International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Thermodynamic modeling and experimental study of rice husk pyrolysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Pyrolysis of agricultural waste is a promising route for waste to energy generation. Rice husk is a type of agro-waste that is available in plenty in India. It can be used as feed for pyrolysis to produce different products such as (solid) coke and silica, (liquid) tar and other organics and syngas. HSC Chemistry computer aided code for thermodynamic modeling was used to predict the products of rice-husk pyrolysis in this research study. The pyrolysis of rice husk was carried out between 100-1200°C in the pressure range of 1 – 15 bar. The pyrolysis products predicted by HSC calculations were mainly solid coke, gases like H2, CO2, CO, CH4, with small quantity of aromatic compounds like C6H6, C7H8, C8H10 (ethyl benzene), C8H10 (xylenes) and C6H5 –OH. An experimental study for product validation was also done and the results are presented. Keywords: Pyrolysis, syngas, HSC Chemistry, aromatic compounds.
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane ReformingSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane Reforming
History of Synthesis Gas
In 1780, Felice Fontana discovered that combustible gas develops if water vapor is passed over carbon at temperatures over 500 °C. This CO and H2 containing gas was called water gas and mainly used for lighting purposes in the19th century.
As of the beginning of the 20th century, H2/CO-mixtures were used for syntheses of hydrocarbons and then, as a consequence, also called synthesis gas.
Haber and Bosch discovered the synthesis of ammonia from H2 and N2 in 1910 and the first industrial ammonia synthesis plant was commissioned in 1913.
The production of liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates from syngas conversion over iron catalysts was discovered in 1923 by Fischer and Tropsch.
Much of the syngas conversion processes were being developed in Germany during the first and second world wars at a time when natural resources were becoming scare and alternative routes for hydrogen production, ammonia synthesis, and transportation fuels were a necessity.
In 1943/44, this was applied for large-scale production of artificial fuels from synthesis gas in Germany.
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measur...Testo Azerbaijan
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measurements
-Power generation
-Waste disposal
-Stone and clay industry
-Metal industry
-Chemical/petrochemical industry
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Thermodynamic modeling and experimental study of rice husk pyrolysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Pyrolysis of agricultural waste is a promising route for waste to energy generation. Rice husk is a type of agro-waste that is available in plenty in India. It can be used as feed for pyrolysis to produce different products such as (solid) coke and silica, (liquid) tar and other organics and syngas. HSC Chemistry computer aided code for thermodynamic modeling was used to predict the products of rice-husk pyrolysis in this research study. The pyrolysis of rice husk was carried out between 100-1200°C in the pressure range of 1 – 15 bar. The pyrolysis products predicted by HSC calculations were mainly solid coke, gases like H2, CO2, CO, CH4, with small quantity of aromatic compounds like C6H6, C7H8, C8H10 (ethyl benzene), C8H10 (xylenes) and C6H5 –OH. An experimental study for product validation was also done and the results are presented. Keywords: Pyrolysis, syngas, HSC Chemistry, aromatic compounds.
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane ReformingSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane Reforming
History of Synthesis Gas
In 1780, Felice Fontana discovered that combustible gas develops if water vapor is passed over carbon at temperatures over 500 °C. This CO and H2 containing gas was called water gas and mainly used for lighting purposes in the19th century.
As of the beginning of the 20th century, H2/CO-mixtures were used for syntheses of hydrocarbons and then, as a consequence, also called synthesis gas.
Haber and Bosch discovered the synthesis of ammonia from H2 and N2 in 1910 and the first industrial ammonia synthesis plant was commissioned in 1913.
The production of liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates from syngas conversion over iron catalysts was discovered in 1923 by Fischer and Tropsch.
Much of the syngas conversion processes were being developed in Germany during the first and second world wars at a time when natural resources were becoming scare and alternative routes for hydrogen production, ammonia synthesis, and transportation fuels were a necessity.
In 1943/44, this was applied for large-scale production of artificial fuels from synthesis gas in Germany.
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measur...Testo Azerbaijan
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measurements
-Power generation
-Waste disposal
-Stone and clay industry
-Metal industry
-Chemical/petrochemical industry
SYNGAS PRODUCTION BY DRY REFORMING OF METHANE OVER CO-PRECIPITATED CATALYSTSIAEME Publication
The syngas manufacturing from the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide is tempting because of output in terms of extra pure synthesis gas and lower H2 to CO ratio than other synthesis gas production methods like either partial oxidation or steam reforming. For production of long-chain hydrocarbons though the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, lower H2 to CO ratio is required and important, as it is a most likely feedstock. In recent decades, CO2 utilization has become more and more important in view of the emergent global warming phenomenon. On the environmental point of view, methane reforming is tantalizing due to the reduction of carbon dioxide and methane emissions as both are consider as dangerous greenhouse gases. Commercially, as cost effectively, nickel is used for methane reforming reactions due to its availability and lower cost compared to noble metals. Number of catalysts endures rigorous deactivation because of carbon deposition. Mainly carbon formation is because of methane decomposition and CO disproportionate. It is important and required to recognize essential steps of activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2 to design catalysts that minimize deactivation. Effect of promoters on activity and stability were studied in the detail. In order to develop the highly active with minimum coke formation the alkali metal oxides and ceria/zirconia/magnesia promoters were incorporated in the catalysts. The influence of ZrO2, CeO2 and MgO, in the performance of Ni-Al2O3 catalyst, prepare by co-precipitation method was studied in detailed. The XRD, FTIR, and BET and reactivity test for different promoted and unprompted catalyst was carried out.
Engine Emissions at Various Cetane Numbers with Exhaust Gas RecirculationIOSR Journals
Typical engine fuels are blends of various fuels species, i.e., multi component. Thus, the original
single component fuel vaporization model was replaced by a multi component fuel vaporization model .The
model has been extended to model diesel sprays under typical diesel conditions, including the effect of fuel
cetane number variation .Necessary modifications were carried out at the various cooling rates. Found the
performance of the diesel engine under various cooling rates at various cetane numbers, also various quantities
of exhaust gas was re circulated and found performance of the engine
Presentation given by Richard T. J. Porter from ETII, University of Leeds, on "CO2QUEST Typical Impurities in Captured CO2 Streams" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
This slides shows vocational training which i've done at ammonia-4 plant at GSFC LTD.
There are some tasks that given by our university that we have done here.
SYNGAS PRODUCTION BY DRY REFORMING OF METHANE OVER CO-PRECIPITATED CATALYSTSIAEME Publication
The syngas manufacturing from the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide is tempting because of output in terms of extra pure synthesis gas and lower H2 to CO ratio than other synthesis gas production methods like either partial oxidation or steam reforming. For production of long-chain hydrocarbons though the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, lower H2 to CO ratio is required and important, as it is a most likely feedstock. In recent decades, CO2 utilization has become more and more important in view of the emergent global warming phenomenon. On the environmental point of view, methane reforming is tantalizing due to the reduction of carbon dioxide and methane emissions as both are consider as dangerous greenhouse gases. Commercially, as cost effectively, nickel is used for methane reforming reactions due to its availability and lower cost compared to noble metals. Number of catalysts endures rigorous deactivation because of carbon deposition. Mainly carbon formation is because of methane decomposition and CO disproportionate. It is important and required to recognize essential steps of activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2 to design catalysts that minimize deactivation. Effect of promoters on activity and stability were studied in the detail. In order to develop the highly active with minimum coke formation the alkali metal oxides and ceria/zirconia/magnesia promoters were incorporated in the catalysts. The influence of ZrO2, CeO2 and MgO, in the performance of Ni-Al2O3 catalyst, prepare by co-precipitation method was studied in detailed. The XRD, FTIR, and BET and reactivity test for different promoted and unprompted catalyst was carried out.
Engine Emissions at Various Cetane Numbers with Exhaust Gas RecirculationIOSR Journals
Typical engine fuels are blends of various fuels species, i.e., multi component. Thus, the original
single component fuel vaporization model was replaced by a multi component fuel vaporization model .The
model has been extended to model diesel sprays under typical diesel conditions, including the effect of fuel
cetane number variation .Necessary modifications were carried out at the various cooling rates. Found the
performance of the diesel engine under various cooling rates at various cetane numbers, also various quantities
of exhaust gas was re circulated and found performance of the engine
Presentation given by Richard T. J. Porter from ETII, University of Leeds, on "CO2QUEST Typical Impurities in Captured CO2 Streams" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
This slides shows vocational training which i've done at ammonia-4 plant at GSFC LTD.
There are some tasks that given by our university that we have done here.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
We would send hard copy of Journal by speed post to the address of correspondence author after online publication of paper.
We will dispatched hard copy to the author within 7 days of date of publication
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
We would send hard copy of Journal by speed post to the address of correspondence author after online publication of paper.
We will dispatched hard copy to the author within 7 days of date of publication
Adaptive Noise Cancellation using Multirate TechniquesIJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
We would send hard copy of Journal by speed post to the address of correspondence author after online publication of paper.
We will dispatched hard copy to the author within 7 days of date of publication
NOx emissions refer to a group of nitrogen oxides the are commonly found in combustion gases. These harmful emissions are caused by fuel combustion processes occurring in cars and industrial applications. They can cause environmental issues like photochemical smog, acid rain, and ozone accumulations. NOx has also been linked to asthma complications, pulmonary complications, as well as coughing and wheezing.
Correctly quantifying these emissions in air pollution control equipment is necessary to maximize the control of NOx gases. This presentation focuses on quantifying thermal NOx. This type of NOx is usually formed in the hottest parts of the burner flame.
Review of Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber Designs to Reduce EmissionsIJAEMSJORNAL
Ensuring the environmental safety of aircraft engines is an important task for developers. This problem is becoming more urgent due to an increase in engine power, since an increase in power is achieved primarily by increasing the temperature in the combustion chamber, leading to an increase in NOx emissions. In this study, the problem of emission in the aviation industry and ways to solve it were considered. Separately, the method of reducing emissions by changing the design of combustion chambers was considered in more detail.
Recent Trends in NOx Reduction Techniques from Gas Turbine Combustionijsrd.com
Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy resources and its rapid depletion is of widespread concern whereas at the same time global warming has prompted researchers to develop technologies to increase the combustor performance without any harmful impact on our environment.NOx Formation mechanisms have been discussed. Classification of NOx reduction techniques has been done. Important works related with swirling air injection into the combustion chamber for distributed combustion reactions have been discussed.
Good mornings and good morning 🌞 have a great day and a great year ahead and all the best for your products and all the best for your future and you many more happy returns of the day of the day ❤️g
Happy Birthday to you many happy 😁 day my love
Practical Issues of Combustion Oxygen Measurement Specifically Related to NOx...Arjay Automation
Power plants concerned with lowering NOx emissions are making tremendous changes to accommodate EPA regulatory requirements. A substantial number of these changes include the expansion and upgrade of the plant combustion oxygen measurement equipment. There is a striking relationship between the number of NOx reductions projects and the sales quantity of insitu oxygen detectors. The reason is that power plant betterment groups, operators, boiler manufacturers and engineering firms understand the direct relationship between NOx and excess air in the combustion process.
An area of daily practical importance to boiler operators and I&C teams are the common problems with insitu oxygen measurements. This paper focuses on the practical issues of combustion oxygen measurement as they relate to specifically to fuel usage and NOx emissions.
Read the entire white paper, courtesy of Yokogawa Corporation of America here.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
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www.ijerd.com
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
ISSN: 2278-067X, Volume 1, Issue 1 (May 2012), PP. 42-45
www.ijerd.com
Environmental Impact and Forecast of pollutants from coke oven
gas and natural gas combustion
K. Sridhar1, J. Abbas Mohaideen2
1
Research Scholar, Sathayabama University, Chennai, India
2
Principal, Mamallan Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
Abstract––Basic air pollutants found in an industrial belt are CO, NOx, SOx, HC and PM. These pollutants are dispersed
throughout the atmosphere in concentrations depending on the point of origin. In a steel plant the combustion of Natural gas
and coke oven gas (residual gases from steel plant blast furnace ) results in pollutants. The residual gases of blast furnace and
coke oven are characterized by reduced lower heating values(LHV) and high content of carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon
dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen(N2) and Hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Combustion of these fuels leads to increased emission of
pollutants. Formation of these pollutants are influenced by excess O2 of combustion, the case with less excess air (10%) was
numerically simulated on a steam generator furnace. The study was done in a 230MW, water-tube boiler having vertically
aligned burners. It defines the temperature, NO, CO and SO2 distribution in the combustion chamber. The simulation results
were compared with the actual boiler furnace measurements (corresponding to 25% excess air).
Keywords - NO formation, SO2 yield Coke-oven gas and blast furnace gas combustion, Low temperature corrosion.
I. INTRODUCTION
Most of the iron and steel industry uses coal as the main source of energy. Some of the coal is converted to coke oven
gas during the production of coke and in blast-furnace gas where iron ore is reduced with coke to metallic iron. These gases
may be recovered and used as fuel in various installations. This combustion is a direct way to increase the overall efficiency
of process, but raises a variety of problems such as high emission of NOx due to the high amount of nitrogen in the blast-
furnace gas, high emission of SO2 due to the high amount of Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in the coke-oven gas and relatively
high CO2 emission, if compared with other hydrocarbon fuels like natural gas.
In cases when excess air is more, SO2 gets converts into SO3. The presence of SO 3 in the burning gases leads to the
increase of dew point of the gases. The risk of reaching this temperature is that, when burning gases cross the surface of the
air preheater, leads to low temperature corrosion. Besides the demand for Green House Gases reduction due to Global
warming, industries have to abide by the National and International regulations.
The legislation stipulates a maximum emission for furnace supplied with gas fuel, 350 mg/Nm3 for NOx and 35mg/Nm3
for SO2 for new installations, and a maximum emission of 1700 mg/Nm3 for NOx and 350 mg/Nm3 for SO2 for old
installations. These concentrations are related to excess oxygen in burning gases of 3%. To respect these limits we must deal
with organizing the combustion or treating the burning gases. The selection of an alternative is determined by cost and the
efficiency of the polluting emission reduction.
NOx formation during the combustion process in gas fired boiler occurs mainly through the oxidation of N2 from the
combustion air and from the fuel. The formation of NO is an extremely complicated problem due to many parameters that
influence its formation. The main parameters are the flame temperature, the concentration of N2 and O2 in flame (determined
by the excess air), the concentration of N2 in fuel, the burner’s construction (combustion air swirl angle) and the
organization of combustion (staged combustion). Carbon monoxide is formed during combustion because of either [1]
inadequate supply of oxygen, or insufficient values of the three T’s, which are the Temperature, Time or Turbulence.
Turbulence is characterized by,
(i) poor mixing of fuel and air;
(ii) insufficient residence time to complete combustion;
(iii) quenching of combustion gases.
During combustion of fuels which is having sulphur, or hydrogen sulphide, SO2 is produced (typically 1–3%). Under certain
conditions SO2 is being transformed into SO3, which at lower temperatures, reacts with water vapour forming sulphuric acid
[10]:
SO3 + H2O ↔ H2SO4
If the temperature of flue gases, containing H2SO4 and H2O vapours decreases below the dew point, it results in
condensation and the sulphuric acid solution formed is highly corrosive on the heat exchanger metal surfaces, in which the
42
2. Environmental Impact and Forecast of pollutants from coke oven gas and natural gas combustion
low-temperature corrosion appears. The numerical calculation of NO & CO is a three dimensional problem that involves
combustion, turbulence and the heat transfer. By all means, among the cheapest solutions to reduce NOx emission is an
efficient way of combustion ratios and improvement in the burner design. As the excess air in the furnace influences NO, CO
and SO3 formation this paper presents the results of the co-combustion of natural gas with blast furnace gas with reduced
excess air than the actual one (10% instead of 25%).
II. BOILER SPECIFICATIONS
The combustion of the two artificial fuels (coke gas and blast-furnace gas) in the furnace of 230 MW boiler is made
simultaneously with the combustion of natural gas. The two artificial fuels have a reduced heating value compared to that of
natural gas. The volumetric composition of the fuels can be seen in Table 1. The furnace of the boiler is made of two identical
chambers consisting of four coaxial jets. Starting from the axis of symmetry, it is composed of a natural gas central jet,
surrounded by an air flow, followed by a coke gas or blast-furnace gas flow and air at the periphery.
The burners are displayed on the walls of the furnace in the following way: on the upper level the burner fuelled with natural
gas burners, and at the lower level, the burner fuelled with coke-oven gas and natural gas, on the lateral wall are arranged
vertically the two burners fuelled with blast-furnace gas and natural gas.
Table 1: Characteristics of gas fuels.
Analysis vol. %
Blastfurnace Cokeoven Natural gas
Carbon dioxide, CO2 17.98 3.03 -
Oxygen, O2 0.21 0.689 -
Carbon monoxide, CO 21.21 8.498 -
Hydrogen, H2 6.9 51.158 -
Methane, CH4 0.3 21.068 99.3
Ethane, C2H6 - 1.683 -
Hydrogen sulphide, H2S 0.3 6.174 -
Nitrogen, N2 53.1 7.7 0.7
Lower heating value, kJ/Nm3 3431 17166 35523
The air jet is swirled i.e., it goes tangentially into the air box. The burners are designed to operate combined with natural
gas/oil and coke-oven gas or blast furnace gas. The flow, combustion and pollutant formation has been done with the exit of
the jets from the burner (air and fuels), from their interaction area. The Table 2 lists the operation conditions of the
investigated furnace boiler. This investigation has been made to visualize the flame of each burner and the flames interaction
for the whole furnace to emphasize the correlation between the parameters of thermogas dynamics and the pollutant
formation.
Table 2. Natural gas operating conditions
Natural gas flow rate, Nm3/h 658
Air flow rate, Nm3/h 6645.8
Air temperature, °C 260
Excess air, % 10
Coke-oven & blast-furnace operating conditions
Coke-oven gas flow rate, Nm3/h 10000
Blast-furnace gas flow rate, Nm3/h 3500
Air flow rate, Nm3/h 7283/16404
Air temperature, °C 260
Excess air, % 10
Furnace operating conditions
Number of natural gas burners 2
Number of coke-oven burners 1
Number of blast-furnace gas burners 2
Static pressure, atm 1
Temperature of walls, °C 380
The experiment has been done to analyze the pollution characteristics of flows inside the boiler furnace. The operating
parameters include the excess air, combustion air, temperature and air jet swirl angle as refered in Table3.
43
3. Environmental Impact and Forecast of pollutants from coke oven gas and natural gas combustion
Table3:
Parameter Natural Gas Mixture Gas(Coke oven Natural Gas + Mixture
+Blast furnace gas) gas
Sox ppm 12 50 20
NOx ppm 5 38 7
CO ppm 50 120 75
PM nJ/m3 100 180 110
Excess Air % 15 15 15
It is clear from the results that in the increasing demand of Natural gas as a main source of fuel which is scarce in
supply, a combination of Natural gas and Mixture gas(coke oven and blast furnace gas) can be used to combat all the
emissions and particularly the NOx emissions to the tune of 90%. The burners are fed with this combination gas instead of
depending solely on natural gas and also the steel industry produces coke oven and blast furnace gases.
NOx are formed or destroyed during the combustion process by two separate reaction processes, which are classified as
thermal NO and prompt NO. Thermal NO is formed by oxidation of atmospheric and fuel molecular nitrogen at relatively
high temperatures in fuel lean environments, and has a strong temperature dependence. The prompt NO is formed by
combination of molecular nitrogen in the air and fuel with fuel in fuel-rich conditions. Many investigations have shown that
the prompt NO contribution to total NO from stationary combustors is small[3]. The thermal NO process is described by the
Zeldovich mechanism [5]:
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The operational mode with reduced excess air (10% instead of actual 15%) was investigated. The results are given for
the furnace exit. The temperature distribution and the concentrations distribution of O2, CO and SO2 are shown in
the vertical sections which go through the axes of the burners. The heat that is released by gases combustion is
emphasized by the distribution of temperatures.
The maximum of temperature (2000°C) is situated in the area where the jets of the coke-oven gas and blast-furnace gas
burners interact. Near each burner’s air inlets, temperature is lower (about 850°C) due to the fact that combustion is poor in
fuel. This non-uniformity of the thermal field disappears at the furnace exit. The predicted temperature at furnace exit
(1330°C) is a little higher than that measured temperature for 15% excess air (1295°C). The predicted concentrations of CO
are high in the areas where the flame is rich in fuel, and the jets of the blast furnace gas and the coke- oven gas burners. The
maximum concentration of CO is 1.96 to 10.1% (mass) and it gradually decreases towards 01.64·10-1% (mass) as CO mixes
and reacts with O2 in the upper area of the furnace. The high concentrations of CO influence both the temperature of the
mixture and the concentrations of O2 and CO2. It was expected an increase in CO concentration is due to the reduced excess
air. Even with less excess air the CO concentration is low, almost equal to that corresponding to 15% excess air. From a value
of 23 % (mass) at the outlet of each burner, the O2 concentration reaches a value of 2.35% after combustion is completed. At
the exit of the furnace, the O2 concentration is 0.015% (mass), which means that there is an adequate amount of excess air in
the furnace.
The presence of oxygen in the post-combustion area is undesirable because it leads to the increase of the conversion rate
of SO2 into SO3 and eventually to the occurrence of the boiler’s low temperature corrosion phenomenon. With less excess air
in furnace it is expected a lower conversion rate. The coke-oven gas burner have an average content of SO2 of 2300mg/Nm3,
which means that its value is higher than the one stipulated by environmental norms.
The NO formation occurs during the burning process and the main mechanism of formation is the thermal one. That is
emphasized by the high concentrations of NO in the zones with high temperatures of the flame (260-330 ppm) and low
concentrations of NO in the zones with low temperature (50- 120 ppm). Mixing within the furnace results in an average NO
value of 270 ppm (554 mg/Nm3) at the furnace exit, corresponding to an O2 concentration of 1.5 % (vol.). If we recalculate
the NO emission for a concentration of O 2 of 3%, we obtain a value of 608 mg/Nm 3. This value of the predicted NO
concentration is higher than the value stipulated by emission norms , but is lower than that corresponding to 15% excess air
(753 mg/Nm3).
IV. CONCLUSION
The study provides insight on the correlation the effect of excess air on emissions like CO, SO2 and NOx. The results
have shown that the decrease in excess air from 25 to 10% results in an increased exit temperature, almost the same CO and
SO2 concentrations and increase in reduction of NOx concentrations. As the SO to SO2 conversion rate depends on O2
concentration it is expected a decrease of SO2 concentration and therefore an alleviation of low-temperature corrosion of the
steam boiler surfaces (air preheater, flue gas channels) is expected. Although the reduction of air excess leads to a reduction
44
4. Environmental Impact and Forecast of pollutants from coke oven gas and natural gas combustion
of pollutant concentrations, the pollutant emissions are slightly higher which can be reduced further by using techniques like
flue gas recirculation, change in aerodynamic conditions in the furnace and burner design.
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