This document describes a PhD thesis on designing unipolar orthogonal codes for optical code division multiple access (CDMA) networks. The research involves developing algorithms to generate sets of 1D and 2D unipolar orthogonal codes with maximum size and orthogonality. Two algorithms are proposed for generating maximal clique sets of 1D codes based on generating all possible codes in a difference of positions representation and using correlation constraints to identify orthogonal code sets. Computational complexity analysis shows the algorithms may have polynomial runtime complexity for certain code parameter ranges. The thesis will evaluate the proposed algorithms and compare results to hypothetical ideal schemes.
Coherent Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) Systems Pedro BertariniCPqD
This document discusses research being conducted at the University of São Paulo's Engineering School of São Carlos, Department of Electrical Engineering on Coherent Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) Systems. The research group is led by Postdoctoral Researcher Pedro Luiz Lima Bertarini and includes PhD and Masters candidates. The research focuses on OCDMA encoding technologies like Spectral Phase-Coding Time Spreading, system performance analysis, optimal code-set selection, and applications to antennas and biosensors. Results show code-set selection is necessary to implement optical networks based on OCDMA with satisfactory bit error rates and to maximize the number of simultaneous users. Future work will examine security, robustness and scalability of coherent OCDMA
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA). OCDMA allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously over the same bandwidth using unique optical codes. It provides advantages over TDMA and FDMA such as supporting more users and asynchronous transmission without packet collisions. The presentation describes OCDMA network implementation using optical orthogonal codes assigned to transmitters and receivers for communication. It also discusses enhanced security provided by OCDMA through increasing the signal-to-noise ratio required for eavesdropping.
This document discusses optical time division multiple access (OTDMA) and optical code division multiple access (OCDMA). OTDMA allows multiple optical signals to be combined into a single data stream by performing time division multiplexing. OCDMA transmits data using light pulses encoded with unique codes, allowing all users to transmit over the full bandwidth simultaneously. The document outlines the implementation of OTDMA and OCDMA, and compares their advantages and disadvantages. OTDMA provides higher bit rates but subjects signals to multipath distortion, while OCDMA does not require time or frequency management but has more expensive encoding/decoding hardware.
This document discusses using code division multiple access (CDMA) technique for optical fiber transmission. It aims to take advantage of optical fiber's large bandwidth and use CDMA to allow multiple users to access the channel simultaneously with unique PN codes. The key points are:
1. CDMA uses digital coding instead of frequency or time division for multiple access, giving each user a unique pseudorandom noise (PN) code.
2. The system uses PN codes to spread user signals before combining them and transmitting over fiber. Receivers correlate with assigned PN codes to separate signals.
3. Experiments are designed to test low pass, band pass, and electrical-optical conversion circuits needed for the CD
Design of 4x4 optical MIMO using spatial ModulationSachin Talakeri
Utilizing illuminating LED arrays for visible light communication (VLC) in an indoor environment, an optical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system has intrigued great interest. In order to increase the potential VLC data rates, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been proposed. MIMO schemes show the spectral efficiency improvement using spatial modulation
This thesis examines channel estimation techniques for 3GPP LTE downlink. It introduces LTE physical layer specifications including frame structure and reference signals. It describes propagation models and channel models specified for LTE. It then focuses on pilot-assisted channel estimation methods for single-input single-output systems, including least squares and minimum mean square error estimation. Performance is evaluated using bit error rate and symbol error rate. Space-frequency block coding for multiple antenna systems is also discussed along with corresponding channel estimation and decoding.
To keep up with rising demand and new technologies, the wireless industry is researching a wide array of solutions for 5G, the next generation of wireless networking. Technologies based on Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), including Massive MIMO, are among key concepts. As a leading provider of wireless simulation tools, Remcom is developing an innovative and efficient MIMO simulation capability.
Coherent Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) Systems Pedro BertariniCPqD
This document discusses research being conducted at the University of São Paulo's Engineering School of São Carlos, Department of Electrical Engineering on Coherent Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) Systems. The research group is led by Postdoctoral Researcher Pedro Luiz Lima Bertarini and includes PhD and Masters candidates. The research focuses on OCDMA encoding technologies like Spectral Phase-Coding Time Spreading, system performance analysis, optimal code-set selection, and applications to antennas and biosensors. Results show code-set selection is necessary to implement optical networks based on OCDMA with satisfactory bit error rates and to maximize the number of simultaneous users. Future work will examine security, robustness and scalability of coherent OCDMA
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA). OCDMA allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously over the same bandwidth using unique optical codes. It provides advantages over TDMA and FDMA such as supporting more users and asynchronous transmission without packet collisions. The presentation describes OCDMA network implementation using optical orthogonal codes assigned to transmitters and receivers for communication. It also discusses enhanced security provided by OCDMA through increasing the signal-to-noise ratio required for eavesdropping.
This document discusses optical time division multiple access (OTDMA) and optical code division multiple access (OCDMA). OTDMA allows multiple optical signals to be combined into a single data stream by performing time division multiplexing. OCDMA transmits data using light pulses encoded with unique codes, allowing all users to transmit over the full bandwidth simultaneously. The document outlines the implementation of OTDMA and OCDMA, and compares their advantages and disadvantages. OTDMA provides higher bit rates but subjects signals to multipath distortion, while OCDMA does not require time or frequency management but has more expensive encoding/decoding hardware.
This document discusses using code division multiple access (CDMA) technique for optical fiber transmission. It aims to take advantage of optical fiber's large bandwidth and use CDMA to allow multiple users to access the channel simultaneously with unique PN codes. The key points are:
1. CDMA uses digital coding instead of frequency or time division for multiple access, giving each user a unique pseudorandom noise (PN) code.
2. The system uses PN codes to spread user signals before combining them and transmitting over fiber. Receivers correlate with assigned PN codes to separate signals.
3. Experiments are designed to test low pass, band pass, and electrical-optical conversion circuits needed for the CD
Design of 4x4 optical MIMO using spatial ModulationSachin Talakeri
Utilizing illuminating LED arrays for visible light communication (VLC) in an indoor environment, an optical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system has intrigued great interest. In order to increase the potential VLC data rates, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been proposed. MIMO schemes show the spectral efficiency improvement using spatial modulation
This thesis examines channel estimation techniques for 3GPP LTE downlink. It introduces LTE physical layer specifications including frame structure and reference signals. It describes propagation models and channel models specified for LTE. It then focuses on pilot-assisted channel estimation methods for single-input single-output systems, including least squares and minimum mean square error estimation. Performance is evaluated using bit error rate and symbol error rate. Space-frequency block coding for multiple antenna systems is also discussed along with corresponding channel estimation and decoding.
To keep up with rising demand and new technologies, the wireless industry is researching a wide array of solutions for 5G, the next generation of wireless networking. Technologies based on Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), including Massive MIMO, are among key concepts. As a leading provider of wireless simulation tools, Remcom is developing an innovative and efficient MIMO simulation capability.
Performance evaluation of VLC system using new modulation approachjournalBEEI
This document evaluates the performance of a new modulation scheme called catenated-OFDM for visible light communications (VLC) systems. Catenated-OFDM involves transmitting multiple OFDM signals simultaneously over different optical bands. The proposed system is simulated using Optisys software. Results show the system can achieve transmission distances of up to 12 meters for 2 dBm input power with 3 optical bands and a data rate of 10 Gbps. Higher data rates, up to 15 Gbps, are also possible. Increasing the number of optical bands or decreasing the data rate improves the receiver sensitivity. The catenated-OFDM approach shows potential for high-speed optical wireless communications.
With the concept of 3G & 4G services OCDMA is one of the important technologies, that provide a very high speed communication. In this technology multiple users can communicate simultaneously to transfer different kind of data. OCDMA enables the best use of available bandwidth and the spectrum to represent a cost efficient network. But in a network there is always the requirement to increase the security and the efficiency or the throughput of a multiuser communication in the OCDMA network. The proposed work is about to increase the efficiency in a Noisy channel. Here the work will be performed on impulse noised network. We are here proposing the orthogonal approach along with OCDMA to improve the throughput. We are trying to show the results in terms of noise ratio and the derived throughput. The proposed work is about to reduce this packet loss and to increase the throughput in the noisy network. To overcome this drawback and to increase the throughput we are using the concept of OFDM along with CDMA. This concept is represented as the Orthogonal CDMA.
Implementation and Study of Universal Filtered Multi Carrier under Carrier Fr...Editor IJAIEM
Sathiyapriya N.S
PG Student, Dept. of ECE, Periyar Maniammai University Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
OFDM is a matured technology and applied in various wireless standards. However they are not suitable for Uplink and this
technology is replaced by SC FDMA in 4G standards. Similarly Universal Filtered Multicarrier Communication (UFMC) is
another suitable technology for Multi user Uplink and for applications like cognitive radio. UFMC is a new, non-orthogonal,
waveform designed by Alcatel Lucent Labs which provide a much more efficient way of enabling networks to serve both
broadband users and very narrowband “short data” devices such as any embedded sensor or M2M module. In UFMC the
filtering of waveform is done on a group of subcarriers. In OFDM it is done on the whole subcarriers together. This reduces
the side lobe levels, inters carrier interference (ICI) and requires reduced filter length. Moreover Internet-of-Things where
Machine-Machine communication and applications where very tight response in time requirements are needed, OFDM
miserably fails. We examine impact of carrier frequency offset on the performance of the proposed scheme and compare the
results performance of cyclic prefix based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(CP-OFDM) system.-
Key words: ICI,CFO,OFDM,UFMC
This document discusses OFDM-MIMO wireless broadcasting systems. It first introduces the need for high data rate and bandwidth efficient wireless communication systems using multiple transmitters and receivers. It then describes different wireless systems including SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO. OFDM and its advantages for multicarrier transmission are also discussed. Finally, the document reviews literature on adaptive filtering, channel estimation, equalization and modeling for OFDM-MIMO systems and sets the objective to develop a channel model for such wireless broadcasting systems.
This document presents a term project on 3D beamforming for 5G networks. It outlines the motivation for 3D beamforming to meet 5G goals and reduce interference. The objectives are to analyze narrow beam formation with different array geometries and track user movement. Results show narrow beams formed with linear, planar and cylindrical arrays using windowing. Future work includes incorporating 3D channel models and Coordinated Multi-Point features with 3D beamforming.
Hoydis massive mimo and het nets benefits and challenges (1)nwiffen
This document discusses the benefits and challenges of massive MIMO and heterogeneous networks (HetNets). It notes that mobile data traffic is expected to increase dramatically in the coming years. Massive MIMO and network densification through small cells are presented as potential solutions to address the capacity crunch. Massive MIMO can provide large improvements in area spectral efficiency by exploiting favorable propagation conditions and interference cancellation as the number of antennas increases. Channel estimation and pilot contamination are also discussed.
Rapid developments in modern wireless communication permit the trade of spectrum scarcity. Higher data rate and wider bandwidth emerge the development in growing demand of wireless communication system. The innovative solution for the spectrum scarcity is cognitive radio (CR). Cognitive radio is the significant technology used to utilize the spectrum effectively. The important aspect of CR is sensing the spectrum band and detects the presence or absence of the primary user in the licensed band. Moreover, another serious issue in next generation (5G) wireless communication is to decide the less complex 5G waveform candidate for achieving higher data rate, low latency and better spectral efficiency. Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is one of the noticeable waveform candidates for 5G and its applications. In this article, we investigate the spectrum sensing methods in multi-carrier transmission for cognitive radio network applications. Especially, we integrate the sensing algorithm into UFMC transceiver to analyze the spectral efficiency, higher data rates and system complexity. Through the simulation results, we prove that the UFMC based cognitive radio applications outperform the existing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based CR applications.
This document discusses beamforming and the eight transmission modes in LTE Release 9. It begins with introductions to MIMO technology and beamforming basics. It then explains the eight transmission modes, including single transmit antenna mode, transmit diversity, open and closed loop spatial multiplexing, multi-user MIMO, and two beamforming modes that use UE-specific reference signals. Key aspects of LTE such as physical channels and the reference signal structure are also summarized.
1) MIMO schemes in 3GPP LTE include SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO, and transmit diversity in the downlink and uplink.
2) In the downlink, SU-MIMO supports up to 4 layers of transmission using pre-coding, while MU-MIMO enables simultaneous transmission to multiple users.
3) Transmit diversity techniques for the downlink include Alamouti coding for 2 antennas and its extension to 4 antennas, as well as cyclic delay diversity.
This document provides an overview of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and its use in 802.11n wireless networks. MIMO works by using multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication in three ways: by providing signal diversity to increase range and resilience, by enabling spatial multiplexing to increase data rates, and by allowing beamforming to focus signals in certain directions. The 802.11n standard will incorporate MIMO to achieve data rates up to 600Mbps using techniques like multi-path mitigation, modulation schemes, channel coding, and frame formatting adapted for MIMO transmissions. MIMO thus allows 802.11n to continue advancing wireless LAN speeds and performance.
Channel Estimation Techniques in MIMO-OFDM LTE SystemsCauses and Effects of C...IJERA Editor
There is an increasing demand for high data transmission rates with the evolution of the very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems are used to fulfill these requirements because of their unique properties such as high spectral efficiency, high data rate and resistance towards multipath propagation. MIMO-OFDM systems are finding their applications in the modern wireless communication systems like IEEE 802.11n, 4G and LTE. They also offer reliable communication with the increased coverage area. The bottleneck to the MIMO-OFDM systems is the estimation of the channel state information (CSI). This can be estimated with the help of any one of the Training Based, Semiblind and Blind Channel estimation algorithms. This paper presents various channel estimation algorithms, optimization techniques and their effective utilization in MIMO-OFDM for modern wireless LTE systems.
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY CLASSIFICATION USING TECHNOLOGIES OF COMPUTATIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Texture information is exploited for classification of HSI (Hyperspectral Imagery) at high spatial resolution. For this purpose, framework employs to LBP (Local Binary Pattern) to extract local image features such as edges, corners & spots. After the extraction of LBP feature two levels of fusions are applied along with Gabor feature & spectral feature, i.e. Feature level fusion & Decision level fusion. In Feature level fusion multiple features are concurred before pattern classification. While in decision level fusion, it works on probability output of each individual classification pipeline combines the distinct decisions into final one. Decision level fusion consists of either hard fusion, soft fusion method. In hard fusion we consider majority part & in soft fusion linear logarithmic opinion pool at probability level (LOGP). In addition to this, extreme learning machine (ELM) classifier is included which is more efficient than support vector machine (SVM), used to provide probability classification output. It has simple structure with one hidden layer & one linear output layer. ELM trained much faster than SVM.
This document discusses an iterative MMSE-PIC detection algorithm for MIMO-OFDM systems. It begins with an introduction to MIMO and OFDM technologies and how their combination can provide high spectrum efficiency and diversity gain against fading channels. It then describes the iterative MMSE-PIC detection algorithm, which utilizes parallel interference cancellation and iteration to improve detection performance compared to other detectors like ZF and MMSE in noisy environments. The document provides details on the system model and MIMO techniques like spatial multiplexing and diversity schemes before introducing the proposed iterative MMSE-PIC detection algorithm for MIMO-OFDM systems.
This document outlines Jun Zhu's Ph.D. dissertation on physical layer security in massive MIMO systems. The dissertation examines how to improve security in massive MIMO systems using artificial noise (AN). It analyzes the impact of pilot contamination on AN design and explores AN techniques under various precoding schemes and with hardware impairments. The dissertation addresses challenges in securing massive MIMO, including the complexity of null-space based AN and the effects of pilot contamination and hardware impairments on AN and wireless security.
Massive MIMO uses large antenna arrays at base stations to serve many users simultaneously. It is a promising technique for 5G networks to boost capacity while reducing transmission power. However, pilot contamination from neighboring cells reusing the same pilot sequences limits performance. Small cell networks can help mitigate this issue by reducing cell sizes and the distance between co-pilot cells. Overall, massive MIMO has the potential to increase capacity over 10 times and improve energy efficiency for 5G communication systems.
This document summarizes recent advances in wireless communication through the implementation of OFDM-MIMO systems. It discusses how OFDM can transmit multiple signals simultaneously using orthogonal subcarriers to improve data rates. MIMO uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to provide diversity gain and increase capacity. The combination of OFDM and MIMO (OFDM-MIMO) results in increased data rates and efficiency by overcoming problems like frequency selective fading. It then describes how OFDM-MIMO systems can transmit a single signal using transmit diversity and relay selection with decode-and-forward or amplify-and-forward protocols to further improve performance. Simulations show the OFDM-MIMO system achieves a lower bit error rate than
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
I studied in Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. I did my B.Texh and M.Tech in the department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering. I was student of 2018 batch. After that, I joined Schneider Electric Systems India Private limited Company as Software design Engineer. Currently I am designated as Senior Firmware Engineer in the same company. I have work experience of 4+ years. The uploaded ppt is my MTP Thesis. It is about "temperature aware application mapping on to mesh based network on chip using Genetic Algorithm".
Analysis and reactive measures on the blackhole attackJyotiVERMA176
In this , we will analyses the effects of black-hole attacks on SW-WSN.
Active attack such as black-hole attack in which the node shows that it has the best smallest path
tp desired node in the given Networks even if it lacks it,hence all the data packets follows that
fake path through it hence make black-hole node to forward or drop the packet during the data
transmission.
Performance evaluation of VLC system using new modulation approachjournalBEEI
This document evaluates the performance of a new modulation scheme called catenated-OFDM for visible light communications (VLC) systems. Catenated-OFDM involves transmitting multiple OFDM signals simultaneously over different optical bands. The proposed system is simulated using Optisys software. Results show the system can achieve transmission distances of up to 12 meters for 2 dBm input power with 3 optical bands and a data rate of 10 Gbps. Higher data rates, up to 15 Gbps, are also possible. Increasing the number of optical bands or decreasing the data rate improves the receiver sensitivity. The catenated-OFDM approach shows potential for high-speed optical wireless communications.
With the concept of 3G & 4G services OCDMA is one of the important technologies, that provide a very high speed communication. In this technology multiple users can communicate simultaneously to transfer different kind of data. OCDMA enables the best use of available bandwidth and the spectrum to represent a cost efficient network. But in a network there is always the requirement to increase the security and the efficiency or the throughput of a multiuser communication in the OCDMA network. The proposed work is about to increase the efficiency in a Noisy channel. Here the work will be performed on impulse noised network. We are here proposing the orthogonal approach along with OCDMA to improve the throughput. We are trying to show the results in terms of noise ratio and the derived throughput. The proposed work is about to reduce this packet loss and to increase the throughput in the noisy network. To overcome this drawback and to increase the throughput we are using the concept of OFDM along with CDMA. This concept is represented as the Orthogonal CDMA.
Implementation and Study of Universal Filtered Multi Carrier under Carrier Fr...Editor IJAIEM
Sathiyapriya N.S
PG Student, Dept. of ECE, Periyar Maniammai University Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
OFDM is a matured technology and applied in various wireless standards. However they are not suitable for Uplink and this
technology is replaced by SC FDMA in 4G standards. Similarly Universal Filtered Multicarrier Communication (UFMC) is
another suitable technology for Multi user Uplink and for applications like cognitive radio. UFMC is a new, non-orthogonal,
waveform designed by Alcatel Lucent Labs which provide a much more efficient way of enabling networks to serve both
broadband users and very narrowband “short data” devices such as any embedded sensor or M2M module. In UFMC the
filtering of waveform is done on a group of subcarriers. In OFDM it is done on the whole subcarriers together. This reduces
the side lobe levels, inters carrier interference (ICI) and requires reduced filter length. Moreover Internet-of-Things where
Machine-Machine communication and applications where very tight response in time requirements are needed, OFDM
miserably fails. We examine impact of carrier frequency offset on the performance of the proposed scheme and compare the
results performance of cyclic prefix based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(CP-OFDM) system.-
Key words: ICI,CFO,OFDM,UFMC
This document discusses OFDM-MIMO wireless broadcasting systems. It first introduces the need for high data rate and bandwidth efficient wireless communication systems using multiple transmitters and receivers. It then describes different wireless systems including SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO. OFDM and its advantages for multicarrier transmission are also discussed. Finally, the document reviews literature on adaptive filtering, channel estimation, equalization and modeling for OFDM-MIMO systems and sets the objective to develop a channel model for such wireless broadcasting systems.
This document presents a term project on 3D beamforming for 5G networks. It outlines the motivation for 3D beamforming to meet 5G goals and reduce interference. The objectives are to analyze narrow beam formation with different array geometries and track user movement. Results show narrow beams formed with linear, planar and cylindrical arrays using windowing. Future work includes incorporating 3D channel models and Coordinated Multi-Point features with 3D beamforming.
Hoydis massive mimo and het nets benefits and challenges (1)nwiffen
This document discusses the benefits and challenges of massive MIMO and heterogeneous networks (HetNets). It notes that mobile data traffic is expected to increase dramatically in the coming years. Massive MIMO and network densification through small cells are presented as potential solutions to address the capacity crunch. Massive MIMO can provide large improvements in area spectral efficiency by exploiting favorable propagation conditions and interference cancellation as the number of antennas increases. Channel estimation and pilot contamination are also discussed.
Rapid developments in modern wireless communication permit the trade of spectrum scarcity. Higher data rate and wider bandwidth emerge the development in growing demand of wireless communication system. The innovative solution for the spectrum scarcity is cognitive radio (CR). Cognitive radio is the significant technology used to utilize the spectrum effectively. The important aspect of CR is sensing the spectrum band and detects the presence or absence of the primary user in the licensed band. Moreover, another serious issue in next generation (5G) wireless communication is to decide the less complex 5G waveform candidate for achieving higher data rate, low latency and better spectral efficiency. Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is one of the noticeable waveform candidates for 5G and its applications. In this article, we investigate the spectrum sensing methods in multi-carrier transmission for cognitive radio network applications. Especially, we integrate the sensing algorithm into UFMC transceiver to analyze the spectral efficiency, higher data rates and system complexity. Through the simulation results, we prove that the UFMC based cognitive radio applications outperform the existing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based CR applications.
This document discusses beamforming and the eight transmission modes in LTE Release 9. It begins with introductions to MIMO technology and beamforming basics. It then explains the eight transmission modes, including single transmit antenna mode, transmit diversity, open and closed loop spatial multiplexing, multi-user MIMO, and two beamforming modes that use UE-specific reference signals. Key aspects of LTE such as physical channels and the reference signal structure are also summarized.
1) MIMO schemes in 3GPP LTE include SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO, and transmit diversity in the downlink and uplink.
2) In the downlink, SU-MIMO supports up to 4 layers of transmission using pre-coding, while MU-MIMO enables simultaneous transmission to multiple users.
3) Transmit diversity techniques for the downlink include Alamouti coding for 2 antennas and its extension to 4 antennas, as well as cyclic delay diversity.
This document provides an overview of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and its use in 802.11n wireless networks. MIMO works by using multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication in three ways: by providing signal diversity to increase range and resilience, by enabling spatial multiplexing to increase data rates, and by allowing beamforming to focus signals in certain directions. The 802.11n standard will incorporate MIMO to achieve data rates up to 600Mbps using techniques like multi-path mitigation, modulation schemes, channel coding, and frame formatting adapted for MIMO transmissions. MIMO thus allows 802.11n to continue advancing wireless LAN speeds and performance.
Channel Estimation Techniques in MIMO-OFDM LTE SystemsCauses and Effects of C...IJERA Editor
There is an increasing demand for high data transmission rates with the evolution of the very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems are used to fulfill these requirements because of their unique properties such as high spectral efficiency, high data rate and resistance towards multipath propagation. MIMO-OFDM systems are finding their applications in the modern wireless communication systems like IEEE 802.11n, 4G and LTE. They also offer reliable communication with the increased coverage area. The bottleneck to the MIMO-OFDM systems is the estimation of the channel state information (CSI). This can be estimated with the help of any one of the Training Based, Semiblind and Blind Channel estimation algorithms. This paper presents various channel estimation algorithms, optimization techniques and their effective utilization in MIMO-OFDM for modern wireless LTE systems.
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY CLASSIFICATION USING TECHNOLOGIES OF COMPUTATIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Texture information is exploited for classification of HSI (Hyperspectral Imagery) at high spatial resolution. For this purpose, framework employs to LBP (Local Binary Pattern) to extract local image features such as edges, corners & spots. After the extraction of LBP feature two levels of fusions are applied along with Gabor feature & spectral feature, i.e. Feature level fusion & Decision level fusion. In Feature level fusion multiple features are concurred before pattern classification. While in decision level fusion, it works on probability output of each individual classification pipeline combines the distinct decisions into final one. Decision level fusion consists of either hard fusion, soft fusion method. In hard fusion we consider majority part & in soft fusion linear logarithmic opinion pool at probability level (LOGP). In addition to this, extreme learning machine (ELM) classifier is included which is more efficient than support vector machine (SVM), used to provide probability classification output. It has simple structure with one hidden layer & one linear output layer. ELM trained much faster than SVM.
This document discusses an iterative MMSE-PIC detection algorithm for MIMO-OFDM systems. It begins with an introduction to MIMO and OFDM technologies and how their combination can provide high spectrum efficiency and diversity gain against fading channels. It then describes the iterative MMSE-PIC detection algorithm, which utilizes parallel interference cancellation and iteration to improve detection performance compared to other detectors like ZF and MMSE in noisy environments. The document provides details on the system model and MIMO techniques like spatial multiplexing and diversity schemes before introducing the proposed iterative MMSE-PIC detection algorithm for MIMO-OFDM systems.
This document outlines Jun Zhu's Ph.D. dissertation on physical layer security in massive MIMO systems. The dissertation examines how to improve security in massive MIMO systems using artificial noise (AN). It analyzes the impact of pilot contamination on AN design and explores AN techniques under various precoding schemes and with hardware impairments. The dissertation addresses challenges in securing massive MIMO, including the complexity of null-space based AN and the effects of pilot contamination and hardware impairments on AN and wireless security.
Massive MIMO uses large antenna arrays at base stations to serve many users simultaneously. It is a promising technique for 5G networks to boost capacity while reducing transmission power. However, pilot contamination from neighboring cells reusing the same pilot sequences limits performance. Small cell networks can help mitigate this issue by reducing cell sizes and the distance between co-pilot cells. Overall, massive MIMO has the potential to increase capacity over 10 times and improve energy efficiency for 5G communication systems.
This document summarizes recent advances in wireless communication through the implementation of OFDM-MIMO systems. It discusses how OFDM can transmit multiple signals simultaneously using orthogonal subcarriers to improve data rates. MIMO uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to provide diversity gain and increase capacity. The combination of OFDM and MIMO (OFDM-MIMO) results in increased data rates and efficiency by overcoming problems like frequency selective fading. It then describes how OFDM-MIMO systems can transmit a single signal using transmit diversity and relay selection with decode-and-forward or amplify-and-forward protocols to further improve performance. Simulations show the OFDM-MIMO system achieves a lower bit error rate than
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
I studied in Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. I did my B.Texh and M.Tech in the department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering. I was student of 2018 batch. After that, I joined Schneider Electric Systems India Private limited Company as Software design Engineer. Currently I am designated as Senior Firmware Engineer in the same company. I have work experience of 4+ years. The uploaded ppt is my MTP Thesis. It is about "temperature aware application mapping on to mesh based network on chip using Genetic Algorithm".
Analysis and reactive measures on the blackhole attackJyotiVERMA176
In this , we will analyses the effects of black-hole attacks on SW-WSN.
Active attack such as black-hole attack in which the node shows that it has the best smallest path
tp desired node in the given Networks even if it lacks it,hence all the data packets follows that
fake path through it hence make black-hole node to forward or drop the packet during the data
transmission.
Channel estimation for orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) massive MIMO.pptxAkinapelliHarshithee
The document proposes a 3D-SOMP algorithm for channel estimation in OTFS massive MIMO systems. It derives the discrete-time formulation of OTFS modulation and demodulation, and shows the 3D sparsity of the delay-Doppler-angle channel model. Non-orthogonal training pilots are used to reduce pilot overhead. Simulation results show the proposed method achieves better performance than traditional techniques, requiring less pilot overhead and working well for large antenna arrays, while achieving good BER performance close to perfect CSI.
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Hamming net based Low Complexity Successive Cancellation Polar DecoderRSIS International
This paper aims to implement hybrid based Polar
encoder using the knowledge of mutual information and channel
capacity. Further a Hamming weight successive cancellation
decoder is simulated with QPSK modulation technique in
presence of additive white gaussian noise. The experimentation
performed with the effect of channel polarization has shown that
for 256- bit data stream, 30% channels has zero bit and 49%
channels are with a one bit capacity. The decoding complexity is
reduced to almost half as compared to conventional successive
cancellation decoding algorithm. However, the required SNR of
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in terms of training time required at the decoding end.
Gene's law, Common gate, kernel Principal Component Analysis, ASIC Physical Design Post-Layout Verification, TSMC180nm, 0.13um IBM CMOS technology, Cadence Virtuoso, FPAA, in Spanish, Bruun E,
NONLINEAR MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF WSN NODE LOCALIZATION METHODijwmn
In this paper, node localization algorithms in wireless sensor networks are researched, the traditional algorithms are studied, and some meaningful results are obtained. For the localization algorithm and route planning of WSN exists a big localization error in wireless communication. WSN communication system is researched. According to the anchor nodes and unknown nodes, a new localization algorithm and route planning method of WSN are proposed in this paper. At the same time, a new genetic algorithm of route planning of WSN is proposed. The performance of the node density and localization error is simulated and analyzed. The simulation results show that the performance of proposed WSN localization algorithm and route planning method are better than the traditional algorithms.
NONLINEAR MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF WSN NODE LOCALIZATION METHODijwmn
In this paper, node localization algorithms in wireless sensor networks are researched, the traditional
algorithms are studied, and some meaningful results are obtained. For the localization algorithm and route
planning of WSN exists a big localization error in wireless communication. WSN communication system is
researched. According to the anchor nodes and unknown nodes, a new localization algorithm and route
planning method of WSN are proposed in this paper. At the same time, a new genetic algorithm of route
planning of WSN is proposed. The performance of the node density and localization error is simulated and
analyzed. The simulation results show that the performance of proposed WSN localization algorithm and
route planning method are better than the traditional algorithms.
Prediction of a reliable code for wireless communication systemsIAEME Publication
This document discusses the development of super-orthogonal space-time trellis codes (SOSTTCs) using differential modulation for noncoherent wireless communication systems without channel state information. SOSTTCs are designed using binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadriphase shift keying (QPSK), and eight-phase shift keying (8PSK). A new decoding algorithm is proposed with reduced complexity compared to traditional decoding, while maintaining the same performance. Computer simulations using a geometric two-ring channel model evaluate the performance of the SOSTTCs under different channel and transmission scenarios. The performance of coherent and noncoherent schemes is compared, with coherent achieving approximately 3 dB better than differential at the cost of
Prediction of a reliable code for wireless communication systemsiaemedu
1) The document proposes super-orthogonal space-time trellis codes (SOSTTCs) using differential binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadriphase shift keying (QPSK) and eight-phase shift keying (8PSK) for noncoherent wireless communication systems without channel state information.
2) A new decoding algorithm is proposed with reduced complexity compared to traditional decoding, but with the same performance. Computer simulations using a geometric two-ring channel model show the performance of the SOSTTCs under different conditions.
3) The performance of the differential SOSTTCs is approximately 3 dB worse than coherent SOSTTCs which have channel state information, but differential encoding has
Prediction of a reliable code for wireless communication systemsiaemedu
This document discusses the development of super-orthogonal space-time trellis codes (SOSTTCs) using differential modulation for noncoherent wireless communication systems without channel state information. SOSTTCs are designed using binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadriphase shift keying (QPSK), and eight-phase shift keying (8PSK). A new decoding algorithm is proposed with reduced complexity compared to traditional decoding, while maintaining the same performance. Computer simulations using a geometric two-ring channel model evaluate the performance of the SOSTTCs under different channel and transmission scenarios. The SOSTTCs using differential encoding are shown to perform approximately 3 dB worse than those using coherent encoding, as expected from
An efficient ant optimized multipath routing in wireless sensor networkEditor Jacotech
Today, the Wireless Sensor Network is increasingly gaining popularity and importance. It is the more interesting and stimulating area of research. Now, the WSN is applied in object tracking and environmental monitoring applications. This paper presents the self-optimized model of multipath routing algorithm for WSN which considers definite parameters like delay, throughput level and loss and generates the outcomes that maximizes data throughput rate and minimizes delay and loss. This algorithm is based on ANT optimization technique that will bring out an optimal and organized route for WSN and is also to avoid congestion in WSN, the algorithm incorporate multipath capability..
Study of the operational SNR while constructing polar codes IJECEIAES
Channel coding is commonly based on protecting information to be communicated across an unreliable medium, by adding patterns of redundancy into the transmission path. Also referred to as forward error control coding (FECC), the technique is widely used to enable correcting or at least detecting bit errors in digital communication systems. In this paper we study an original FECC known as polar coding which has proven to meet the typical use cases of the next generation mobile standard. This work is motivated by the suitability of polar codes for the new coming wireless era. Hence, we investigate the performance of polar codes in terms of bit error rate (BER) for several codeword lengths and code rates. We first perform a discrete search to find the best operational signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at two different code rates, while varying the blocklength. We find in our extensive simulations that the BER becomes more sensitive to operational SNR (OSNR) as long as we increase the blocklength and code rate. Finally, we note that increasing blocklength achieves an SNR gain, while increasing code rate changes the OSNR domain. This trade-off sorted out must be taken into consideration while designing polar codes for high-throughput application.
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FPGA are coded with a binary code that given to an optical switch before it signal modulate with the carrier and transmit to the
receiver. In this paper, AA and 55 data were used for source 1 and source 2. It is generated sample data and sent packet data to the
FPGA and stored it into RAM. The simulation results have done by using software Verilog Spartan 2 programming to simulate. After
that the output will produces at waveform to display the output. The main function of FPGA controlling unit is producing single pulse
and configuring optical switching system.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING PROTOCOL FOR CLUSTER HE...ijp2p
Wireless sensor network are emerging in various fields like environmental monitoring, mining, surveillance
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improvement in network lifetime .Comparison of proposed algorithm is done with basic leach in terms of
network life time, cluster head selection, energy consumption, and data transmission to base station. The
simulation results shows that proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and prolong
network life commendably. Simulation of our protocol is done with Matlab.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING PROTOCOL FOR CLUSTER HE...ijp2p
Wireless sensor network are emerging in various fields like environmental monitoring, mining, surveillance
system, medical monitoring. LEACH protocol is one of the predominantly used clustering routing protocols
in wireless sensor networks. In Leach each node has equal chance to become a cluster head which make
the energy dissipated of each node be moderately balanced. We have pioneered an improved algorithm
named as Novel Leach based on Leach protocol. The proposed algorithm shows the significant
improvement in network lifetime .Comparison of proposed algorithm is done with basic leach in terms of
network life time, cluster head selection, energy consumption, and data transmission to base station. The
simulation results shows that proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and prolong
network life commendably. Simulation of our protocol is done with Matlab.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING PROTOCOL FOR CLUSTER HE...ijp2p
Wireless sensor network are emerging in various fields like environmental monitoring, mining, surveillance
system, medical monitoring. LEACH protocol is one of the predominantly used clustering routing protocols
in wireless sensor networks. In Leach each node has equal chance to become a cluster head which make
the energy dissipated of each node be moderately balanced. We have pioneered an improved algorithm
named as Novel Leach based on Leach protocol. The proposed algorithm shows the significant
improvement in network lifetime .Comparison of proposed algorithm is done with basic leach in terms of
network life time, cluster head selection, energy consumption, and data transmission to base station. The
simulation results shows that proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and prolong
network life commendably. Simulation of our protocol is done with Matlab.
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
1. Design of Unipolar (Optical) Orthogonal
Codes and Their Maximal Clique Sets
by
Ram Chandra Singh Chauhan
(PhD/07/EC/539)
Under the Supervision of
Dr. Y. N. Singh Dr. R. Asthana
Professor Associate Professor
IIT, Kanpur HBTI, Kanpur
to
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
UPTU, Lucknow
July 11, 2015
2. CONTENTS
I. The Research Problem
II. Literature Survey
III. Objectives
IV. Methodology
V. Summary of Results
VI. Conclusions
VII. Future Directions
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3. Background of the Problem
History of Communication among Humans
Current demand in the field of communication
technology & research
Limitations of current mediums
Alternative medium as optical fiber
Hybrid technology or scheme as Optical CDMA
Design of optical CDMA unipolar codes
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4. Research Problem
How to access optical fiber medium by multiple users
asynchronously ?
Asynchronous CDMA scheme is better option to reduce
complexity of the system
Asynchronous CDMA requires unipolar orthogonal
codes as signature sequences to multiple users
How to find the multiple set of unipolar orthogonal
codes with maximum cardinality and orthogonality ?
Search of an optimum solution
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9. Literature Survey
Optical CDMA with Transmitter and Receiver
Section
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Source of
Binary
Information
Optical
Pulse
Genera
tor
Optical
Orthogo
nal
Encoder Optical
Star
Coupler
Optical
Hard
Limiter
Optical
Orthogo
nal
Decoder
Destination
for Binary
Information
10. Literature Survey
Optical Orthogonal Encoder and Decoder for
code length n =7, weight w =3 with weighted positions at
(1,2,4)
OS=Optical Splitter
OC=Optical Combiner
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OS OC
OS OC
11. Objectives
To Find a scheme or algorithm generating
multiple maximal clique sets of 1-D UOC
with maximum size
To Find a scheme or algorithm generating
multiple maximal clique sets of 2-D UOC
with maximum size
Comparison of these schemes with
hypothetical Ideal schemes
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14. One Dimensional Uni-polar (Optical)
Orthogonal Codes
Relationship Among Represenatation
– Example: standard DoPR(X) = (a,b,c,d),
n=19, w=4, such that, a+b+c+d=19,
– DoPR (X)= (a,b,c,d), (b,c,d,a), (c,d,a,b), (d,a,b,c)
– EDoPR (X)= [(a,a+b,a+b+c); (b,b+c,b+c+d);
(c,c+d,c+d+a); (d,d+a,d+a+b)]
– EDoPR(0,X)= FWPR (X)
– FWPR can be converted directly into an unique
binary sequence and their n-1 cyclically shifted
versions also
– All the codes for n=19, w=4 can be generated in
standard DoPR .
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15. One Dimensional Uni-polar (Optical)
Orthogonal Codes
Calculation of Correlation Constraints
– Auto-correlation Constraint of code X
• If X is a binary sequence
• If X is WPR(X)= XP
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1
0
0 1.
( )mod( ).
n
ax t t m
t
x x for m n
t m implies t m n
( ) ( ), (0 1)ax P PX a X a n
16. One Dimensional Uni-polar (Optical)
Orthogonal Codes
Calculation of Correlation Constraints
– Auto-correlation Constraint of code X, proposed
• If X is a DoPR sequence,
• The maximum non-zero shift auto-correlation of the
uni-polar code is equal to one plus maximum number
of common DoP elements between two rows of EDoP
matrix of the code.
• where
• . are DoP elements of two rows of
EDoP matrix of the code X.
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1 1
1 1
1 (0 : 1), ( 1: 1)
w w
ax xij xkl
j l
e e for i w k i w
1
0
xij xkl
xij xkl
xij xkl
if e e
e e
if e e
&xij xkle e
17. One Dimensional Uni-polar (Optical)
Orthogonal Codes
Calculation of Correlation Constraints
– Cross-correlation Constraint of codes pair X,Y
• If X,Y are binary sequences
• If X,Y are WPR(X)= XP and WPR(Y)= YP
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1 1
0 0
, 0 1.
n n
cxy t t m t t m
t t
x y or y x for m n
( ) (a ), 0 1.cxy P PX Y a n
18. One Dimensional Uni-polar (Optical)
Orthogonal Codes
Calculation of Correlation Constraints
– Cross-correlation Constraint of code X and Y,
(proposed)
• If X,Y are DoPR sequences,
The cross-correlation of the uni-polar codes X and Y is equal
to one plus maximum common DoP elements between any
two rows of EDoP matrices of code X and code Y
respectively.
• where
• are DoP elements of rows of EDoP matrices
of code X and Y respectively .
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&xij ykle e
1 1
1 1
1 , (0: 1), (0: 1)
w w
cxy xij ykl
j l
e e for i w k w
1
0
xij ykl
xij ykl
xij ykl
if e e
e e
if e e
19. Design of Maximal Set of 1D
Uni-polar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes
Algorithm One
– For code length ‘n’ and code weight ‘w’, all the
codes in standard DoPR are generated starting
from to with
enumeration
– Calculation of maximum non-zero shift Auto-
correlation of each code and cross-correlation
constraint of each pair of codes
– Formation of correlation matrix with diagonal
element as auto-correlation constraint and non-
diagonal element as cross-correlation constraint
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1 2( , ,..., )wa a a(1,1,...,n w 1)
1 2 1( ) ( , ,..., ) 1w wi a a a a ( ) ( 1).w
n
ii a n w
w
20. Design of Maximal Set of 1D
Uni-polar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes
Algorithm One
– For given formation of reduced
correlation matrix having codes with maximum
non-zero shift auto-correlation constraint
– Calculation of upper bound ‘Z’ of the set with
code parameters with
as
– All the rows and column of reduced correlation
matrix with more than ‘Z’ non-diagonal elements
with entries are used to search final sets of
codes.
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a
a cand
( , , , )a cn w max( , )a c
( 1)( 2)...( )
( 1)...( )
n n n
Z
w w w
c
21. Design of Maximal Set of 1D
Uni-polar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes
Algorithm One
– Computational Complexity of the order
– Where
– Overall computational complexity
– which may be polynomial type for
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3
( )O r
( 1)( 2)...( 1)
( 1)( 2)...2.1
wn n n w n
ww w wr
3w
n
wO
w n
22. Design of Maximal Set of 1D
Uni-polar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes
Algorithm Two
– Very similar to algorithm one till the generation
of all the codes in DoPR
– Calculation of auto-correlation constraint of all
the codes i.e. diagonal elements of correlation
matrix
– Find a reduced correlation matrix with the codes
having maximum non-zero shift autocorrelation
to be less than
– Using clique finding search method all the
maximal set with upper bound ‘Z’ can be found.
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a
23. Design of Maximal Set of 1D
Uni-polar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes
Algorithm Two
– Computational Complexity of the order
– Where
– and
– Overall computational complexity
– which may be polynomial type for but
less complex than algorithm one.
– Results of both the algorithms can be verified in
Appendices of thesis.
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3
( )O r
w n
( 1)( 2)...( )
( 1)( 2)...
n n n n
ww w w w
r
max ,a c
3
n
wO
27. Two Dimensional Uni-polar (Optical)
Orthogonal Codes
Difference of Positions Representation (DoPR)
– In every column wise circular shifting of the code, WPR of
code changed but DoPR remain same, it is only circular
shifted versions of DoPR (1’0, 3’0, 4’1, 1’0, 3’1, 2’0, 4’3)
without changing the numerical values.
– Suppose DoPR (X)=
– then , where N is number of column
– DoPR = WPR
– Where
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1 1 2 2' , ' ,..., 'w wa d a d a d
1 2 ... wd d d N
1 1 2 2' , ' ,..., 'w wa d a d a d 1 1 2 2' , ' ,..., 'w wa b a b a b
1
2 1 1
3 2 2
1 1
0;
;
;
...;
;w w w
b
b b d
b b d
b b d
28. Two Dimensional Uni-polar (Optical)
Orthogonal Codes
Calculation of Correlation Constraints
– If code X and Y are matrix binary sequences
– Maximum non-zero shift Auto-correlation of X
– Cross-correlation Constraint of X and Y
Upper bound of the code set
– for
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1 1
, ,
0 0
, 0 1,
L N
i j i j a
i j
x x for N
1 1
, ,
0 0
, 0 1.
L N
i j i j c
i j
x y for N
, , ,a cL N w
1
, , , , ;
1
A
L LN LN
Z L N w J L N w
w w w
max ,a c
29. Two Dimensional Uni-polar (Optical)
Orthogonal Codes
Calculation of Correlation Constraints
– If code X and Y are given in WPR
– Auto-correlation Constraint of code X
– Cross-correlation Constraint of code X,Y
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( ) ( ), (0 1)a P PX p X p N
( ) ( ), (0 1)
( ) ( ), (0 1)
c P P
c P P
X p Y p N
Alternatively
Y p X p N
32. Two Dimensional Uni-polar (Optical)
Orthogonal Codes
Calculation of Correlation Constraints
– Example for Cross-correlation (continued…)
– Cross-correlation constraint for pair of codes X and Y be
– If X and Y generated in DoPR, first the codes will be
converted into WPR and then calculation of correlation
constraints of the codes is done.
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( ) (1 ) 2P PX Y ( ) (2 ) 2P PX Y
( ) (3 ) 2P PX X ( ) (4 ) 2P PX X
2c
33. Design of Maximal Set of 2D
Uni-polar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes
Algorithm One
– For code length ‘n=LN’ and code weight ‘w’, all
the one dimensional codes in standard DoPR
are generated starting from to
with enumeration
– (i) Conversion of one dimensional code (DoPR)
Into into corresponding one dimensional code (WPR)
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1 2( , ,..., )wm m m
(1,1,...,n w 1)
1 2 1( ) ( , ,..., ) 1w wi m m m m ( ) ( 1).w
n
ii m n w
w
1 2( , ,..., )wm m m
1 1 2 1 2 1(1, 1, 1,...,1 ... )wm m m m m m
34. Design of Maximal Set of 2D
Uni-polar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes
Algorithm One
– Conversion of one dimensional code (WPR) into two
dimensional code (WPR) by dividing each weighted
position by ‘L’ to get quotient ‘b’ and remainder ‘a’ for each
weighted position. Here each a’b represent to each
weighted position in matrix orthogonal code. ‘a’ stands for
row position and ‘b’ stands for column position.
Lemma 5.4.1.1:
The matrix orthogonal code with a’b weighted positions can be
converted into corresponding binary matrix orthogonal code by
putting binary digit ‘1’ at weighted positions and ‘0’ otherwise. This
binary matrix orthogonal code can be converted into ‘L’ binary matrix
orthogonal codes by every row wise circular shifting of the code.
Conversion of two dimensional code (WPR) into two dimensional
code (DoPR) by getting difference ‘d’ of two columns of consecutive
weighted positions and vice versa.
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35. Design of Maximal Set of 2D
Uni-polar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes
Algorithm One
– Calculation of auto-correlation constraint of each code
generated
– Calculation of cross-correlation constraint of each pair of
codes
– Formation of correlation matrix with diagonal element as
maximum non-zero shift autocorrelation values and cross-
correlation constraint values over non-diagonal elements.
– Formation of reduced correlation matrix with the codes
having maximum non-zero shift auto-correlation less than
or equal to given auto-correlation constraint
– Calculation of upper bound of the set
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a
1
, , , , ;
1
A
L LN LN
Z L N w J L N w
w w w
, , ,a cL N w
max ,a c
36. Design of Maximal Set of 2D
Uni-polar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes
Algorithm One (continued…)
– From the reduced correlation matrix only those rows and
columns are selected whose number of cross-correlation
entries being greater than the upper bound Z of the sets of
codes to be generated.
– In this reduced correlation matrix, number of rows or
columns are equal to P. Out of these P codes, all possible
combinations of sets of non repeated Z codes are formed
mentioning their code numbers. These possible
combinations of sets are equal to
– Each such set of codes are checked for their maximum
cross-correlation constraint through the use of cross-
correlation entries from reduced correlation matrix. It will
achieve final sets of codes as required.
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( 1)...( 1)
( 1)...2.1
P
Z
P P P Z
G C
Z Z
c
37. Design of Maximal Set of 2D
Uni-polar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes
Algorithm One
– Computational Complexity
• Of the order
• Where
• Overall computation complexity
• Which may be polynomial type for
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3
( )O r
( 1)( 2)...( 1)
( 1)( 2)...2.1
wLN LN LN w LN
ww w wr
3w
LN
wO
w LN
38. Design of Maximal Set of 2D
Uni-polar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes
Algorithm Two
– Very similar to algorithm one till the generation
of all the codes in WPR/DoPR
– Calculation of auto-correlation constraint of all
the codes i.e. diagonal elements of correlation
matrix
– Find a reduced correlation matrix with the codes
having maximum non-zero shift autocorrelation
to be less than
– Using clique finding search method all the
maximal set with upper bound ‘Z’ can be found.
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a
39. Design of Maximal Set of 2D
Uni-polar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes
Algorithm Two
– Computational Complexity of the order
– Where
– and
– Overall computational complexity
– which may be polynomial type for but
less complex than algorithm one.
– Results of both the algorithms can be verified in
Appendices of thesis.
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3
( )O r
w LN
(LN 1)(LN 2)...(LN )
( 1)( 2)...
LN
ww w w w
r
max ,a c
3
LN
wO
40. Summary of Results
Appendix I : Algorithm one designing 1D
UOC
Appendix II : Algorithm two designing 1D
UOC
Appendix III : Algorithm one designing 2D
UOC
Appendix IV : Algorithm two designing 2D
UOC
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41. Table of Comparisons
Table 2.1: Comparison of already proposed 1-D
OOCs design schemes with ideal scheme.
Table 3.1: Comparison of proposed algorithms with
ideal scheme for generating 1-D UOCs
Table 4.1: Comparison of proposed 2-D OOCs
design schemes with ideal one.
Table 5.1: Comparison of proposed algorithms with
ideal scheme for generating 2-D UOCs
Table 6.1: Comparison of proposed algorithms for
generating 1-D and 2-D UOCs.
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42. Conclusions
Advantages and disadvantages of UOCs
(1-D & 2-D)
Comparisons of UOCs (1-D & 2-D)
Cardinality and orthogonality of the set of
codes and multiple access interference.
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43. Future Directions
Multi-dimensional UOC
Applications not only limited to OCDMA
Computational complexity of algorithms can
be reduced upto some extent.
Multiple access interference reduction
schemes can be proposed for codes with
higher value of correlation constraints.
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44. References
[1] Prucnal P. R., “ Optical Code Division Multiple Access:
Fundamentals and Applications,” CRC Press, Taylor & Francis
Group, first edition, 2006.
[25] Chung, F.R.K., Salehi, J., Wei, V.K. “Optical orthogonal
codes: Design, analysis and applications,” IEEE Transactions
on Information Theory, vol. 35, no. 3, 1989, pp. 595–604.
[65] M. Choudhary, P. K. Chatterjee, and J. John, “Code
sequences for fiber optic CDMA systems,” In: Proceedings of
National Conference on Communications, IIT Kanpur, 1995, pp.
35-42.
[90] M. Choudhary, P.K. Chatterjee, and J. John, “Optical
orthogonal codes using hadamard matices,” in Proc. of
National Conference on Communication, IIT Kanpur, 2001, pp.
209-211.
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45. References
[101] Sargent, E., Stok, A.,“The role of optical CDMA in access
network,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, no. 9, 2002,
pp. 83–87.
[109] J.Shah, “Optical CDMA,” Optics & Photonics News ,
vol. 14, April 2003, pp. 42-47.
[132] E.S.Shivaleela, A.Shelvarajan, T. Srinivas; “Two
Dimensional Optical Orthogonal Codes for Fiber-Optic CDMA
Networks,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol.23, No.2, Feb
2005, pp. 647 – 654.
[133] Reja Omrani and P.Vijay Kumar; “Codes for Optical
CDMA” SETA 2006, LNCS 4086, 2006, pp. 34-46.
[154] Y C Lin, G C Yang, C Y Chang, W C Kwong “Construction
of optimal 2D optical codes using (n,w,2,2) optical orthogonal
codes” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 59, no. 1,
January 2011, pp. 194–200.
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46. Publications
[1] R. C. S. Chauhan, R. Asthana, Y. N. Singh, “A General Algorithm to
Design Sets of All Possible One Dimensional Unipolar orthogonal codes
of Same Code Length and Weight,” 2010 IEEE International
Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research
(ICCIC-2010), Coimbatore, India, IEEE conference proceedings, 978-
1-4244-5966-7/10, 28-29 December 2010, pp. 7-13.
[2] R. C. S. Chauhan, R. Asthana, Y. N. Singh, “Unipolar Orthogonal
Codes: Design, Analysis and Applications” International Conference
on High Performance Computing (HiPC-2010), Student Research
Symposium, 19-22 December 2010, Goa, India.
[3] R. C. S. Chauhan, R. Asthana, “Representation and calculation of
correlation constraints of one dimensional unipolar orthogonal codes
(1-D UOC),” IEEE International Conference CSNT-2011, Jammu,
India on 3 – 5 June 2011. IEEE conference proceedings, 978-1-4577-
0543-4 , 3 – 5 June 2011, pp. 483-489.
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UPTU/PhD/07/EC/539 46
47. Publications
[4] R. C. S. Chauhan, Y. N. Singh, R. Asthana, “A Search Algorithm to
Find Multiple Sets of One Dimensional Unipolar orthogonal Codes
with Same Code Length and low Weight,” Journal of Computing
Technologies, Vol 2, Issue 9, September 2013, pp. 12-19.
[5] R. C. S. Chauhan, Y. N. Singh, R. Asthana, “Design of Two
Dimensional Unipolar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes Through One
Dimensional Unipolar (Optical) Orthogonal Codes,” Journal of
Computing Technologies, Vol 2, Issue 9, September 2013, pp. 20-24.
[6] R. C. S. Chauhan, Y. N. Singh, R. Asthana, “Design of Minimum
Correlated, Maximal Clique Sets of One Dimensional Unipolar
(Optical) Orthogonal codes” arXiv preprint arxiv: 1309.0193, 2013.
[7] R. C. S. Chauhan, Y. N. Singh, R. Asthana, “Design of Minimum
Correlated, Maximal Clique Sets of Two Dimensional
Unipolar (Optical) Orthogonal codes” Under Review
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UPTU/PhD/07/EC/539 47
49. Design of Unipolar (Optical) Orthogonal
Codes and Their Maximal Clique Sets
by
Ram Chandra Singh Chauhan
(PhD/07/EC/539)
Under the Supervision of
Dr. Y.N. Singh Dr. R. Asthana
Professor Associate Professor
IIT, Kanpur HBTI, Kanpur
to
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
UPTU, Lucknow
July 11, 2015