This document contains multiple choice questions about neurology. Some key points addressed include: 1. Lesions in different brain regions and their associated neurological deficits, such as left occipital lobe lesion causing left homonymous hemianopia. 2. Absolute contraindications for lumbar puncture, including papilledema and abscess at the lumbar puncture site. 3. Definitions of neurological terms, with dysarthria correctly defined as impaired articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control. 4. Cranial nerve palsies and their associated signs, such as total paralysis of the 3rd cranial nerve causing fixed and dilated pupil on the same side. 5.

1. NEUROLOGY
18. Lesion in the following brain regions are correctly matched with organized deficit
a. Left occipital lobe – left homonymus hemianopia
b. Left internal capsule – right hemiparesis
c. Left cerebellar hemisphere – right dysdiadochokinesia
d. Broca’s area – expressive dysphasia
e. Left cerebellopontine angle – left lower MOTOR NURON FACIAL PALSY
19. Absolute contraindication in Lumbar Puncture
a. papiloedema
b. severe neck stiffness
c. age > 65 years
d. large cerebellar tumor with surround edema
e. abscess of lumbar puncture site
20. The following is/are correct definition
a. dysphasia – inability to enunciate words clearly
b. dysphonia – inability to speak other than in a whisper
c. dyslexia – impaired ability to speak
d. dysarthria – inability to write
e. Dysgraphia – inability to interpret visual information
21. Total paralysis of the 3rd CN causes the same side
a. dilatation of the pupil
b. ptosis
c. Paralysis of lateral gaze
d. Absence of facial sweating
e. Absence of the accommodation
22. Recognized features of UMN facial weakness include
a. drooping of the angle of the mouth
b. inability to wrinkle the forehead
c. preservation of emotional smiling
d. weakness of the masseter ms
e. ptosis
23. The following are recognized findings in the disorder of the cerebellum
a. scanning dysarthria
b. increased muscular tone in the limb
c. intention tremor
d. pendular nystagmus
e. past pointing
24. Bilateral ptosis can be due to
a. parkinsonism
b. myasthenia gravis
c. grave’s disease

2. d. dystrophia mytonica
e. intraspinal degeneration of the cord
25. The list below are the cause of parkinsonism/ akinetic rigid syndrome
a. wilson’s disease
b. multiple sclerosis
c. idiopathic Parkinson disease
d. huntington’s disease
e. motor neurone disease
f.
26. In idiopathic Parkinson disease
a. there is strong genetic factor have been identified
b. the incidence in more in males
c. present in elderly people with prevalence rising to 1 in 200 in those over 70
d. result from the depletion of dopamine containing neurons in substantia nigra of basal
ganglia and relative excess of Ach stimulation
e. combination of therapy reduces the peripheral side effects principally nausea
27. Statement below about epilepsy is/are true
a. a single seizure is already considered as epilepsy
b. imaging is a diagnostic methods for epilepsy
c. EEG is sensitive for presence / absence epilepsy
d. Intercurrent infection and metabolic disturbances are one of the trigger factor
e. Phenytion and carbamazepine are not ideal for young woman wishing to use OCP
28. Regarding to myasthenia gravis
a. autoa/b in post junctional membrane at NMJ cause reduce no of Ach receptor
b. majority of the px have thymoma
c. men affected more in younger age group and reverse at older age
d. tensilon test is a diagnostic test
e. thymectomy in early stage lead to overall better prognosis
29. In cerebrovascular disease
a. stroke is a focal neurological deficit lasting longer than 24 hours
b. 85% of strokes due to cerebral hemorrhages
c. Amourosis fugax is one of the TIA features
d. In 10% case of subarachnoid hemorrhage are due to berry aneurysm
e. Most cases of cerebral hemorrhage which lead to stroke are due to charcout bouchard
aneurysm
30. causes of proximal myopathy
a. steroid therapy
b. thyroitoxicosis
c. hypokalemia
d. osteomalacia
e. prolonged alcohol abuse

3. 18. Lesion in the following brain regions are correctly matched with organized deficit
a) F- Left occipital lobe-RIGHT homonymous hemianopia because at the optic chiasm, fibers from
nasal ganglion cells decussate into the contralateral optic tract (Harrison’s Principle of Internal
Medicine 16th Edition pg 164) tgk gambo ni btul2 follow kale hijo dan anda jumpa jawapannye…
b) T- Lesion of the LEFT corticospinal tract in the internal capsule (rostral to the pyramidal
decussation) results in a RIGHT hemiplegia (involves the right arm, trunk and leg)
(http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/BrainStem/01Pyramid.html)
c) F- Left cerebellar hemisphere – LEFT dysdiadochokinesia  Neurological signs appear on the
same side as the lesion since the cerebellum functions largely ipsilaterally
(http://isc.temple.edu/neuroanatomy/lab/lesions/36.htm), damage to cerebellar hemisphere
always produces signs ipsilateral to the side of the lesion (Neurology & Neurosurgery Illustrated
4th Edition pg 180).
d) T- Broca’s dysphasia=motor/expressive dysphasia (Neurology & Neurosurgery Illustrated 4th
Edition pg 122). Broca’s area adelah utk production of language sbb tu dye ade expressive
dysphasia  dye phm soklan tap nk bgtaw jawapan susah (impaired production of language)
whereby Wernicke’s area adelah speech comprehension region, so dye ade receptive dysphasia
 dye xphm soklan langsung tapi language dye fluent (impaired comprehension) (Harrison’s
Principle of Internal Medicine 16th Edition pg 146-147)
e) T- Left cerebellopontine angle – LEFT (ipsilateral) deafness, nystagmus, decrease corneal reflex,
facial weakness (LMN), ipsilateral cerebellar signs (Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 8th
Edition pg503)
19. Absolute contraindication in Lumbar Puncture

4. a) True. Papilloedema is a sign of increase intracranial pressure. It is an absolute contraindication
for lumbur puncture. Ia kerana, jika lumbar puncture dibuat, ia akan menghasilkan perbezaan
pressure antara intracranial CSF pressure dan CSF pressure di spinal cord. Apabila lumbur
puncture dilakukan, CSF pressure akan lebih rendah di spinal cord berbanding di intracranial
yang mana ia akan meningkatkan risk factor of cerebral herniation through foramen magnum.
That cerebellar herniation is very dangerous as it will cause respiratory arrest.
b) False - (from Harrison, volume 2, 17th edition, Meningitis presentation page 2624 )
c) False. There are no age limit especially in older age group for lumbar puncture procedure. Not in
the list of absolute contraindication.
d) False. Large cerebellar tumor with surrounding edema (posterior fossa lesion) is not an absolute
contraindication for lumbar puncture. As it does not indicate any sign of increased ICP, it is not
absolute contraindication. It is relative contraindication as this condition may present certain
neurological deficit. Therefore, brain imaging should be performed before doing the LP.
e) True. Local skin infection at the needle track (e.g abscess at the lumbur puncture site) is an
absolute contraindication. The reason is it may give rise to infection especially into the CSF and
to the brain,
(from EFNS guideline on the management of community-acquired bacterial
meningitis: report of an EFNS Task Force on acute bacterial meningitis in older children and
adults - European Journal of Neurology 2008, 15: 649–659)
20.The following is/are correct definition
a. dysphasia – inability to enunciate words clearly
b. dysphonia – inability to speak other than in a whisper
c. dyslexia – impaired ability to speak
d. dysarthria – inability to write
e. Dysgraphia – inability to interpret visual information
Definition (Doorland)
1. Impairment of speech, consisting lack of coordination and failure to arrange words in their
proper order, due to cranial lesion. (F)
2. Difficulty in speaking, voice impairment. (T)
3. Impairment of ability to read, spell and write words, despite the ability to see and recognize
letter. (F)
4. Imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control resulting from central
or peripheral nervous system damage. (F)
5. Difficulty in writing (F)
21. Total paralysis of the 3rd CN causes the same side
A. T – Fixed and dilated pupil(Kumar n Clark, 7th edition, ms: 1105; oculomotor nerve)
B. T - jansenkoh.com/Isolated%20Third%20Nerve%20Palsy.doc

5. C. F – lateral gaze or abduction action supply by abducens nerve (VI) (Kumar n Clark, 7th edition,
ms: 1106; abducens nerve)
D. F – Absence of facial sweating occur in Horner’s syndrome not in 3rd nerve palsy. The absence of
facial sweating depending on level of extend; (i) central lesion = sweating entire half of head,
arm and upper trunk, (ii) neck lesion proximal to superior cervical ganglion = diminished facial
sweating, (iii) lesion distal to superior cervical ganglion = no affect sweating at all. (Kumar n
Clark, 7th edition, ms:1103, Horner’s syndrome)
E. T - Accommodation defines as adjustment, especially of the eye for seeing
objects (http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/accommodation). So in action of
adjustment of pupil, it’s helped by ciliary muscle which a part of 3rd cranial nerve. That why in
cranial nerve palsy have fixed and dilated pupil mean that absence of accommodation. (Kumar n
Clark, 7th edition, ms:1105, Oculomotor nerve)
22. Recognized features of UMN facial weakness include
(Mcleod’s Clinical Examination/Hutchinson)
a. drooping of the angle of the mouth T
b. inability to wrinkle the forehead F
c. preservation of emotional smiling T
d. weakness of the masseter ms T
for UMN lesion, the muscle of the upper part receive corticonuclear fibers from both
cerebral hemisphere.means that in UMN lesion, only the muscles of the lower face will
be paralyzed. (clinical neuroanatomy 355)
e. ptosis - F . X sure of this, cause lack of finding of evidence, but in LMN, such as
myasthenia gravis, have ptosis
23. The following are recognized findings in the disorder of the cerebellum
Cerebellarsigns (PINARDS)
Past pointing
Intention tremor
Nystagmus
Ataxia
Rebound
Dysdiadokinesia
Slurred speech
a) Scanning dysarthria T
Disorders of speech articulation caused by imperfect coordination of pharnyx, larnyx,
tongue, or face muscles.
This may result from CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; CEREBELLAR
DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; BRAIN STEM diseases; or diseases of the corticobulbar
tracts (see PYRAMIDAL TRACTS). The cortical language centers are intact in this condition.
(From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p489)
Additional info:
Dysarthria in cerebellar lesions is also referred to as speech ataxia characterized by:
(1) Slow and slurred speech with prolongation of individual speech sounds

6. (2) Sudden uncontrolled alterations in loudness of voice
(3) Consonants become imprecise and vowels are distorted
(4) Voice tremor
http://www.medlink.com/medlinkcontent.asp
b) Hypotonia, and not hypertonia, is an important sign of cerebellar disease. It is more
obvious in acute lesion than in chronic. It is due to loss of control held by
cerebellum normally upon the stretch reflex. F
c) T The most common cause for intention tremors is damage to the cerebellum. The
cerebellum is a part of the brain responsible for motor coordination, posture and
balance. It is responsible for fine motor movements.The most common site for
cerebellar lesions that lead to intention tremors has been reported to be the superior
cerebellar peduncle, through which all fibers carrying information to the midbrain
pass, and the dentate nucleus, which is also responsible for linking the cerebellum to
the rest of the brain (www.wikipedia.com)
d)T Pendularnystagmus is a multivectorialnystagmus (ie, horizontal, vertical, circular,
elliptical) with an equal velocity in each direction that may reflect brain stem or
cerebellar dysfunction. Often, there is marked asymmetry and dissociation between
the eyes. The amplitude of the nystagmus may vary in different positions of gaze
(www.emedicine.com)
e)T Cerebellar lesion disturbed fine motor movement. When the cerebellum is
damaged, a person has difficulty executing a fine motor movement, such as
attempting to touch one's nose with one's finger (www.wikipedia.com)
24. Bilateral ptosis can be due to
(a) F rujukan kamus oxford: parkinsonism is a clinical picture characterized by tremor, rigidity,
slowness of movement, postural instability. Xde mention pasal ptosis pun. Google: Tapi ada
1 jenis rare genetic disease called charcot-marie-tooth disease (CMT) characterized by
gradual degeneration of nerves in hand and feet associated with parkinsonism and ptosis.so,
untuk jawapan soalan ni,sy berpendapat,false.
sumber: ‘making neurological diagnosis at the bedside’ pg 28.
(b) T myasthenia gravis usually cause bilateral ptosis with normal pupil size, rarely it cause
unilateral ptosis.
(c) F grave’s disease cause proptosis (bulging of eye ball), not ptosis.
(d) T bilateral ptosis with normal pupil which associated with frontal baldness,
sternomastoid/temporal wasting, myotonia.
(e) F xde sumber rujukan,jawab sendiri. Kalau ikut logic, problem in the cord tak effect
eyelid because elevator palpabrae superior supplied by CN3.

7. Extra: other causes of bilateral ptosis: bilateral Horner’s syndrome, bilateral CN3 palsy, midbrain
lesion, miller fischer syndrome, congenital, kearns-sayre syndrome.
25. The list below are the cause of parkinsonism/ akinetic rigid syndrome(ARS)
a. T – Excessive copper other than affecting the liver, may also cause damage to brain, present
as ARS
http://www.annalsofian.org/article.asp?
issn=09722327;year=2007;volume=10;issue=1;spage=21;epage=30;aulast=Gupta#Hereditar
y%20Causes%20of%20Akinetic%20Rigid%20Syndrome
b. T
c. T
d. T - HD is a autosomal dominant disorder of trinucleotide repeats characterized by chorea,
behavior changes and cognitive impairment http://www.annalsofian.org/article.asp?
issn=09722327;year=2007;volume=10;issue=1;spage=21;epage=30;aulast=Gupta#Hereditar
y%20Causes%20of%20Akinetic%20Rigid%20Syndrome
e. F
26. In idiopathic Parkinson disease
a) there is strong genetic factor have been identified
b) the incidence in more in males
c) present in elderly people with prevalence rising to 1 in 200 in those over 70
d) result from the depletion of dopamine containing neurons in substantia nigra of basal ganglia
and relative excess of Ach stimulation
e) combination of therapy reduces the peripheral side effects principally nausea
a) F- The cause is unknown, there is NO STRONG GENETIC FACTOR HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED
(Davidson’s Principle & Practice of Medicine 20th Edition pg 1218), most cases of idiopathic
Parkinson disease (IPD) are believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental
factors. At both ends of the spectrum are rare cases that appear to be due solely to one or the
other (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1831191-overview)
b) T- sex incidence= male:female-3:2 (Neurology & Neurosurgery Illustrated 4th Edition pg 360), a
slight male preponderance is noted (Clinical Neuropathology Text & Colour Atlas pg 101) tp dlm
(Davidson’s Principle & Practice of Medicine 20th Edition pg 1218) it stated that sex incidence is
about equal. Dlm buku2 len + internet x di stress kn pulak sex incidence. However, I’ve heard it
somewhere (sory xengt) Parkinson is a disease of men. Tapi xbley nk clarify la..
c) T- The disease usually presents in elderly people, the prevalence rising to 1 in 200 in those over
70 (Pocket Essential of Kumar & Clerk Clinical Medicine 4th Edition pg 743) sebijik sejabak!
d) T- Ayat sebijik jugak from (Pocket Essential of Kumar & Clerk Clinical Medicine 4th Edition pg 743)
e) T- Ayat sebijik jugak from (Pocket Essential of Kumar & Clerk Clinical Medicine 4th Edition pg 744)
27. Statement below about epilepsy is/are true
a) False. By definition of epilepsy from Harrison, epilepsy is described as recurrent seizures due to
chronic or underlying process. Secara mudahnya, epilepsy ini boleh dikatakan sebagai tendency
for seizure to reoccur manakala seizure ini pula boleh dikatakan sebagai presentation. Sebab itu,
presentation (seizure) pelbagai. Tiada presentation epilepsy. Tapi, sebab atau causes of epilepsy
banyak tapi tidak diceritakan presentation of epilepsy.

8. b) False. Imaging is not the the diagnostic tools to diagnose epilepsy. The diagnostic tools to
diagnose epilepsy is by clinical history. Details history regarding pre and post event is the most
important aspect. Then, physical examination, and blood studies. Imaging (CT, MRI) is used to
look for intracranial abnormalities. Based on
http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/about/diagnosis/ ,
c) False. EEG (electroencephalography) not 100% sensitive to presence or absence of any seizures.
For example, simpe or complex pressure may originate from a region of the cortex that is not
within range of the scalp electrodes.
(from Harrison, 17th edition, page 2505, under Labaratory studies)
d) True. Infection and metabolic disturbance are one of the causes of seizures and epilepsy.
Infection is common cause in the late infancy and childhood age. Metabolic disturbace such as
hypoglycemia and hypo/hypenatremia may cause seizures and epilepsy.
(from Harrison 17th edition, page 2502, table causes of seizures.)
e) True. Phenytoin and carbamazepine (and phenobarbitol) cause drug interactions with OCP in
the sense that these three drugs, reduced the efficacy of OCP. Therefore, kebolehupaya OCP
untuk membendung diri dari pregnant berkurang. OCP jadi kurang power. (from Kmar and Clark,
7th edition page 1143 under contraception)
28. .Regarding to myasthenia gravis
Answer (Davidson page 1252-1253)
a. True --- MG is a disease of progressively muscle fatigability, particularly muscle of ocular, neck,
facial and bulbar. It is caused by autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptor at postjunctional
membrane at NMJ. The AB block neuromuscular transmission and initiate complement
mediated inflammatory response --- reduce number of Ach receptor and damages the end plate.
b. False --- only about 15% patient had tyhmoma (usually late onset disease), majority of patient
will have thymic follicular hyperplasia.
c. False --- women affected more often at younger age group and the reverse at older age group.
d. False --- http://neuromuscular.wustl.edu/mtime/mgdx.html
tensilon test is a investigative test., but is not that reliable, so it is not a “diagnostic” per say
e. True --- Principle of treatment for MG is to maximize activity of Ach at remaining receptor and to
limit or abolish immunological attack on motor end plates. So , drugs given is anticholinesterase
(inhibit enzyme yg metabolize Ach), usually pyridostigmine 30-120mg orally 6-Hourly.
Thymectomy in early stages lead to better prognosis, whether thymoma is present or not. It
should be performed ASAP in antibody positive patient under 45 years old with symptoms not
confined to extraocular muscle, unless disease da more than 7 year.
29. In cerebrovascular disease

9. a) T- Stroke definition: a syndrome of rapid onset of cerebral deficit (usually focal) lasting > 24
hours or leading to death, with no cause apparent other vascular one. (Kumar n Clark, 7th
edition, ms 1126: stroke definition)
b) F – Thromboembolic infarction (80%), cerebral and cerebellar haemorrhage (10%) and sub-
arachnoid haemorrhage (5%) are main causes. (Kumar n Clark, 7th edition, ms 1126: stroke
introduction)
c) T – A TIA causing an episode of amaurosis fugax is often the first clinical evidence of internal
carotid artery stenosis and forerunner of a hemipararesis. (Kumar n Clark, 7th edition, ms:
1129: TIA clinical features)
d) F – Causes subarachnoid hemorrhage; saccular (berry) aneurysm = 70%, AVM = 10%, no
arterial lesion = 15%, Rare association (<5%) (Kumar n Clark, 7th edition, ms: 1134: SAH
causes; table 21.31)
e) T – Intracerebral hemorrhage causes 10% of stroke. One of the cause is rupture
microaneurysm (charcot – bouchard aneurysm) (Kumar n Clark, 7th edition, ms: 1133:
aetiology intracerebral hemorrhage)
30. Causes of proximal myopathy
a. steroid therapy T
b. thyroitoxicosis T
c. hypokalemia T
d. osteomalacia T
e. prolonged alcohol abuse T
Differential Diagnosis For Proximal muscle weakness
http://en.diagnosispro.com/differential_diagnosis-for/proximal-muscle-weakness/34521-154.html