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Assess The Effect of Resistance Training Compared To a Weight Loss Diet Progr...IOSR Journals
To evaluate the effect of a Resistance training program (BT) versus weight loss diet (DR) on body composition, insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescents. Methods: Thirty obese adolescents with a BMI above the 97th percentile participated in a training program and diet for 12 weeks. They were randomized into two groups: a diet group (DR, n = 16) with a caloric restriction of 500 kcal / day and Strength training group (BT, n = 14) for all major muscle groups, three sessions / week with an intensity of 50-80% (1.RM) for 3 months. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed for all of our subjects before and after the intervention program of 12 weeks. Results: Significant variations of body composition parameters were observed in both groups. The decrease of BMI, body weight, fat mass and (WC) for the group (DR) was more important than the group (BT) (p <0.01><0.05><0.05)),><0.05).><0.05) respectively). Conclusion: Strength training improves much more the sensitivity to insulin and cardiovascular risk factors than weight loss diet program. The latter is more effective for weight loss, BMI and body fat in obese adolescent boys.
Cardiovascular diseases are considered as one of the threats to human
health, especially, in individuals with overweight. The aim of this study was to
investigate the effect of eight-week aerobic exercises in 10 to 12 years old overweight
girls. In this study, 27 overweight female student whit 10-12 years old were selected
and were randomly divided into two groups; a) training group (n=17) and b) control
group (n=10). Training group participated into the aerobic training for 8 weeks, with
70-85 percent of heart rate reserve maximum, 3 times a week and 60 minutes in each
session. The variables such as BF, BMI, WHR and VO2max, were measured in two
groups before and after the training period. The average of variables such as BF, BMI
and VO2max were significantly different between two groups (P<0.05). But the
average of WHR were not significantly different between two groups. According to
these results, aerobic exercise in 10-12 years old overweight girls, can have beneficial
effects on some cardiovascular risk factors.
Audio and slides for this presentation are available on YouTube: http://youtu.be/f0c2vMxQtUo
Nancy Lin, MD, a breast oncologist in the Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers at Dana-Farber, shares new data and research studies linking a healthy lifestyle to better treatment outcomes.
Dr Anna Campbell's keynote speech 'The Importance of Staying Active after a Cancer Diagnosis' at the SCPN's 'Be Active Against Cancer' conference, Tuesday 4th February 2014.
Nutritional Status And Somatotype Study on Sabar males of Puruliapratanubanerjee3
The Somatotype represents a criteria utilized to find out body composition and it had been inspired by different factors along with nutrition. You will get a sample research paper from this powerpoint presentation. If you need research paper writing from pratanu banerjee call 91-8017517171 or you can send your requirement via email pratanubanerjee9@gmail.com
Hypothyroidism in association with obesity, the most common endocrine disorder among females in urban areas. The objective is to find out the effect of yoga intervention on hypothyroidism linked with obesity among working women leading sedentary lifestyles in urban areas. Further to assess the recovery through yoga practice in addition to diet follow up treated as safe, very low cost, natural therapy. A total of 150 obese women had a history of hypothyroidism within the age group 30-50 years located in eastern parts of West Bengal were enrolled for this study from June,17 to January, 18. A qualitative study by a purposive sampling method was used applying BMI as the main parameter along with questionnaires & thyroid function tests, blood tests as secondary data. The study revealed initially that there was no such deficiency of nutrients like Iodine even though elevated TSH & normal or low T4 among the subjects. The study concluded that diet in conjunction with yoga intervention resulted in significant improvement to all subjects at no cost. Moreover, yoga intervention was the safest choice for all of them in this study and that not only for physical health but also mental wellbeing.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
Comparing BMI and hand grip strength of Tsinghua University Beijing and Unive...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Background: This study was an illustrated cross sessional study of male and female students of
Tsinghua University Beijing China and University of Sindh Pakistan students. The study objectives were to
describe normative data and compare the BMI and hand grip strength of dominant hand of both universities
students. The study elaborated that health and fitness status of universities lifestyle of young male and female
students are significantly related to the desire level of general health and fitness level and observed the attitude
of students towards health assessment activities and status.
Exercise and cancer: How staying active can positively impact your health and...Inspire
In an hour-long webinar, nationally recognized exercise specialist Carol Michaels, MBA, ACE, ACSM discussed how maintaining an exercise program during cancer treatment and recovery can help patients to minimize treatment side effects, increase energy levels, and reduce stress, along with many other benefits. Inspire produced the educational webinar in partnership with the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network, US TOO International, and ThyCa: Thyroid Cancer Survivors' Association.
Assess The Effect of Resistance Training Compared To a Weight Loss Diet Progr...IOSR Journals
To evaluate the effect of a Resistance training program (BT) versus weight loss diet (DR) on body composition, insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescents. Methods: Thirty obese adolescents with a BMI above the 97th percentile participated in a training program and diet for 12 weeks. They were randomized into two groups: a diet group (DR, n = 16) with a caloric restriction of 500 kcal / day and Strength training group (BT, n = 14) for all major muscle groups, three sessions / week with an intensity of 50-80% (1.RM) for 3 months. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed for all of our subjects before and after the intervention program of 12 weeks. Results: Significant variations of body composition parameters were observed in both groups. The decrease of BMI, body weight, fat mass and (WC) for the group (DR) was more important than the group (BT) (p <0.01><0.05><0.05)),><0.05).><0.05) respectively). Conclusion: Strength training improves much more the sensitivity to insulin and cardiovascular risk factors than weight loss diet program. The latter is more effective for weight loss, BMI and body fat in obese adolescent boys.
Cardiovascular diseases are considered as one of the threats to human
health, especially, in individuals with overweight. The aim of this study was to
investigate the effect of eight-week aerobic exercises in 10 to 12 years old overweight
girls. In this study, 27 overweight female student whit 10-12 years old were selected
and were randomly divided into two groups; a) training group (n=17) and b) control
group (n=10). Training group participated into the aerobic training for 8 weeks, with
70-85 percent of heart rate reserve maximum, 3 times a week and 60 minutes in each
session. The variables such as BF, BMI, WHR and VO2max, were measured in two
groups before and after the training period. The average of variables such as BF, BMI
and VO2max were significantly different between two groups (P<0.05). But the
average of WHR were not significantly different between two groups. According to
these results, aerobic exercise in 10-12 years old overweight girls, can have beneficial
effects on some cardiovascular risk factors.
Audio and slides for this presentation are available on YouTube: http://youtu.be/f0c2vMxQtUo
Nancy Lin, MD, a breast oncologist in the Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers at Dana-Farber, shares new data and research studies linking a healthy lifestyle to better treatment outcomes.
Dr Anna Campbell's keynote speech 'The Importance of Staying Active after a Cancer Diagnosis' at the SCPN's 'Be Active Against Cancer' conference, Tuesday 4th February 2014.
Nutritional Status And Somatotype Study on Sabar males of Puruliapratanubanerjee3
The Somatotype represents a criteria utilized to find out body composition and it had been inspired by different factors along with nutrition. You will get a sample research paper from this powerpoint presentation. If you need research paper writing from pratanu banerjee call 91-8017517171 or you can send your requirement via email pratanubanerjee9@gmail.com
Hypothyroidism in association with obesity, the most common endocrine disorder among females in urban areas. The objective is to find out the effect of yoga intervention on hypothyroidism linked with obesity among working women leading sedentary lifestyles in urban areas. Further to assess the recovery through yoga practice in addition to diet follow up treated as safe, very low cost, natural therapy. A total of 150 obese women had a history of hypothyroidism within the age group 30-50 years located in eastern parts of West Bengal were enrolled for this study from June,17 to January, 18. A qualitative study by a purposive sampling method was used applying BMI as the main parameter along with questionnaires & thyroid function tests, blood tests as secondary data. The study revealed initially that there was no such deficiency of nutrients like Iodine even though elevated TSH & normal or low T4 among the subjects. The study concluded that diet in conjunction with yoga intervention resulted in significant improvement to all subjects at no cost. Moreover, yoga intervention was the safest choice for all of them in this study and that not only for physical health but also mental wellbeing.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
Comparing BMI and hand grip strength of Tsinghua University Beijing and Unive...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Background: This study was an illustrated cross sessional study of male and female students of
Tsinghua University Beijing China and University of Sindh Pakistan students. The study objectives were to
describe normative data and compare the BMI and hand grip strength of dominant hand of both universities
students. The study elaborated that health and fitness status of universities lifestyle of young male and female
students are significantly related to the desire level of general health and fitness level and observed the attitude
of students towards health assessment activities and status.
Exercise and cancer: How staying active can positively impact your health and...Inspire
In an hour-long webinar, nationally recognized exercise specialist Carol Michaels, MBA, ACE, ACSM discussed how maintaining an exercise program during cancer treatment and recovery can help patients to minimize treatment side effects, increase energy levels, and reduce stress, along with many other benefits. Inspire produced the educational webinar in partnership with the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network, US TOO International, and ThyCa: Thyroid Cancer Survivors' Association.
En esta Presentación encontrarás las definiciones de HTML, Dominio Geográfico, Dominio Organizacional, Protocolo, Red de computadora, Topología, Telecomunicación, IP, Datagrama, Hipertexto y WWW.
Application of Binary Logistic Regression Model to Assess the Likelihood of O...sajjalp
Abstract: This study attempts to assess the likelihood of overweight and associated factors among the young students by analyzing their physical measurements and physical activity index. This paper has classified four hundred and fifteen subjects and precisely estimated the likelihood of outcome overweight by combining body mass index and CUN-BAE calculated. Multicollinearity is tested with multiple regression analysis. Box-Tidwell Test is used to check the linearity of the continuous independent variables and their logit (log odds). The binary regression analysis was executed to determine the influences of gender, physical activity index, and physical measurements on the likelihood that the subjects fall in overweight category. The sensitivity and specificity described by the model are 55.9% and 96.9% respectively. The increase in the value of waist to height ratio and neck circumference and drop in physical activity index are associated with the increased likelihood of subjects falling to overweight group. The prevalence of overweight is higher (27.8%) in female than in male (14.7%) subjects. The odds ratio for gender reveals that the likelihood of subjects falling to overweight category is 2.6 times higher in female compared to male subjects.
Keywords: Overweight, Waist to Height Ratio, Neck Circumference, Binary Logistic Model, Odds Ratio
For a human body to function properly it is essential to have a certain amount of body fat. Fat serves to
manage body temperature, pads and protects the organs. Fat is the fundamental type of the body's vitality
stockpiling. It is important to have a healthy amount of body fat. Overabundance of fat quotient can build
danger of genuine wellbeing issues. Anthropometry is a broadly accessible and basic strategy for the
appraisal of body composition. Anthropometry measures are weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI),
waist, boundary, biceps, skinfold etc. The human fat percentage is figured by taking anthropometric
variables. We proposed a methodology to determine the body fat percentage using R programming and
regression formula. We analyzed 10 anthropometric variables and 3 demographic variables. Our study
shows that the impact of certain variables has an edge over other in predicting body fat percentage.
Neck Circumference as an Indicator of Overweight and Obesity in Young Adultssajjalp
Abstract Neck circumference (NC) measurement is one of the simple screening measurements, that can be used as a marker of upper body fat distribution to notice overweight. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between NC and overweight/obesity. In this cross-sectional study a total 198 college students (120 Female, 78 Male) aged 18-23 years were participated using convenience method. Anthropometric measurements of ﰀﰁﰂﰃﰄﰅﰁﰀﰆﰇﰄﰈﰄﰆﰉﰄﰊﰀﰂﰈﰄﰃﰆﰊﰋﰋﰌﰈﰃﰍﰅﰎﰆﰁﰌﰆﰁﰏﰄﰆﰎﰂﰍﰃﰄﰐﰍﰅﰄﰀﰆﰌﰑﰆﰇﰌﰈﰐﰃﰆﰏﰄﰊﰐﰁﰏﰆﰌﰈﰎﰊﰅﰍﰒﰊﰁﰍﰌﰅﰓﰆﰔﰁﰂﰃﰄﰅﰁﰀﰆﰇﰍﰁﰏﰆﰕﰖﰆﰗﰘﰙﰆﰋﰉﰆﰑﰌﰈﰆﰉﰊﰐﰄﰆ ﰊﰅﰃﰆﰗﰘﰚﰆﰋﰉﰆﰑﰌﰈﰆﰑﰄﰉﰊﰐﰄﰆﰊﰅﰃﰆﰛﰜﰝﰆﰗﰆﰞﰟﰆﰠﰎﰡﰉ2 are identified as overweight. The percentages of the male and female ﰀﰁﰂﰃﰄﰅﰁﰀﰆ ﰇﰍﰁﰏﰆ ﰛﰜﰝﰆ ﰗﰆ ﰞﰟﰆ ﰠﰎﰡﰉ2 were 9% and 15.8% respectively and with high NC were 47.4% and 23.3 % respectively. In both male and female students, there were significant and positive correlation of neck circumference with body weight (male, r=0.572; female, r=0.629; p=0.001), waist circumference (male, r= 0.407; female, r= 0.623; p=0.001), hip circumference (male, r=0.546; female, r=0.579; p=0.001), BMI (male, r= 0.532; female, r= 0.588; p=0.001), waist to hip ratio (female, r = .376; p= .001), and waist to height ratio (male, r= 0.33; female, r= 0.574; p=0.001). A significant and independent association was found between NC and overweight levels using multiple regression analysis in young adults. This study indicates neck circumference is a simple screening measure that can be used to identify overweight/obesity.
Keywords: neck circumference, body mass index, overweight, anthropometry
DIAGNOSIS OF OBESITY LEVEL BASED ON BAGGING ENSEMBLE CLASSIFIER AND FEATURE S...ijaia
In the current era, the amount of data generated from various device sources and business transactions is
rising exponentially, and the current machine learning techniques are not feasible for handling the massive
volume of data. Two commonly adopted schemes exist to solve such issues scaling up the data mining
algorithms and data reduction. Scaling the data mining algorithms is not the best way, but data reduction
is feasible. There are two approaches to reducing datasets selecting an optimal subset of features from the
initial dataset or eliminating those that contribute less information. Overweight and obesity are increasing
worldwide, and forecasting future overweight or obesity could help intervention. Our primary objective is
to find the optimal subset of features to diagnose obesity. This article proposes adapting a bagging
algorithm based on filter-based feature selection to improve the prediction accuracy of obesity with a
minimal number of feature subsets. We utilized several machine learning algorithms for classifying the
obesity classes and several filter feature selection methods to maximize the classifier accuracy. Based on
the results of experiments, Pairwise Consistency and Pairwise Correlation techniques are shown to be
promising tools for feature selection in respect of the quality of obtained feature subset and computation
efficiency. Analyzing the results obtained from the original and modified datasets has improved the
classification accuracy and established a relationship between obesity/overweight and common risk factors
such as weight, age, and physical activity patterns.
This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
Assessment Methods For Nutritional StatusDrSindhuAlmas
By the end of this lecture the you should be able:
To know the different methods for assessing the nutritional status To understand the basic anthropometric techniques, applications, & reference standards
Free weight loss and diet tips for healthy eating and portion control of foodPrab Tumpati
This is a public domain document from the state of Vermont with excellent points on portion control. 20 years ago, a typical bagel was 3” and 140 calories. Today, a typical bagel is 6” and 360 calories.
The larger bagel is an extra 200 calories. Eating 22 extra calories a day equals a weight gain of 23 pounds a year.
As we welcome the new year 2014, it is important to make a resolution to reduce portions as even cutting down by by a small amount a day can add up.
The other very important and often misunderstood aspect of the foods is the glycemic index of foods. For example, a typical bagel has a very high glycemic index of over 70 percent leading what is called "sugar rush" and "sugar crash". This phenomenon is so common that this is what drives the hunger in most people! This also leads to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and diabetes.
How does glycemic index affect us?
Your body quickly digests the starches found in bagels, which causes your blood sugar levels to rise quickly and a few hours later, it leads to the crash. The higher the glycemic index of a food, the more it affects your blood sugar levels. Table sugar or sucrose has a glycemic index of 60, while the glycemic index of bagels averages 70 - a bagel is worse than even sugar. A breakfast rich in high-glycemic foods such as bagels can predispose you to weight gain, type 2 diabetes and heart problems.
In fact, Sumo wrestlers in Japan intentionally eat high glycemic diet for rapid weight gain, and there are reports that body builders in USA are intentionally using this principle of insulin resistance leading quick weight gain for their benefit by using insulin. According to the CDC, a third of all US adults are prediabetic or insulin resistant, and another third have some degree of it!
According to Dr. Prab R. Tumpati, MD, founder of W8MD medical weight loss centers of America, our obsession with low fatty foods as advocated by the failed food pyramid in fact contributed to our expanding waist lines by way of increased insulin resistance which in turn causes weight gain!
If you are overweight or obese, have excess belly fat, or have metabolic syndrome, pre-diabetes, or diabetes, and need help losing weight with health insurance, w8md medical weight loss centers of America can help! Check out our youtube channel with 52 weeks of weight loss and wellness videos at http://www.youtube.com/w8md
Relationship of body mass index, fat and visceral fat among adolescentsSports Journal
In the present study the researcher studied out the correlation of Body mass index, Fat and visceral fat
among adolescents. Data was statically analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Multi
Correlation Coefficient was used (PPMCC). It was find out that body mass index was significantly
correlated with fat and visceral fat and on the other hand fat was also significantly correlated with
visceral fat among adolescents.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 5, Issue 11 (February 2013), PP. 78-85
A Study on the Application of Neural Network to the
Prediction of Weight Control
Hung-Teng Chang1, Pin-Chang Chen2, Han-Chen Huang3, De-Hua Lin4
1,2,4
Department of Information Management, Yu Da University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
3(Corresponding Author)
Department of Leisure Management, Yu Da University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Abstract:- Based on literature review and data collection, this study enabled university students and
their parents to understand the causes and severity of obesity. This study collected various factors
affecting obesity. In addition, this study also established the model affecting obesity based on the
characteristics of learning ability, classification and predication of back-propagation neural network in
order to provide such information as reference for obese people to lose weight. This study used
sampling method to conduct a questionnaire survey on obese students, in order to investigate their
personal living habits and dietary habits. This study used the back-propagation neural network
software – Alyuda NeuroIntelligence for the analysis, pre-processing, design, training and verification
of data, in order to find out the correlation between the sum of these factors and obesity (in
percentage), and used the model as the basis. The data collected from the questionnaires completed by
the subjects were input into the model established in this study, in order to understand which individual
habit combinations are the factors leading to obesity, as well as to provide such information as the
reference for weight control.
Keywords:- Weight control, Neural networks, Obesity, Back-propagation neural network, Alyuda
NeuroIntelligence.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, owing to the changes in living environment, most of the workers who used to be the
working class have become white-collar workers. The office lifestyle, increase in the number of people who eat
out, changes in lifestyles and eating habit, convenient transportation and lack of exercise habit and opportunity
of most people have led to the increase in obese population and overweight. Moreover, chronic diseases
indirectly or directly caused by obesity have become more and more common in young people. According to the
studies from various fields in recent years, obesity seems to be associated with chronic diseases because it may
lead to diseases such as cardiac diseases, hypertension, diabetes, renal diseases, respiratory diseases and
cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, obesity may also impose high pressure on the strongest part of body –
bones, and thus lead to degenerative joint disease and wear and tear of bones, which has a severe impact on
human health. This study selected obese university students as the subjects to find out relevant factors affecting
obesity. Based on literature review and data collection, this study enabled students who were overweight and
even troubled by obesity and their parents to better understand the influences of obesity, as well as to attach
further importance to obesity issues and weight control approaches.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Obesity
The definition of obesity varies with measurement methods [1-4]. There are four common measurement
standards for obesity: 1) standard weight; 2) body mass index (BMI); 3) body fat percentage; 4) waist to hip
ratio. The first two of them are measured based on height and weight, waist and hip ratio is measured based on
body type and proportion and body fat percentage is the only standard which actually measures fat [5, 6].
However, because its measurement procedures are more complicated, this study used the BMI as the
measurement standard. The explanations are given as follows:
(A) Standard Weight: The calculation of standard weight varies with races and regions. The current
calculation method used in Taiwan is that used by World Health Organization. The standard weight
of a man is:(height –80)* 70%. A man whose standard weight ≧10% is deemed overweight, and
whose standard weight ≧20% is deemed obese. The standard weight of a woman is: (height - 70)*
70%. A woman whose standard weight ≧10 is deemed overweight, and whose standard weight
≧20% is deemed obese.
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2. A Study on the Application of Neural Network to the Prediction of Weight Control
(B) Body Mass Index: Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated as weight (kg)/[height (m)2]
(weight/height2).
(C) Body Fat Percentage: Body fat percentage refers to the fat content in body (in percentage), namely,
[ratio of total body fat and body weight]*100%. In general, it can be expressed in fat mass or Body
Fat (%BF). Obesity is the medical condition in which the adipose tissue in body exceeds the
proportion for maintaining normal function. A man whose BF% exceeds 25% of his weight is
deemed obese, and a woman whose BF% exceeds 30% is deemed obese. The descriptions above are
summarized as follows:
Man: actual weight-- (0.88× standard weight) / actual weight ×100%
Woman: actual weight -- (0.82× standard weight) / actual weight ×100%
Moreover, Wikipedia mentions another calculation method: Body fat% =1.2 × BMI + 0.23
× age - 5.4 - 10.8 × sex (man = 1; woman = 0). Although BF% can be used to calculate the ratio of
fat in body, its calculation procedures are more complicated. Therefore, this study did not use it.
(D) Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR): It is preferable to maintain the ratio of chest, waist and hip at 3: 2: 3.
WHR is regarded as the simplest index for assessing the fat accumulated in abdomen. Even though
the weight of a person has not exceeded the standard, the fat in his/her body may threaten his/her
health. For example, a man whose WHR is greater than 0.9 (waist/hip) or a woman whose WHR is
greater than 0.8 is deemed overweight. However, the fat accumulated in abdomen of body may
increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Based on the above, there are four standards for
measuring obesity, including standard weight, BMI, body fat percentage and WHR. Among them,
BMI is the newest measurement standard. In addition, owing to its convenience for use, it is most
frequently used as the index for measuring obesity. The aforementioned four measurement standards
are summarized in Table 1:
Table 1: Standards for Defining Obesity
Man Woman Overweight Obese
Standard
(height-80) ×0.7 (height-70) ×0.6 >10% >20%
weight
BMI Weight/ (height × height) The data varies with age
Actual weight-- (0.88× Actual weight--
Body fat Man>25%
standard weight) /actual (0.82×standard weight)
percentage Woman>30%
weight ×100% /actual weight ×100%
Man>0.9
WHR Waist/hip
Woman>0.8
B. Back-propagation Neural Network
This study used the back-propagation network (BPN) of neural network, a representative approach
which has been commonly applied to the current neural network learning model. The oldest neural network is
perceptron. However, it does not possess the learning ability of network. After the learning algorithm in the
hidden layer was included, it can be used to solve not only linear problems, but also elliptic curve problems.
After the BPN was improved, the more matured BNP used the gradient steepest descent method as the basic
principle to minimize the error function [7]. The weight values were repeatedly revised to draw closer the
inferred output value and the target output value, in order to achieve the ultimate objective of learning. In
addition, because several hidden layers were added into the BPN, the problem of insufficient learning ability in
the oldest neural network – perceptron was solved [8].
The learning model of back-propagation network is a supervisal one, and it possesses the functions of
classification and prediction. During network computing, after the training samples were input into the network
for networking training, the trained samples could be input into it to check whether the network was accurate, or
the untrained data could be input into it for estimation of function [9].
III. METHODOLOGY
This study selected obese university students aged 18-21 as the subjects, and conducted a questionnaire
survey on 116 subjects. This study collected relevant historical data, including relevant studies conducted by
experts and scholars, in order to analyze the dietary problems and living habit and environment of current
students, as well as to find out various factors leading to obesity. The questionnaires were completed
anonymously. After a total of 18 invalid questionnaires were removed from 116 questionnaires, all the data were
input into the Aluyda NeuroIntelligence system used in this study to assess the combinations of various factors
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3. A Study on the Application of Neural Network to the Prediction of Weight Control
affecting obesity. The data (%) obtained from this system is the proximity to obesity. The higher the percentage
is, the more obese the subject is. The data could be provided as reference to obese students for weight control or
their parents for adjusting the lifestyle and eating habit of university students. The data provided from this study
are the correlation with obesity. The constitution of everyone is different, and thus the factors reflected by them
are different. Relevant information can be provided as reference to individuals.
This study collected and arranged the data from obesity-related studies, analyzed the data background and
referred to relevant studies to summarize the important affecting factors as the input variables to find out
available data for data processing, including data scaling, variable combination, etc. Moreover, this study
established a neural network model and set up various parameters. After the data were collected and the
variables were properly selected, the data pre-processing was initiated, including the procedures such as
selection of training samples and tested samples and their quantity, input of data or their combinations, data
scaling, etc. [10-13]. The research procedures of this study are shown in Figure 1which describe as follows:
A. To collect the historical data concerning obesity, including the literature review on relevant previous
studies.
B. To analyze the physical condition, dietary problems and working and living habits and environments
of current university students.
C. To find out various factors leading to obesity. To find out the main factors, such as heredity, illness,
exercise, diet, time, income, behavioral habit, living habit, medication, etc. to develop the
questionnaire and to conduct the questionnaire survey on university students aged 18-21.
D. To use the Alyuda NeuroIntelligence software of neural network to analyze and process the survey
results as the basic database.
E. To establish the accurate model and to use it to predict the factors leading to the obesity of
university students.
F. To verify the analysis results.
Fig. 1: Flowchart of Research Procedures
IV. SYSTEM SIMULATION
A. Data analysis
This study used the data of height and weight collected from the questionnaires as the basis to collect
relevant factors, such as heredity, congenital diseases, dietary orientation, exercise habit, acquired diseases,
psychological status, exercise intensity, exercise time, economic status, childhood obesity, sleep quality, stress
status, medication, gender, number of meals, lifestyle, interpersonal relationship, dietary habit, negative
emotions and personality. This study then performed statistical analyses on various data, respectively.
The basic data of the subjects collected from the questionnaires were divided into various groups in the
Excel file. The formats of the horizontal axis and the vertical axis were then set up. Upon the confirmation of
the axes, the sample data were input. The basic data were input into the Alyuda NeuroIntelligence software, as
shown in Figure 2.
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4. A Study on the Application of Neural Network to the Prediction of Weight Control
Fig. 2: Data Input
The function of analysis was activated, as shown in Figure 3. The final objective of prediction: obesity was
selected in the field of Target.
Fig. 3: Data Analysis
The function button of analysis field is to input basic data in all the fields:
The meanings of basic data in the fields were analyzed. The software would actively look for
unreasonable data and revise them. For example, a height which exceeds 3 meters.
The inadequate data in the fields would be presented with a shaded background. The missing data
would be presented with a pale green background. Wrong data in the fields would be presented with
a lavender background. Data presented with a dark red background would be isolated and would not
be analyzed. Therefore, this software removed meaningless data, which improved the deficiency of
generalization of he past neural network.
Among the 98 data input in the software, 70% of them were selected as the training samples. The
software would arrange them into a basic model for the subsequent training procedure. 15% of the
data were selected for testing, and 15% of them were selected for verification, namely, the
subsequent testing procedure.
Table 2: Statistical Analysis on Questionnaire Data
No. Groups Factors
Male Female
1 1-1 Gender
students: 52 students:46
2 1-2 Age 18 years old: 12; 19 years old: 66; 20 years old: 18; 21 years old: 2
3 1-3-1 Subject’s height
4 1-3-2 Subject’s weight
5 1-4-1 Father’s height According to the data
6 1-4-2 Father’s weight actually measured
7 1-5-1 Mother’s height
8 1-5-2 Mother’s weight
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5. A Study on the Application of Neural Network to the Prediction of Weight Control
Statistical Results Yes No
Whether the subject’s parents suffer from
9 2-1-1 2 96
congenital diabetes
Whether the subject’s grandparents suffer from
10 2-1-2 3 95
congenital diabetes
Whether the subject’s parents suffer from
11 2-1-3 1 97
congenital thyroid dysfunction
Whether the subject’s grandparents suffer from
12 2-1-4 0 98
congenital thyroid dysfunction
Whether the subject’s parents suffer from
13 2-1-5 3 95
congenital hyperinsulinism
Whether the subject’s grandparents suffer from
14 2-1-6 0 98
congenital hyperinsulinism
Whether the subject’s parents suffer from
15 2-1-7 2 96
congenital adrenal hyperfunction
Whether the subject’s grandparents suffer from
16 2-1-8 0 98
congenital adrenal hyperfunction
17 2-2-1 Father’s BMI (obesity) 34 64
18 2-2-2 Mother’s BMI (obesity) 33 65
19 3-1-1 Whether the subject suffers from diabetes 3 95
Whether the subject suffer from thyroid
20 3-1-2 1 97
dysfunction
21 3-1-3 Whether the subject suffers from hyperinsulinism 1 97
Whether the subject suffers from adrenal
22 3-1-4 1 97
hyperfunction
Whether the subject suffers from chronic otitis
23 3-1-5 8 90
media
24 3-1-6 Whether the subject suffers from tonsillitis 6 92
25 3-1-7 Whether the subject is on long-term medication 5 93
Whether the subject frequently drinks sugary
26 3-2-1 57 41
drinks
27 3-2-2 Whether the subject frequently eats fried food 12 86
28 3-2-3 Whether the subject frequently takes tonics 15 83
29 3-2-4 Whether the subject has regular meals 72 26
Whether the subject has a fixed amount of three
30 3-2-5 52 46
meals
31 3-2-6 Whether the subject overeats frequently 14 84
32 3-2-7 Whether the subject eats breakfast everyday 88 10
33 3-2-8 Whether the subject has a night snack frequently 22 76
34 3-2-9 Whether the subject’s lifestyle is normal 67 31
35 3-2-10 Whether the subject has sufficient sleep time 86 12
36 3-2-11 Whether the subject has a regular exercise habit 51 47
The subject’s heartbeat during exercise is greater
37 3-2-12 56 42
than 130
Whether the subject takes exercise for more than
38 3-2-13 55 43
30 minutes
39 3-2-14 Whether the subject frequently feel stressed 33 65
40 3-2-15 Whether the subject chats with fixed friends 85 13
Whether the subject frequently feel anxious and
41 3-2-16 14 84
depressed
Whether the living environment frequently makes
42 3-2-17 17 81
the subject feel nervous
43 3-2-18 Whether the subject vents emotions by eating 20 78
Whether the subject frequently eats snacks when
44 3-2-19 48 50
watching TV or studying
45 3-2-20 The subject sits for more than 10 hours per day 57 40
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6. A Study on the Application of Neural Network to the Prediction of Weight Control
As shown in Table 2, among the 52 male students and 46 female students completing the
questionnaires, 12 of them were aged 18, 66 of them were aged 19, 18 of them were aged 20 and 2 of them were
aged 21. Among the 45 fields of factors, 2-2-4, 2-2-6 and 2-2-8 as completed by all the students were the same.
Therefore, they were not included in the discussion. There were 42 input layers totally. Table 3 explained the
factors correlated with obesity where 1 denotes Yes and 2 denotes No. In other words, the disease factor, living
habit and dietary behavior mentioned in the statistical table of factors are all the factors leading to individual
obesity.
Table 3: Factors Associated with Individual Obesity
Gender Age 2-2-1 2-2-2 3-2-1 3-2-2 3-2-4 3-2-5 3-2-7 3-2-8 3-2-9 3-2-10 3-2-12 3-2-13 3-2-14 3-2-15 3-2-18 3-2-20
Female 18 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Male 18 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
B. Data Preprocessing
The Alyuda NeuroIntelligence software would automatically divide and arrange the input data and
condense the 42 dependent variables in the input layers to [-1, 1]. The independent variable “obesity” in the
output layer presented in the end was [0, 1], as shown in Figure 4.
Fig. 4: Data Preprocessing
C. Neural Network Design
In terms of the design, Alyuda Neuro Intelligence automatically generalized 11~13 frameworks and
presented the optimal neural network framework as reference. The back-propagation neural network framework
selected (42-90-1) for setting up, as shown in the boldface text in Figure 5. “42” in the framework suggested that
there are 42 data in the input layers (originally, there were 45 factors. 3 of them as completed by the subjects
were completely the same, and thus were not included into the calculation). There could be multiple hidden
layers. One hidden layer is usually used where the number of nodes (neurons) may vary and is automatically
selected by the system. The target value is 1 in the output layer, which can be determined as obese.
Fig. 5: Neural Network Architecture
D. Data Training
After many simulation trainings were completed, this study selected to use the Online Back Propagation
algorithm. Default values were used in other function options. Because this study used random sampling to
select subjects and conduct the questionnaire survey, it was preferable to use this algorism. This study used the
Online Back Propagation algorism to obtain the output values and error improvement rate, and achieve the
optimal convergence effect and the highest accuracy. After the data training was completed, the results in Figure
6 could be obtained.
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7. A Study on the Application of Neural Network to the Prediction of Weight Control
Fig. 6: Data Training
The trained basic data input in the horizontal axis in the figure above were presented as the blue curve.
After the data verification, they were presented as the green curve. The two curves reached the optimal
convergence value at the red dot. The expected 500 times of repeated verification of the red curve significantly
showed that the error converged to 200~250.
E. Data Testing and Evaluation
After the data training simulation, the predicted data and actually input data were verified. The
predicted value, actual value and the instantaneous predicted value were mutually compared for verification.
The results could be used to verify the accuracy of the predicted value trained from the network model. With the
actual operation, testing and re-correction of model in this study, the feasibility and economic benefit could be
predicted. The data testing and evaluation in this study are shown in Figure 7 and Table 4.
Fig. 7: Data Testing
Table 4: Verification of Simulation Training
Serial No. Layer Correlation
1 42-90-1 86.67%
2 42-48-1 93.33%
3 42-105-1 86.67%
4 42-57-1 93.33%
5 42-6-1 86.67%
6 42-43-1 86.67%
7 42-37-1 86.67%
8 42-67-1 80.00%
9 42-14-1 86.67%
10 42-17-1 80.00%
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8. A Study on the Application of Neural Network to the Prediction of Weight Control
After the 10 repeated simulation trainings in this study, the mean reached 86.67%, verifying that the
model can be used for the calculation of obesity and as a new index of obesity.
V. CONCLUSION
The constitution of everyone is different, and the habits leading to obesity also vary with individuals.
For example, theoretically, people who eat more sweets are prone to become fat. However, not everyone who eat
sweets will become fat, and obese individuals may not necessary eat sweets frequently. The results can be
presented as long as the respondents complete the questionnaires and the data were input into the software. This
study investigated the research results based on data collection and literature review. This study collected
various factors leading to obesity and investigated a series of adverse effects caused by obesity. With the
integration of the Alyuda NeuroIntelligence system of neural network used in this study, a new concept for
determination of obesity was developed. This index is the percentage integrating the correlation of various
factors with obesity. If the percentage is closer to 1, the correlation is stronger. Such an index is different from
the current anthropometric indices, such as BMI, WHR, triceps skinfold thickness, body fat and standard weight
where height and weight are mainly assessed for calculation.
The model used in this study can explicitly point out which people are significantly correlated with
obesity because various factors, other than weight and height, were taken into account. This model does not only
simply use height and weight as the standards for measurement, but also can be provided to users for
considering or selecting dietary behaviors and living habits, as well as assessing which factors may lead to
obesity, to further achieve the objective of weight control.
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