Gaseous fuel is produced by gasifying coal or coke in a gas producer reactor. There are several advantages to gaseous fuels including ease of handling, rapid combustion, and less excess air needed for combustion. Gaseous fuel can be produced using air only, a mixture of air and steam, or a mixture of oxygen and steam. Adding steam increases the calorific value and volume of the producer gas by decomposing into hydrogen. The amount of steam added cannot decompose all the carbon to CO or steam to hydrogen due to heat balance limitations in the gasification process.
Fuel is a combustible substance, containing carbon as main constituent, which...drmanojkarar
Energy resources: While selecting an ideal fuel for domestic or industrial purpose we should keep in mind that the fuel selected must possess the following characteristic properties.
1) It should possess high calorific value.
2) It should have proper ignition temperature. The ignition temperature of the fuel should neither be too low nor too high.
3) It should not produce poisonous products during combustion. In other words, it should not cause pollution o combustion.
4) It should have moderate rate of combustion.
5) Combustion should be easily controllable i.e., combustion of fuel should be easy to start or stop as and when required.
6) It should not leave behind much ash on combustion.
7) It should be easily available in plenty.
8) It should have low moisture content.
9) It should be cheap.
10) It should be easy to handle and transport.
Calorific value: It is defined as the total amount of heat liberated, when unit mass or unit volume of the fuel is completely burnt in air or oxygen.
Units of heat:
a) Calorie: The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 gm of water through one degree centigrade.
b) Kilocalorie: It is equal to 1000 calories. The quantity of heat required to rise the temperature of 1 Kg of water through one degree centigrade.
1 K.cal = 1000 cals
c) British thermal unit (B.Th.U.): The quantity of heat required to rise the temperature of 1 pound of water through one degree Farenheit.
1 B.Th.U = 252 cals = 0.252 K.cal
d) Centigrade heat unit (C.H.U): The quantity of heat required to rise the temperature of one pound of water through one degree centigrade.
1 K. cal = 3.968 B.Th.U = 2.2 C.H.U
For solids or liquid fuel: Calorie/gm (cal/gm) (or) Kilocalorie/Kg (K.cal/Kg) (or) B.Th.U/lb
For gaseous fuels: Kilocalorie/cubic meter (K.cal/m3) (or) B.Th.U/ft3
In coal fired power plants coal is a main fuel for combustion purpose. Before use of coal different tests are to be carried out to analysis the constituent elements and some undesirable contamination in the coal. Discuss the analysis procedures of the coal.
The analysis of coal is as follows C=82%, H=6%,O2=4% and remaining is ash. Determine the amount of theoretical air required for complete combustion. If the actual air supplied is 40% in excess and 80% of given carbon is burnt to CO2 and remaining is CO. Conduct the volumetric analysis of dry products of combustion.
Thermal regeneration of activated carbon saturated with nitrate ions from an ...IJAEMSJORNAL
The present study was initiated to help the simple and less expensive regeneration of activated carbons after saturation in rural area. In order to determine a regeneration time and the number of regeneration cycles, an adsorption test was necessary. Thus, 3h and 4 cycles of carbon regeneration are obtained after evaluation of the performance, percentage and adsorption capacity after each cycle. Regeneration percentages of 71.29, 54.05, 40.40, 28.06 % and 72.6, 69.84, 64.33, 34.98 %for respective concentrations of 30± 1.2 mg/L and 55 ± 1.6 mg/L are observed. Also, the performances of activated carbon 8.5, 10, 12, 20 g/L and capacities 24.04, 19.93, 14.9 and 10.35mg/g 35.7, 34.12, 31.43 and 17.09 mg/g respectively for dry season and rainy season were necessary to fix the number of cycles. The artisanal furnace with its ease of installation and its maximum temperature of 500±2°C is suitable for the regeneration of saturated activated carbon.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
De-mystifying Zero to One: Design Informed Techniques for Greenfield Innovati...
Lecture7
1. Lecture 7
Production of Gaseous fuel
Gaseous fuel is produced by gasifying coal or coke in a reactor called gas producer. Gaseous fuels
have several advantages like
• It is easy to handle.
• Combustion is rapid in comparison to coal or fuel oil.
• Less excess air for combustion is required than for combustion of fuel oil and coke.
Thermodynamics of Gasification:
I. Equilibrium conversion of C of fuel into gaseous fuel
(i) Air only
Consider gasification of 1 mole of carbon. Stoichiometrically ½ mole of oxygen is required to
produce 1 mole of CO. One mole of oxygen is obtained from 4.76 moles of air, which means that
every mole of oxygen carries 3.76 moles of N with it. Thus if the initial state of reactants is C, O
and N and final state is CO and N the following gasification reaction can be written:
C ½ O2 3.76 N CO 1.88 N − (1) ΔH° CO 29.6 10 Kcal/Kg mol
Gaseous fuel consists of CO and N in which
%CO 34.7% and % N 65.3%
Volume of gaseous fuel 5.38 m /Kg mole of carbon at 273K and 1
(ii) With air + steam
Now suppose we gasify carbon with a mixture of air + steam. Note that reaction 1 generates
29.6 10 /12 2467 Kcal of heat per Kg of carbon. This excessive amount of heat can
generate a very high temperature in the gasifier, if the excessive amount of heat is not properly
managed. In large sized gas producers heat losses are very small and there occurs substantial rise in
temperature. Steam is utilized to use the heat produced by reaction 1. Steam usage brings the
following advantages:
• Decomposition of steam produces hydrogen and thereby producer gas is enriched
in calorific value.
• Gaseous fuel is enriched per unit volume since volume of H volume of N
• Excessive heat in the producer is utilized since decomposition of steam is
endothermic.
2. Consider the following gasification reaction
C H O CO H
Heat of reaction ΔH°R 29.6 10 57.8 10 28.2 10 Kcal
In the gasification of coal or coke with a mixture of air and steam, it is important to know how
much amount of steam can be fed without supplying any heat from outside. Heat balance can yield
the amount of steam which can be fed.
Consider gasification of 1 Kg mole of C with a mixture air and steam under adiabatic conditions:
Let X Kg mole of C reacts with air. Assuming that all steam decomposes to H2 and carbon forms CO.
X C X/2 O 3.76 N X CO 1.88X N − (2)
1 X C 1 X H O 1 X CO 1 X H − (3)
Heat produced by eq. 2 = Heat consumed by eq. 3
29.6 10 X 1 X 10 28.2 X 0.488 Kg mole
Therefore final equations for gasification becomes
.
C O 3.76 N 0.512 H O CO 0.917 N 0.512 H − (4)
Fuel gas analysis is CO 41.1%, N 37.8% and 21.1%
Amount of fuel gas 1 0.917 0.512 22.4/12 4.53 m /Kg Carbon at 273 K and 1 atm
Amount of steam is 0.768 Kg/kg of carbon
Iii With oxygen + steam
Consider the gasification of a mole of carbon by a mixture of pure oxygen +s team
Assuming that all steam decomposes to H and carbon forms CO.
X C X/2O X CO − (5)
1 X C 1 X H O 1 X CO 1 X H −(6)
Heat produced by eq. 5 = Heat consumed by eq. 6
29.6 10 X 1 X 10 28.2
X 0.488 Kg mole
Therefore final equations for gasification becomes
3.
C 0.488/2 O2 0.512 H O CO 0.512 H − (7)
Fuel gas analysis is CO 66.14%, and H 33.86%
Amount of fuel gas 2.82 m /Kg Carbon at 273 K and 1 atm
Amount of steam is 0.768 Kg/kg of carbon
II. Calorific Value of producer gas is calculated on the basis of 1 kg carbon
The calorific value of gaseous fuel when air is used for gasification
Amount of CO in producer gas 0.083 kgmole
Calorific Value 5633 kcal
Calorific Value of C 8100 Kcal calculated by Dulong’s formula usinf pure C
Therefore % CV of 1 Kg of C available in producer gas is 69.5%
That means 30.5 % of calorific value of C represents sensible heat and heat losses.
Calorific value of producer gas when produced by gasifying carbon with a mixture of air+steam is
Calorific value of producer gas considering gaseous state is the standard state 8077 kcal
Calorific value of producer gas as expressed in % of calorific value of 1 kg of C 98.8%
We observe that the gasification of C with a mixture of air and steam increases the calorific value of
producer gas which is mainly due to addition of hydrogen.
Calorific value of producer gas when produced by gasifying carbon with a mixture of
oxygen+steam
The calorific value is almost similar to that of air + steam. But the volume of producer gas is only
62% that of air + steam and 48% that of air only. Benefit of using steam is self evident.
4.
Is it possible to decompose all steam to hydrogen and C to CO?
Typically, gas producer, operates in a counter‐current mode i.e. coal is charged from top and a
mixture of air and steam is blown through the coal bed simultaneously and continuously from the
bottom. The flow rates of air and steam are adjusted so that the heat evolution in the reaction of O
with C of coke/coal balances the heat absorption due to endothermic reaction of decomposition of
steam. Thus
• Not all steam decomposes to H ; i.e. some amount of steam remains undecomposed and
• Not all C is converted to CO.
The extent of decomposition of steam to hydrogen and conversion of C to CO depends on
temperature, residence time of the reactants in the reactor, reactivity of carbon of coal, reaction
surface area and etc. The gaseous fuel produced after gasification with a moisture of air +s team and
carbon will always contain undecomposed steam and carbon dioxide besides other components.
For further reading
1. A. Butts Metallurgical problems.
2. O.P.Gupta: elements of fuels, furnaces and refractories