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Game Design Fundamentals: The Formal Elements
This document contains tweets from Christina Wodtke discussing game design fundamentals and concepts. It covers the 7 formal elements of games (players, objectives, outcomes, rules, procedures, resources, boundaries), mechanics and dynamics, and the MDA framework for understanding how games create experiences through their mechanics, dynamics and aesthetics. It also discusses elements that make games engaging like challenges, story, characters and conflict.
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Similar to Game Design Fundamentals: The Formal Elements
Game Design Fundamentals: The Formal Elements
- 1. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke GameDesign Fundamentals @cwodtke | cwodtke@eleganthack.com www.eleganthack.com CHRISTINA WODTKE Formal Elements This work is licensed under a Crea Commons Attribution-NonCommer ShareAlike 4.0 International Licen
- 2. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Let’smake a game Exercise via Brenda Romero
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- 4. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Createa way to move • Dice roll • Answer a trivia question • Everyone moves • Person behind moves • Roshambo • Card draw • Pass, but gain currency • Physical skill
- 5. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Design Conflict •Speed people up • Slow people down • Extra turn • Lose a turn • Swap places • Block Hold on to these, we’ll come back to them.
- 6. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Whatis a game? A closed, formal system That engages players in a structured conflict And resolves to an unequal outcome. A dynamic system that supports interaction for an aesthetic goal. Tracy Fullerton
- 7. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke "thevoluntary attempt to overcome unnecessary obstacles". Bernard Suits
- 8. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Mechanics, Dynamics, Aesthetics Howgames create emergent experiences
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- 10. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Whatis a game mechanic?
- 11. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Whatis a game mechanic? Game mechanics are rule based systems / simulations that facilitate and encourage a user to explore and learn the properties of their possibility space through the use of feedback mechanisms. Raph Koster http://www.moc-pages.com/moc.php/218077
- 12. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke The7 Formal Elements (Mechanic s) • Players • Objectives • Outcomes • Rules • Procedures • Resources • Boundaries Fullerton, T. Game Design Workshop. 2008
- 13. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke 1.Players InteractionPatterns Fullerton, T. Game Design Workshop. 2008
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- 15. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Playervs Player
- 16. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke MultilateralCompetition
- 17. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Unilateralcompetition
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- 20. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Multiplayerplayer co-op
- 21. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke How many players willyou have? What relation- ship?
- 22. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke 2.Objective(s)
- 23. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Goalsin games Outwit Solution Exploration Construction Forbidden act Rescue or Escape Alignment Race Chase Capture
- 24. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Capture Strategery:Capture enemy Territory
- 25. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Race TinyWings: Go farther faster
- 26. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Alignment:Dots & Bejeweled Match three or more
- 27. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke ForbiddenAction: Fruit Ninja. Don’t hit the bomb.
- 28. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Exploration: LegoHarry Potter Wander rooms collecting things
- 29. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Construction Farmville:Make Beautiful things
- 30. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Solution Worldof Goo How high can you go without toppling.
- 31. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Outwit:Carcassonne Board game (also territory)
- 32. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Objective(s) Sometimesmany stacked goals that evolve with game progression…
- 33. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Objective(s) Sometimesthe goals are less clear…
- 34. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke 3.Outcomes
- 35. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Zero-Sum& Non Zero-sum
- 36. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Hide& Seek vs Sardines How does the player relationship, objective and outcome change the game?
- 37. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Whatare your objectives and outcomes?
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- 40. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Resources:Minecraft
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- 43. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke ResourceTypes Lives Units Health Currency Actions Power-ups Inventory Special Terrain Time
- 44. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke 5.Rules & 6. Procedures • Rules • Requirements that must be followed. • Procedures • How the game flows from state to state.
- 45. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Proceduresof Solitaire • Setup: 28 cards dealt into 7 tableau piles with the number of cards increasing from one to seven, left to right. Top is face up, rest are face down. • The rest of the cards are the draw pile. • Cards are laid out in descending order, alternating red and black. • Aces can be removed to the foundation.
- 46. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Rulesof Solitaire • Move any aces up to the foundation. • You can place a card on the aces pile if it’s the same suit • You can place any card in your hand on the preceding card if it’s a different color (red 8 on a black 9) • Then go to the draw pile.
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- 48. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke TheMagic Circle “All play moves and has its being within a play- ground marked off beforehand either materially or ideally, deliberately or as a matter of course… The arena, the card-table, the magic circle, the temple, the stage, the screen, the tennis court, the court of justice, etc. are all in form and function play-grounds… within which special rules obtain. All are temporary worlds within the ordinary world, dedicated to performance of an act apart.” Johan Huizinga Homo Ludens, 1938
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- 52. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke MagicCircle • “To play a game means entering into a magic circle, or perhaps creating one as a game begins.” • -- Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman, Rules of Play
- 53. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke MagicCircle • “Games are a context from which meaning can emerge.” • -- Eric Zimmerman,“Jerked Around by the Magic Circle.” • https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/13 5063/jerked_around_by_the_magic_circle_.p hp
- 54. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke The4 Dramatic Elements Challenge Premise Character Story
- 55. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Conflict& Challenge
- 56. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Agood walk spoiled
- 57. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Whatmakes games engaging?
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- 60. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Ravaja,Niklas, et al. The Psychophysiology of Video Gaming: Phasic Emotional Responses to Game Events. Digital Games Research Association International Conference 2005. http://tinyurl.com/7rsfz • More pleasure and excitement in active failure than in success • However: passive experience of failure makes players disengage. • Attaining a goal DECREASES player arousal and interest.
- 61. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke “FlappyBird is a perversely, oppressively difficult game. Scoring even a single point takes most players a considerable number of runs. After an hour, I’d managed a high score of two.” - Ian Bogost
- 62. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Challenges •Obstacles • Opponents • Dilemmas
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- 69. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Whatdo we mean by Dynamics? Get your games out
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- 71. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Harvest Mechanics Waitlonger for more valuable crops
- 72. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Collection Mechanic “Gottacatch ‘em all”
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- 74. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Dynamic System •“The designer and the player are both active – if not equal – parts of the entire creative expressive experience which is mediated by the machine.” – Clint Hocking (GDC 2006)
- 75. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Agame is unknowable until it is played
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- 77. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke 8Kinds of fun • Sensation Game as sense-pleasure (For example, skiing or driving the 92 way too fast. Any ios game that leverages the accelerometer. Arguably Monument Valley.) • Fantasy Game as make-believe (I am a hobbit! or a fashion designer!) • Narrative Game as unfolding story (What will happen next???) • Challenge Game as obstacle course (This game is so hard—said while grinning maniacally) Via Matt LeBlanc
- 78. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke 8Kinds of Fun • Fellowship Game as social framework (playing with others. Apples to Apples, and most board games.) • Discovery Game as uncharted territory (What is over that mountain? Bastion.) • Expression Game as soap box (Making stuff- Minecraft, Farmville.)
- 79. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Lastof the 8 Submission/ Abnegation Game as mindless pastime (Games that let you tune out. Solitaire. Candy Crush.)
- 80. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke ThePlayer decides the Aesthetics And if it’s actually fun. Playtesting helps you get to your goal. Games are unknowable until you play them. Are other kinds of software really that different?
- 81. CHRISTINA WODTKE @cwodtke Playtest NextWeek’s Exciting Topic!