbaru cluster to improve average user throughput. The cluster was previously experiencing low average throughput under 300 Kbps. Testing of a 5:4:1 GoS factor ratio in low and high traffic conditions showed an 11.15% improvement in average throughput over 33 weeks. Nearby, medium, and far locations were tested with different subscriber types. The changes were found to effectively prioritize higher quality subscribers even at a distance.
This document provides guidance on IPv6 address planning. It discusses how to obtain IPv6 address space from regional internet registries or upstream ISPs. It recommends allocating address space for infrastructure, point-to-point links, LANs, and customers. Specific allocation sizes are suggested, such as a /48 for infrastructure and a /48 or smaller for customers depending on their needs. The document also discusses nibble boundaries and examples of IPv6 address plans including for ISP infrastructure, point-to-point links to customers, and allocating to customers.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- The history and motivations for developing IPv6 due to IPv4 address exhaustion.
- An introduction to IPv6 addressing and prefixes.
- Transition technologies like tunnels to help with gradual IPv6 deployment.
- IPv6 control protocols for tasks like neighbor discovery and routing.
- Details on how IPv6 addresses are represented textually and allocated.
The document discusses OrientDB's transition from a master-slave architecture to a new multi-master distributed architecture. The new architecture allows any node to read and write, improves scalability, and handles conflicts intelligently. It will be released in OrientDB version 1.0 in December 2011.
The document describes a new transition methodology called BD-SIIT for translating between IPv4 and IPv6. BD-SIIT uses a bidirectional mapping algorithm between IPv4 and IPv6 headers and addresses. It avoids embedding the IPv4 address directly into the IPv6 address. Instead, it uses a new address mapping approach based on identifying corresponding public IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- Limitations of IPv4 that IPv6 addresses such as limited address space and lack of security.
- Key features of IPv6 like a larger 128-bit address space, simpler header format, and built-in security.
- Protocols that support IPv6 functionality like Neighbor Discovery Protocol, Path MTU Discovery, and stateless and stateful address autoconfiguration.
Rapid Software Communications Architecture (SCA) Development for DSPs with Sp...ADLINK Technology IoT
These PrismTech slides will show how new features in Spectra CX enable the rapid design, implementation and deployment of a Software Defined Radio (SDR) Software Communications Architecture (SCA) resource targeting TI DSPs.
LAR uses location information to reduce routing overhead in mobile ad hoc networks. It minimizes the search zone for route discovery by using the expected zone based on the destination's last known location and speed. The route request is restricted to this request zone to limit flooding. Variations include alternative definitions of the request zone and allowing intermediate nodes to update the zone based on more recent location data or initiate local repair if a route breaks. Simulation results show LAR performs better than flooding in networks with varying node speeds, transmission ranges, densities, and location errors.
Module 4: Configuring and Troubleshooting IPv6 TCP/IP
This module introduces you to IPv6, a technology that will help ensure that the Internet can support a growing user base and the increasingly large number of IP-enabled devices. The current Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) has served as the underlying Internet protocol for almost thirty years. Its robustness, scalability, and limited feature set is now challenged by the growing need for new IP addresses, due in large part to the rapid growth of new network-aware devices.
Lessons
Overview of IPv6
IPv6 Addressing
Coexistence with IPv6
IPv6 Transition Technologies
Transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6
Lab : Configuring an ISATAP Router
Configuring a New IPv6 Network and Client
Configuring an ISATAP Router to Enable Communication Between an IPv4 Network and an IPv6 Network
Lab : Converting the Network to Native IPv6
Transitioning to a Native IPv6 Network
After completing this module, students will be able to:
Describe the features and benefits of IPv6.
Implement IPv6 addressing.
Implement an IPv6 coexistence strategy.
Describe and select a suitable IPv6 transition solution.
Transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
Troubleshoot an IPv6-based network.
This document contains the contents and program descriptions for various programs to be completed as part of a Microprocessor Lab course. There are 23 interfacing programs and 20 8085 microprocessor programs described, including programs to transfer data blocks with and without overlap, add/multiply/divide numbers, implement counters, check codes, and interface with keyboards, displays, and other peripherals.
The L2F Spoken Web Search system for Mediaeval 2012MediaEval2012
The document describes the L2F Spoken Web Search system submitted to the Mediaeval 2012 evaluation. The system uses a hybrid ANN/HMM speech recognition system called AUDIMUS to perform phonemic tokenization of queries and acoustic keyword search over audio files. It consists of four parallel sub-systems with different language models that are fused together. The submitted run used per-query score normalization and majority voting fusion. The goal of the first participation was to learn, have fun, and build a reasonable system with limited time.
ILNP (Identifier Locator Network Protocol) separates a node's identifier and locator to enable more scalable mobility. It can be seen as an extension to IPv6, using the same packet format but splitting the 128-bit address into a 64-bit locator for the subnetwork and a 64-bit identifier for the host. This separation of identifiers and locators allows for more efficient support of host and network mobility as nodes can change locators without changing identifiers. ILNP offers benefits like fully scalable multi-homing and mobility without requiring changes to existing IP infrastructure.
An experimental study of the skype peer to-peer vo ip systemxiaoran815
This document summarizes an experimental study of the Skype peer-to-peer VoIP system conducted from September 2005 to January 2006. The study collected over 82 million data points on the number of online clients, supernodes, and their traffic characteristics. Key findings include that the number of active Skype clients shows daily and weekly patterns correlated with normal working hours, supernode population is relatively stable reducing churn, and typical bandwidth usage of supernodes is relatively low even when relaying VoIP traffic. The study aims to further understanding of a significant P2P VoIP system and provide data useful for modeling such systems.
This document provides information about the instruction set of a microcontroller. It includes two summaries:
1. The first summary lists instructions and describes how they affect flag settings in the microcontroller's status register, such as the carry and overflow flags.
2. The second summary is a table that provides details about the microcontroller's instruction set. It lists instructions, describes their operation, and specifies the number of bytes and oscillator periods each instruction requires. The table is divided into sections for arithmetic, logical, branching, and other operations.
The document as a whole provides low-level technical specifications about a microcontroller's instruction set, including how instructions are encoded, how they modify status register flags, and their timing
The document provides information about a microcontroller instruction set including:
- Instructions that affect flag settings and how they modify the flags.
- The instruction set and addressing modes which include registers, direct addressing, indirect addressing, constants, and branches.
- A summary of the instruction set organized in a table with the opcode, instruction name, addressing mode, and byte size/cycle information.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- Why IPv6 was created due to IPv4 address exhaustion and other limitations
- Key aspects of the IPv6 protocol such as larger 128-bit addresses, simplified fixed-length header, and extension headers
- Main IPv6 address types including global unicast, link-local, unique local, and multicast addresses
- Protocols that support IPv6 including Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP), ICMPv6, and DHCPv6
- Methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 including dual stack and tunneling technologies.
This presentation discusses the principles of IP Routing as they apply to z/OS, the z/OS implementation of static routing through the TCP/IP profile, and dynamic routing with OMPROUTE.
APNIC Hackathon IPv4 & IPv6 security & threat comparisonsSiena Perry
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit and represented by 8 colon-separated 16-bit segments in hexadecimal format. IPv6 introduces more efficient address representation methods and a standardized interface identifier generation technique using MAC addresses. IPv6 headers are simpler than IPv4 headers and introduce new address types like anycast. Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 requires dual stack support and new security practices as many old IPv4 attacks still apply to IPv6. First hop security features like RA guard help prevent rogue devices and address spoofing. Overall, IPv6 deployment faces challenges around network segmentation, firewall rules, and router configurations.
Performance analysis and implementation for nonbinary quasi cyclic ldpc decod...ijwmn
Non-binary low-density parity check (NB-LDPC) codes are an extension of binary LDPC codes with
significantly better performance. Although various kinds of low-complexity iterative decoding algorithms
have been proposed, there is a big challenge for VLSI implementation of NBLDPC decoders due to its high
complexity and long latency. In this brief, highly efficient check node processing scheme, which the
processing delay greatly reduced, including Min-Max decoding algorithm and check node unit are
proposed. Compare with previous works, less than 52% could be reduced for the latency of check node
unit. In addition, the efficiency of the presented techniques is design to demonstrate for the (620, 310) NBQC-
LDPC decoder.
FR1.L09 - PREDICTIVE QUANTIZATION OF DECHIRPED SPOTLIGHT-MODE SAR RAW DATA IN...grssieee
This document presents methods for predictive quantization of dechirped spotlight-mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) raw data in the transform domain. It discusses previous work on SAR data compression, analyzes the characteristics of spotlight SAR data in the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) domain, and proposes three predictive encoding schemes - transform domain block predictive quantization (TD-BPQ), transform domain block predictive vector quantization (TD-BPVQ), and predictive trellis coded quantization (TD-PTCQ) - to take advantage of correlations in the transformed data. Numerical results on an example dataset show SNR improvements of up to 6 dB compared to baseline block adaptive quantization.
The document describes a new transition methodology called BD-SIIT (Bi-Directional Stateless Internet Protocol/Internet Control Messaging Protocol Translation) for translating between IPv4 and IPv6. BD-SIIT uses a bidirectional mapping algorithm between IPv4 and IPv6 headers and addresses. It proposes using a new address mapping approach that identifies two public addresses (IPv4 and IPv6) instead of using IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses. The paper evaluates the performance of BD-SIIT based on metrics like end-to-end delay, throughput, and round-trip time and finds that it outperforms other transition mechanisms like DSTM.
Implementation of Forward Scheduling (GOS Factor) on BSC 6600 CDMA EvDO Rev.ARay KHASTUR
This document discusses testing and results from implementing a new scheduling algorithm with adjusted GoS factor values in the Pekanbaru cluster to improve average user throughput. The cluster was previously experiencing low average throughput under 300 Kbps. Testing of a 5:4:1 GoS factor ratio in low and high traffic conditions showed an 11.15% improvement in average throughput over 33 weeks. Nearby, medium, and far locations were tested with different subscriber types. The changes were found to effectively prioritize higher quality subscribers even at a distance.
This document provides guidance on IPv6 address planning. It discusses how to obtain IPv6 address space from regional internet registries or upstream ISPs. It recommends allocating address space for infrastructure, point-to-point links, LANs, and customers. Specific allocation sizes are suggested, such as a /48 for infrastructure and a /48 or smaller for customers depending on their needs. The document also discusses nibble boundaries and examples of IPv6 address plans including for ISP infrastructure, point-to-point links to customers, and allocating to customers.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- The history and motivations for developing IPv6 due to IPv4 address exhaustion.
- An introduction to IPv6 addressing and prefixes.
- Transition technologies like tunnels to help with gradual IPv6 deployment.
- IPv6 control protocols for tasks like neighbor discovery and routing.
- Details on how IPv6 addresses are represented textually and allocated.
The document discusses OrientDB's transition from a master-slave architecture to a new multi-master distributed architecture. The new architecture allows any node to read and write, improves scalability, and handles conflicts intelligently. It will be released in OrientDB version 1.0 in December 2011.
The document describes a new transition methodology called BD-SIIT for translating between IPv4 and IPv6. BD-SIIT uses a bidirectional mapping algorithm between IPv4 and IPv6 headers and addresses. It avoids embedding the IPv4 address directly into the IPv6 address. Instead, it uses a new address mapping approach based on identifying corresponding public IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- Limitations of IPv4 that IPv6 addresses such as limited address space and lack of security.
- Key features of IPv6 like a larger 128-bit address space, simpler header format, and built-in security.
- Protocols that support IPv6 functionality like Neighbor Discovery Protocol, Path MTU Discovery, and stateless and stateful address autoconfiguration.
Rapid Software Communications Architecture (SCA) Development for DSPs with Sp...ADLINK Technology IoT
These PrismTech slides will show how new features in Spectra CX enable the rapid design, implementation and deployment of a Software Defined Radio (SDR) Software Communications Architecture (SCA) resource targeting TI DSPs.
LAR uses location information to reduce routing overhead in mobile ad hoc networks. It minimizes the search zone for route discovery by using the expected zone based on the destination's last known location and speed. The route request is restricted to this request zone to limit flooding. Variations include alternative definitions of the request zone and allowing intermediate nodes to update the zone based on more recent location data or initiate local repair if a route breaks. Simulation results show LAR performs better than flooding in networks with varying node speeds, transmission ranges, densities, and location errors.
Module 4: Configuring and Troubleshooting IPv6 TCP/IP
This module introduces you to IPv6, a technology that will help ensure that the Internet can support a growing user base and the increasingly large number of IP-enabled devices. The current Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) has served as the underlying Internet protocol for almost thirty years. Its robustness, scalability, and limited feature set is now challenged by the growing need for new IP addresses, due in large part to the rapid growth of new network-aware devices.
Lessons
Overview of IPv6
IPv6 Addressing
Coexistence with IPv6
IPv6 Transition Technologies
Transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6
Lab : Configuring an ISATAP Router
Configuring a New IPv6 Network and Client
Configuring an ISATAP Router to Enable Communication Between an IPv4 Network and an IPv6 Network
Lab : Converting the Network to Native IPv6
Transitioning to a Native IPv6 Network
After completing this module, students will be able to:
Describe the features and benefits of IPv6.
Implement IPv6 addressing.
Implement an IPv6 coexistence strategy.
Describe and select a suitable IPv6 transition solution.
Transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
Troubleshoot an IPv6-based network.
This document contains the contents and program descriptions for various programs to be completed as part of a Microprocessor Lab course. There are 23 interfacing programs and 20 8085 microprocessor programs described, including programs to transfer data blocks with and without overlap, add/multiply/divide numbers, implement counters, check codes, and interface with keyboards, displays, and other peripherals.
The L2F Spoken Web Search system for Mediaeval 2012MediaEval2012
The document describes the L2F Spoken Web Search system submitted to the Mediaeval 2012 evaluation. The system uses a hybrid ANN/HMM speech recognition system called AUDIMUS to perform phonemic tokenization of queries and acoustic keyword search over audio files. It consists of four parallel sub-systems with different language models that are fused together. The submitted run used per-query score normalization and majority voting fusion. The goal of the first participation was to learn, have fun, and build a reasonable system with limited time.
ILNP (Identifier Locator Network Protocol) separates a node's identifier and locator to enable more scalable mobility. It can be seen as an extension to IPv6, using the same packet format but splitting the 128-bit address into a 64-bit locator for the subnetwork and a 64-bit identifier for the host. This separation of identifiers and locators allows for more efficient support of host and network mobility as nodes can change locators without changing identifiers. ILNP offers benefits like fully scalable multi-homing and mobility without requiring changes to existing IP infrastructure.
An experimental study of the skype peer to-peer vo ip systemxiaoran815
This document summarizes an experimental study of the Skype peer-to-peer VoIP system conducted from September 2005 to January 2006. The study collected over 82 million data points on the number of online clients, supernodes, and their traffic characteristics. Key findings include that the number of active Skype clients shows daily and weekly patterns correlated with normal working hours, supernode population is relatively stable reducing churn, and typical bandwidth usage of supernodes is relatively low even when relaying VoIP traffic. The study aims to further understanding of a significant P2P VoIP system and provide data useful for modeling such systems.
This document provides information about the instruction set of a microcontroller. It includes two summaries:
1. The first summary lists instructions and describes how they affect flag settings in the microcontroller's status register, such as the carry and overflow flags.
2. The second summary is a table that provides details about the microcontroller's instruction set. It lists instructions, describes their operation, and specifies the number of bytes and oscillator periods each instruction requires. The table is divided into sections for arithmetic, logical, branching, and other operations.
The document as a whole provides low-level technical specifications about a microcontroller's instruction set, including how instructions are encoded, how they modify status register flags, and their timing
The document provides information about a microcontroller instruction set including:
- Instructions that affect flag settings and how they modify the flags.
- The instruction set and addressing modes which include registers, direct addressing, indirect addressing, constants, and branches.
- A summary of the instruction set organized in a table with the opcode, instruction name, addressing mode, and byte size/cycle information.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 including:
- Why IPv6 was created due to IPv4 address exhaustion and other limitations
- Key aspects of the IPv6 protocol such as larger 128-bit addresses, simplified fixed-length header, and extension headers
- Main IPv6 address types including global unicast, link-local, unique local, and multicast addresses
- Protocols that support IPv6 including Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP), ICMPv6, and DHCPv6
- Methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 including dual stack and tunneling technologies.
This presentation discusses the principles of IP Routing as they apply to z/OS, the z/OS implementation of static routing through the TCP/IP profile, and dynamic routing with OMPROUTE.
APNIC Hackathon IPv4 & IPv6 security & threat comparisonsSiena Perry
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit and represented by 8 colon-separated 16-bit segments in hexadecimal format. IPv6 introduces more efficient address representation methods and a standardized interface identifier generation technique using MAC addresses. IPv6 headers are simpler than IPv4 headers and introduce new address types like anycast. Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 requires dual stack support and new security practices as many old IPv4 attacks still apply to IPv6. First hop security features like RA guard help prevent rogue devices and address spoofing. Overall, IPv6 deployment faces challenges around network segmentation, firewall rules, and router configurations.
The document provides information on IPv4 vs IPv6 security comparisons by discussing various topics:
- IPv6 addresses are 128-bit and represented by 8 colon-separated segments in hexadecimal format, allowing for address compaction.
- IPv6 introduces new address types like unicast, multicast, anycast and removes broadcast addresses. Interface IDs can be automatically derived from MAC addresses.
- IPv6 headers are simpler than IPv4 but contain similar security issues around denial of service attacks, authentication, and routing.
- Path MTU discovery allows nodes to dynamically determine optimal packet sizes. First hop security features like RA guard help prevent rogue devices.
The document discusses network architecture and name-based networks. It introduces the concepts of names, addresses, routes, and name-address bindings in networks. It discusses issues like mobility, address reuse, and updates when hosts change locations. Various approaches are described, including using the DNS, routing injections, tunneling, and triangle data flow to perform global server load balancing. A new proposed technique called Virtual Block Injection is described, which aims to address some limitations of other approaches.
AusNOG 2015 - Some fairly recent IPv6 IETF RFCs, discussions and topicsMark Smith
This document summarizes several recent IPv6 RFCs and drafts. It discusses RFC7217 which defines a method for generating stable interface identifiers with SLAAC to avoid probing all 2^64 addresses. It also mentions "Recommendation on Stable IPv6 Interface Identifiers" and "Reducing energy consumption of Router Advertisements" which recommends vendors provide options to unicast router advertisements to save energy. It analyzes the 64-bit boundary in IPv6 addressing defined in RFC7421 and discusses network design choices in "Some Design Choices for IPv6 Networks".
The document discusses various techniques for global server load balancing (GSLB) including DNS-based methods, host route injection (HRI), and a new proposed technique called virtual block injection (VBI). It outlines the requirements for internet data centers (IDCs), describes existing GSLB methods and their pros and cons, and analyzes the potential benefits and limitations of VBI which aims to simplify routing changes compared to other methods. The document also considers factors that determine the applicability of different GSLB solutions depending on network topology and control.
The document discusses various techniques for global server load balancing (GSLB) including DNS-based methods, host route injection (HRI), and a new proposed technique called virtual block injection (VBI). It outlines the requirements for internet data centers (IDCs), describes existing GSLB methods and their pros and cons, and analyzes the potential benefits and limitations of the VBI approach. The document concludes that no single method is ideal and the best solution depends on the specific network scenario.
The document discusses DHCPv6 and how it can be implemented in stateful and stateless modes. In stateful mode, clients obtain IPv6 addresses and configuration from a DHCPv6 server. This can be done using rapid commit with a two message exchange or normal commit using four messages by default. The DHCPv6 server assigns addresses from a pool and bindings are created. In stateless mode, clients autoconfigure their own addresses using SLAAC from router advertisements while still obtaining other configuration from a DHCPv6 server like DNS servers.
IPv6 access security provides three main methods for securing first hop connections: IPv6 first hop security, secure neighbor discovery, and 802.1x authentication. These methods help protect against spoofing, man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial of service attacks on IPv6 networks.
This document discusses IPv6 security. It begins with an overview of IPv6 address types and headers. It then notes that some initial assumptions about IPv6 security being more robust have been disproven in reality. Specifically, IPv6 is now the target of around 20% of malicious attacks. The document outlines several IPv6 security threats such as address spoofing, extension header attacks, neighbor discovery spoofing, and rogue router advertisements. It recommends approaches like ingress filtering, RA guard, and SEND to help detect and mitigate these threats. Tools like NDPMon can monitor for anomalies in neighbor discovery behavior. Overall, network operators must apply similar security practices to IPv6 as with IPv4, including access controls, host hardening, and
Implementing an IPv6 Enabled Environment for a Public Cloud TenantShixiong Shang
"Implementing an IPv6 Enabled Environment for a Public Cloud Tenant" case study I delivered in OpenStack Vancouver Summit (May, 2015) jointly with Anik and Sharmin from Cisco System.
IETF 106 - IPv6 Formal Anycast Addresses and Functional Anycast AddressesMark Smith
This document proposes a formal IPv6 anycast address space to distinguish anycast from unicast addresses. It suggests using the "aa00::/8" prefix with a format inspired by IPv6 multicast, including visible scope and embedded unicast prefixes. This would allow anycast addresses to be identified, aggregated, and handled differently by routing protocols and applications. Two example use cases are provided: an ISP's DDoS-resistant anycast DNS servers and an organization's anycast "Thingo" service in development. Feedback is sought on the proposal which has been in development for around 3 years.
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 is the latest version of the Windows Server operating system. It introduces new features like Direct Access that allows transparent network access for users connecting from any Internet connection. The seminar discusses how Direct Access works and the benefits it provides in allowing users to access files and resources as if they were on the internal network even when connecting remotely. It also notes Direct Access is suitable for organizations of all sizes.
Die monatlichen Anlässe in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Swiss IPv6 Council behandeln verschiedene technische Themenbereiche von IPv6.
Das Referat von Jen Linkova vom 30. November 2015 widmete sich dem Neighbor Discovery Protokoll, einem Schlüsselmechanismus um Verbindungen zwischen IPv6 Knotenpunkten und LANs aufzubauen. Die Referentin fokussierte sich in der Präsentation auf die technischen Details des Designs, der Implementierung sowie Sicherheitsaspekten.
Gerne stellen wir Ihnen die Präsentation zum Anschauen und Herunterladen zur Verfügung. Haben Sie Feedback zum Event? Wir sind gespannt auf Ihre Meinung.
The document discusses security issues with IPv6 and proposed mitigation techniques. It covers topics such as router advertisements, neighbor discovery protocol, and fragmentation. Specifically, it notes that router advertisements and neighbor solicitations are not authenticated by default, allowing for spoofing attacks. The document proposes several mitigation approaches including cryptographically generated addresses, router authorization, port access control lists, and host isolation to secure IPv6 networks.
Since my previous meetup presentation in last Dec., a lot of progress has been made jointly between Nephos6, Comcast, IBM, and Cisco teams to enable IPv6 in OpenStack Icehouse. In this session, we discussed the use cases we had tried to cover, the architectural design we had proposed and the solution being implemented. A demo was provided by the end of the session to showcase the IPv6 connectivity between a dual-stack VM and its default gateway using recently released OpenStack Icehouse.
This slide, "OpenStack Icehouse on IPv6", was presented on April 24 in Triangle OpenStack Meetups sponsored by Cisco System in Raleigh-Durham area, NC, USA.
We will periodically publish more slides to share our key findings or key learnings from other stackers or our customers with respect to OpenStack and IPv6.
Stay tuned!
Shixiong
The document discusses several key protocols involved in communication between networked devices:
- DHCP and ARP allow devices to discover local addressing information like IP addresses and MAC addresses needed for communication on the same local area network.
- Devices use their IP address, netmask, DNS servers, and default gateway learned from DHCP to determine if a destination is local or remote and how to route packets.
- ARP is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses for local communication, while remote communication goes through the default gateway.
- Soft state and caching are important techniques used by these protocols to allow for robust communication while minimizing overhead of constant lookups.
The document discusses IPv6, the successor to IPv4. It provides 3 key points:
1) IPv6 supports vastly more IP addresses than IPv4 to address the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. IPv6 supports 340 undecillion addresses.
2) IPv6 has advantages over IPv4 like larger address space, easier configuration, greater mobility, and more secure communications.
3) The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 requires methods like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation to allow coexistence and interoperability between the two protocols during the lengthy changeover process.
Similar to Gaweł mikołajczyk. i pv6 insecurities at first hop (20)
Добро пожаловать в очередной выпуск ежемесячного сборника материалов, который является вашим универсальным ресурсом для получения информации о самых последних разработках, аналитических материалах и лучших практиках в постоянно развивающейся области безопасности. В этом выпуске мы подготовили разнообразную подборку статей, новостей и результатов исследований, рассчитанных как на профессионалов, так и на обычных любителей. Цель нашего дайджеста - сделать наш контент интересным и доступным. Приятного чтения
(https://boosty.to/chronicles_security + ссылки на источник внутри документа)
Добро пожаловать в очередной выпуск ежемесячного сборника материалов, который является вашим универсальным ресурсом для получения информации о самых последних разработках, аналитических материалах и лучших практиках в постоянно развивающейся области безопасности. В этом выпуске мы подготовили разнообразную подборку статей, новостей и результатов исследований, рассчитанных как на профессионалов, так и на обычных любителей. Цель нашего дайджеста - сделать наш контент интересным и доступным. Приятного чтения
(https://boosty.to/chronicles_security + ссылки на источник внутри документа)
Добро пожаловать в очередной выпуск ежемесячного сборника материалов, который является вашим универсальным ресурсом для получения информации о самых последних разработках, аналитических материалах и лучших практиках в постоянно развивающейся области безопасности. В этом выпуске мы подготовили разнообразную подборку статей, новостей и результатов исследований, рассчитанных как на профессионалов, так и на обычных любителей. Цель нашего дайджеста - сделать наш контент интересным и доступным. Приятного чтения
(https://boosty.to/irony_security + ссылки на источник внутри документа)
Добро пожаловать в очередной выпуск ежемесячного сборника материалов, который является вашим универсальным ресурсом для получения информации о самых последних разработках, аналитических материалах и лучших практиках в постоянно развивающейся области безопасности. В этом выпуске мы подготовили разнообразную подборку статей, новостей и результатов исследований, рассчитанных как на профессионалов, так и на обычных любителей. Цель нашего дайджеста - сделать наш контент интересным и доступным. Приятного чтения
(https://boosty.to/irony_security + ссылки на источник внутри документа)
Welcome to the next edition of our Monthly Digest, your one-stop resource for staying informed on the most recent developments, insights, and best practices in the ever-evolving field of security. In this issue, we have curated a diverse collection of articles, news, and research findings tailored to both professionals and casual enthusiasts. Our digest aims to make our content is both engaging and accessible. Happy reading
(https://boosty.to/overkill_security + check original source urls inside)
Welcome to the next edition of our Monthly Digest, your one-stop resource for staying informed on the most recent developments, insights, and best practices in the ever-evolving field of security. In this issue, we have curated a diverse collection of articles, news, and research findings tailored to both professionals and casual enthusiasts. Our digest aims to make our content is both engaging and accessible. Happy reading
(https://boosty.to/overkill_security + check original source urls inside)
Welcome to the next edition of our Monthly Digest, your one-stop resource for staying informed on the most recent developments, insights, and best practices in the ever-evolving field of security. In this issue, we have curated a diverse collection of articles, news, and research findings tailored to both professionals and casual enthusiasts. Our digest aims to make our content is both engaging and accessible. Happy reading
(https://boosty.to/snarky_security + check original source urls inside)
Welcome to the next edition of our Monthly Digest, your one-stop resource for staying informed on the most recent developments, insights, and best practices in the ever-evolving field of security. In this issue, we have curated a diverse collection of articles, news, and research findings tailored to both professionals and casual enthusiasts. Our digest aims to make our content is both engaging and accessible. Happy reading
(https://boosty.to/snarky_security + check original source urls inside)
Security Vulnerability Notice SE-2012-01-PUBLIC [Security vulnerabilities in ...Yury Chemerkin
This document summarizes a security vulnerability (Issue 54) discovered in Java SE Platform related to method handles. It details how the lack of security checks when resolving method handles using certain MethodHandle methods like resolveVirtual can allow access to protected members of arbitrary classes. The vulnerability on its own is not enough to bypass Java security, but combined with another issue (Issue 55) it can be used to achieve a full sandbox bypass. The vendor Oracle was notified but has so far not acknowledged Issue 54 as a vulnerability, claiming the behavior is allowed. The reporting organization disagrees with this assessment.
The document discusses the Red October malware campaign and describes its use of a Java exploit to infiltrate victim networks in early 2012. It notes that the Java exploit (CVE-2011-3544) was delivered via a link to a site hosting the malicious NewsFinder.jar file. If clicked, it would exploit outdated Java versions. The exploit installed a downloader that communicated with the attackers' command and control servers, and could receive and execute additional malware payloads. The document analyzes the encryption routines and network communications used by the Java exploit and downloader.
The document provides network, file, system and email indicators of compromise from the Comment Crew group observed over the past year. It lists domains, IP addresses, filenames and file hashes that may be associated with Comment Crew attacks but could also match legitimate software. Additional verification is needed to confirm an actual compromise.
This document discusses Indicators of Compromise (IOCs) related to APT1, a Chinese cyber espionage group. It provides links to download the IOCs and explains how they can be used with Mandiant tools like Redline and MIR to detect malware. The document also defines IOCs and describes how the included IOCs were developed and may differ from other Mandiant IOCs. It notes that the IOCs focus on detecting known malware families and may not find new variants.
This document contains SSL certificates used by APT1, a Chinese cyber espionage group, to encrypt malware communications. It provides 4 self-signed certificates - VIRTUALLYTHERE, IBM, WEBMAIL, and ALPHA - that contain information like issuer, validity period, subject, and public key. Detecting these certificates may indicate an APT1 malware infection.
This document contains a list of hexadecimal strings that are identifiers or codes for unknown items or entities. There are over 200 unique hexadecimal strings included ranging in length from 8 to 32 characters each.
This document contains a list of over 300 domain names. Many of the domain names contain misspellings of popular brands and websites like cnn, yahoo, firefox, and microsoft. The domains appear to be related to phishing or spreading malware by posing as legitimate websites or software updates.
The document provides joint doctrine for information operations planning, preparation, execution, and assessment to support joint operations and achieve information superiority, establishes the core capabilities of information operations as electronic warfare, computer network operations, psychological operations, military deception, and operations security, and provides guidance on intelligence support, command relationships, and planning considerations for information operations.
Zane lackey. security at scale. web application security in a continuous depl...Yury Chemerkin
Effective approaches to web application security at scale involve making things safe by default through universal output encoding, detecting risky functionality changes through automated alerts, automating tests to find simple issues, and monitoring metrics to identify attacks and problems off-hours through automated alerts on thresholds.
Windows 8. important considerations for computer forensics and electronic dis...Yury Chemerkin
Windows 8 stores email communications and contacts locally in a format that presents challenges for attorney review in litigation. The testing revealed that Windows 8 imports emails, contacts, and social media information from connected web accounts. Over 2,000 email files were found locally stored in EML format, but no files were found in common formats like MSG, PST, or MBOX. This local storage of email presents potential issues for efficiently processing the communications for discovery in litigation.
The stuxnet computer worm. harbinger of an emerging warfare capabilityYury Chemerkin
The document summarizes a Congressional Research Service report on the Stuxnet computer worm. It discusses how Stuxnet targeted Iranian nuclear facilities by infecting industrial control systems. It affected systems in several countries and demonstrated that cyber attacks could disrupt critical infrastructure. The report examines questions for Congress about national security, an international treaty on malicious software, and protecting critical infrastructure from cyber threats.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
3. IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Fundamentals
RFC 4861, Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)
RFC 4862, IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
Used for:
Router discovery
IPv6 Stateless Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC)
IPv6 address resolution (replaces ARP)
Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD)
Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
Redirection
Operates above ICMPv6
Relies heavily on multicast (including L2-multicast)
Works with ICMP messages and messages “options”
4. IPv4 to IPv6 – Link model shift
Announces default router
Announces link parameters
Router
DHCP
server
„An IPv6 link”
DHCP
„An IPv4 link” server
Assign addresses
– Assign addresses
IPv4 link model is
DHCP-centric IPv6 link model is essentially
distributed, with DHCP playing a
Assign addresses minor role
Announces default router
Announces link parameters
5. Cisco Current Roadmap
Securing Link Operations: IETF SAVI WG
First Hop Trusted Device
Certificate
Advantages server
– central administration, central operation
– Complexity limited to first hop
– Transitioning lot easier
– Efficient for threats coming from the link
– Efficient for threats coming from outside
Time server
Disadvantages
– Applicable only to certain topologies
– Requires first-hop to learn about end-nodes
– First-hop is a bottleneck and single-point of
failure
7. IPv6 Address Resolution – comparing with IPv4 ARP
Creates neighbor cache entry, resolving IPv6 address into MAC address.
Messages: Neighbor Solicitation (NS), Neighbor Advertisement (NA)
A B C
ICMP type = 135 (Neighbor Solicitation)
Src = A NS
Dst = Solicited-node multicast address of B
Data = B
Option = link-layer address of A
Query = what is B’s link-layer address? ICMP type = 136 (Neighbor Advertisement)
Src = one B’s IF address
NA Dst = A
Data = B
Option = link-layer address of B
A and B can now exchange packets on this link
8. Attacking IPv6 Address Resolution
Attacker can claim victim's IPv6 address.
A B C
NS
Dst = Solicited-node multicast address of B
Query = what is B’s link-layer address? NS
Src = B or any C’s IF address
NA Dst = A
Data = B
Option = link-layer address of C
Countermeasures: Static Cache Entries, Address GLEAN,
SeND (CGA) on routers, Integrity Guard (Address-Watch).
9. Address GLEAN
Gleaning means inspecting the
Binding table
DHCP-
IPv6 MAC VLAN IF server
H1 H2 H3 A1 MACH1 100 P1
A21 MACH2 100 P2
A22 MACH2 100 P2
NS [IP source=A1, LLA=MACH1] A3 MACH3 100 P3
REQUEST [XID, SMAC = MACH2]
REPLY[XID, IPA21, IPA22]
data [IP source=A3, SMAC=MACH3]
DAD NS [IP source=UNSPEC, target = A3] DHCP LEASEQUERY
NA [IP source=A1, LLA=MACH3] DHCP LEASEQUERY_REPLY
H1 H2 H3
10. IPv6 Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
Verify IPv6 address uniqueness, verify no neighbors claims the address
Required (MUST) by SLAAC, recommended (SHOULD) by DHCP
Messages: Neighbor Solicitation, Neighbor Advertisement
A B C
ICMP type = 135 (Neighbor Solicitation)
Src = UNSPEC = 0::0 NS
Dst = Solicited-node multicast address of A
Data = A
Query = Does anybody use A already?
Node A starts using the address
11. Attack On DAD
Attacker hacks any victim's DAD attempts.
Victim can't configure IP address and can't communicate. DoS condition.
A C
Src = UNSPEC
Dst = Solicited-node multicast address of A
Data = A
NS
Query = Does anybody use A already?
Src = any C’s IF address
NA “it’s mine !”
Dst = A
Data = A
Option = link-layer address of C
12. Device tracking
Goal: to track active addresses (devices) on the link
IPv6 MAC VLAN IF STATE
A1
1 MACH1
H1 100 P1 REACH
STALE
H1 H2 H3 A21
21 MACH2
H2 100 P2 REACH
A22
22 MACH2
H2 100 P2 REACH
Address A3 MACH3 100 P3 STALE
GLEAN
Binding table
– Keep track of device state
– Probe devices when becoming stale
– Remove inactive devices from the binding table
– Record binding creation/deletion/changes
DAD NS [IP source=UNSPEC, target = A1]
NA [target = A1LLA=MACH1]
DAD NS [IP source=UNSPEC, target = A3]
13. IPv6 Source Guard
Validating the source address of IPv6 traffic sourced from the link
IPv6 MAC VLAN IF
Binding table A1 MACA1 100 P1
H1 H2 H3 A21 MACA21 100 P2
A22 MACA22 100 P2
A3 MACA3 100 P3
Address
GLEAN
DAD NS [IP source=UNSPEC, target = A3]
DHCP LEASEQUERY
NA [target = A1LLA=MACA3]
DHCP LEASEQUERY_REPLY
P3 ::A3, MACA3
P1:: data, src= A1, SMAC = MACA1
– Allow traffic sourced
with known IP/SMAC
P2:: data src= A21, SMAC = MACA21
– Deny traffic sources
P3:: data src= A3, SMAC = MACA3 with unknown IP/SMAC
15. Why should you care about router stealing?
$ ifconfig en1
en1: flags=8863<UP,BROADCAST,SMART,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
ether 00:26:bb:xx:xx:xx
inet6 fe80::226:bbff:fexx:xxxx%en1 IPv6 Network?
Is there an prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x6
inet 10.19.19.118 netmask 0xfffffe00 broadcast 10.19.19.255
media: autoselect
status: active
$ ping6 -I en1 ff02::1%en1
PING6(56=40+8+8 bytes) fe80::226:bbff:fexx:xxxx%en1 --> ff02::1
16 bytes from fe80::226:bbff:fexx:xxxx%en1, icmp_seq=0 hlim=64 time=0.140 ms
. . . Are there any IPv6 peers?
16 bytes from fe80::cabc:c8ff:fec3:fdef%en1, icmp_seq=3 hlim=64 time=402.112 ms
^C
--- ff02::1%en1 ping6 statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 packets received, +142 duplicates, 0.0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/std-dev = 0.140/316.721/2791.178/412.276 ms
$ ndp -an
Neighbor Linklayer Address Netif Expire St Flgs Prbs
Configure a tunnel, enable forwarding, transmit RA
2001:xxxx:xxxx:1:3830:abff:9557:e33c 0:24:d7:5:6b:f0 en1 23h59m30s S
. . .
$ ndp -an | wc -l
64
16. IPv6 Router Discovery
Find default/first-hop routers
Discover on-link prefixes => which destinations are neighbors
Messages: Router Advertisements (RA), Router Solicitations (RS)
B
A
Internet
ICMP Type = 133 (Router Solicitation) RS
Src = UNSPEC (or Host link-local address)
Dst = All-routers multicast address (FF02::2)
Query = please send RA
ICMP Type = 134 (Router Advertisement)
RA
Src = Router link-local address
Dst = All-nodes multicast address (FF02::1)
Data = router lifetime, retranstime, autoconfig flag
Option = Prefix, lifetime
Use B as default gateway
17. Attacking IPv6 Router Discovery
Attacker tricks victim into accepting him as default router
Based on rogue Router Advertisements
The most frequent threat by non-malicious user
B
A C
Internet
RA Src = B’s link-local address
Dst = All-nodes
Data = router lifetime=0
Src = C’s link-local address
RA
Dst = All-nodes
Data = router lifetime, autoconfig flag
Options = subnet prefix, slla
Node A sending off-link
traffic to C
18. IPv6 RA-Guard – Securing Router Discovery
A C
RA
“I am the default gateway”
Verification Router Advertisement Option:
succeeded? prefix(s)
Forward RA
Switch selectively accepts or rejects RAs based on various criteria –
ACL (configuration) based, learning-based or challenge (SeND) based.
Hosts see only allowed RAs, and RAs with allowed content.
More countermeasures: static routing, SeND, VLAN segmentation,
PACL.
19. IPv6 Stateless Address Auto-Configuration (SLAAC)
Stateless, based on prefix information delivered in Router Advertisements.
Messages: Router Advertisements, Router Solicitations
B
A
Internet
ICMP Type = 133 (Router Solicitation) RS
Src = UNSPEC (or Host link-local address)
Dst = All-routers multicast address (FF02::2)
Query = please send RA
ICMP Type = 134 (Router Advertisement)
RA Src = Router link-local address
Dst = All-nodes multicast address (FF02::1)
Computes
X::x, Y::y, Z::z Data = router lifetime, retranstime, autoconfig flag
and DADs them Options = Prefix X,Y,Z, lifetime
NS
Source traffic with X::x, Y::y, Z::z
20. Attacking IPv6 Stateless Address Auto-Configuration
Attacker spoofs Router Advertisement with false on-link prefix
Victim generates IP address with this prefix
Access router drops outgoing packets from victim (ingress filtering)
Incoming packets can't reach victim
B
A C
Internet
Src = B’s link-local address
RA Dst = All-nodes
Options = prefix X Preferred lifetime = 0
Deprecates X::A
Src = B’s link-local address
Computes BAD::A
RA Dst = All-nodes
and DAD it
Options = prefix BAD, Preferred lifetime
Node A sourcing off-link traffic to B with BAD::A
Router B filters out BAD::A
21. Cryptographically Generated Addresses CGA
RFC 3972 (Simplified)
Each devices has a RSA key pair (no need for cert)
Ultra light check for validity
Prevent spoofing a valid CGA address
RSA Keys
Priv Pub Modifier
Public
Key SHA-1
Subnet
Prefix
Signature CGA Params
Subnet Interface
Prefix Identifier
SeND Messages Crypto. Generated Address
22. Using SeND for router authorization
Subject Name
Certificate Authority
Certificate Authority CA0 contains the list of
authorized IPv6
Certificate C0
prefixes
1 provision
Router certificate CR
Router
certificate
3
request provision
2
A Router R
host ROUTER ADVERTISEMENT (SRC = R)
Certificate Path Solicit (CPS): I trust CA0, who are you R?
4
5 Certificate Path Advertise (CPA): I am R, this is my certificate CR signed by CA0
6
Verify CR against CA0
Each node takes care of its own security
7 Verifies router legitimacy
Insert R as default route
Verifies address ownership
23. SeND Deployment Challenges with boundaries
ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY CA
CA
CA
Router Router
Host Host
Nodes must be provisioned with CA certificate(s)
A chain of trust is easy to establish within the administrative
boundaries, but very hard outside
Very few IPv6 stacks support SeND today
25. Reconnaissance in IPv6?
Easy with Multicast.
No need for reconnaissance anymore
3 site-local multicast addresses (not enabled by default)
FF05::2 all-routers, FF05::FB mDNSv6, FF05::1:3 all DHCP servers
Several link-local multicast addresses (enabled by default)
FF02::1 all nodes, FF02::2 all routers, FF02::F all UPnP, …
Source Destination Payload
Attacker FF05::1:3 DHCP Attack 2001:db8:2::50
2001:db8:1::60
2001:db8:3::70
http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-multicast-addresses/
26. Remote address resolution cache exhaustion
X
Gateway
PFX::/64
X scanning 2 64 addresses
(ping PFX::a, PFX::b, …PFX::z)
Dst = Solicited-node multicast address of PFX::a
Query = what is PFX::a ’s link-layer address?
NS 3 seconds history
Dst = Solicited-node multicast address of PFX::b
Query = what is PFX::b ’s link-layer address?
NS
Dst = Solicited-node multicast address of PFX::z
Query = what is PFX::z’s link-layer address?
NS
Countermeasures: address provisioning mechanisms and
filtering on routers, Destination Guard on switches
27. Destination guard – mitigating cache exhaustion
L3 switch
host B
Internet
Binding table Neighbor cache
Address glean
Scanning
{P/64}
Src=D1
Src=Dn
Lookup D1
NO
found
Forward packet
Mitigate prefix-scanning attacks and Protect ND cache
Useful at last-hop router and L3 distribution switch
Drops packets for destinations without a binding entry
28. Mitigating Remote Neighbor Cache Exhaustion
Built-in rate limiter but no option to tune it
Since 15.1(3)T: ipv6 nd cache interface-limit
Or IOS-XE 2.6: ipv6 nd resolution data limit
Destination-guard is coming with First Hop Security phase 3
Using a /64 on point-to-point links => a lot of addresses to scan!
Using /127 could help (RFC 6164)
Internet edge/presence: a target of choice
Ingress ACL permitting traffic to specific statically configured (virtual) IPv6
addresses only
Using infrastructure ACL prevents this scanning
iACL: edge ACL denying packets addressed to your routers
Easy with IPv6 because new addressing scheme can be done
32. What your IPS should support now
Can detect IPv6 tunnels in IPv4
IPv6 in IPv4
IPv6 in MPLS tunnel
Teredo destination IP address
Teredo source port
Teredo destination port
Teredo data packet
And more?
Detect DNS request for ISATAP
Detect traffic to 6to4 anycast server
33. Intrusion Prevention for L2 Security
ICMPv6 Signatures for Attack mitigation and visibility, including NA, NS, RA, RS.
34. IPS for Virtual Switching with ERSPAN
Extends the Local SPAN to send packets
outside local host (VEM)
Can be used to monitor the traffic on ERSPAN DST
Virtual Switch remotely ID:2 ID:1
One or more source:
NAM
Type: Ethernet, Vethernet, Port-Channel, VLAN
Direction: Receive (Ingress) / Transmit (Egress) /
Both
Management
IP based destination Console
ERSPAN VMkernel
ERSPAN ID provides segmentation
NEXUS 1000v
Permit protocol type header 0x88be for
ERSPAN GRE
VM VM VM VM ESXi
36. Features for IPv6 First-Hop Security
Switches do/will integrate a set of monitoring, inspection and guard features for a
variety of security-centric purposes:
1. RA-guard
2. Address NDP address glean/inspection (NDP+DHCP+data)
3. Integrity guard (Address watch/ownership enforcement)
4. Device Tracking
5. DHCP-guard
6. DAD/Resolution proxy
7. Source-guard (SAVI)
8. Destination-guard
9. DHCP L2 relay
Ask your vendor.for current support and serious roadmap.
cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/ipv6/configuration/guide/ip6-roadmap.html
37. First Hop Security Phase I in 2010
Protecting against Rogue RA
Port ACL (see later) blocks all ICMPv6 Router
Advertisements from hosts
interface FastEthernet3/13
RA
switchport mode access
ipv6 traffic-filter ACCESS_PORT in RA
access-group mode prefer port
RA-guard feature in host mode (12.2(33)SXI4 &
12.2(54)SG ): also dropping all RA received on
this port
interface FastEthernet3/13
RA
switchport mode access RA
ipv6 nd raguard
access-group mode prefer port
RA
38. IPv6 Snooping Phase II and III
Phase II Phase III
DHCP Guard Destination Guard
Source Guard Prefix Guard
Multi Switch operation DAD Proxy
RA Throttler Binding Table Recovery
NDP Multicast Suppress SVI support
39. The bottom line
Look inside NetFlow records
Protocol 41: IPv6 over IPv4 or 6to4 tunnels
IPv4 address: 192.88.99.1 (6to4 anycast server)
UDP 3544, the public part of Teredo, yet another tunnel
Look into DNS server log for resolution of ISATAP
Beware of the IPv6 latent threat:
Your IPv4-only network may be vulnerable to IPv6 attacks now.