The document is a quiz on electricity and magnetism for a 10th grade science class. It contains 15 multiple choice questions testing concepts such as electric fields, magnetic fields, electromagnets, transformers, generators, and motors. The questions cover topics discussed in the science textbook on pages 84-87 such as magnetic field lines around current-carrying wires and the operation of devices like traffic light sensors.
Ito ay isang powerpoint presentation patungkol sa isyung politikal na mga suliraning pan-teritoryo at pang-hangganan. Dito din makikita ang mga konsepto, dahilan, epekto at mga halibawa ng suliraning ito.
Energy from Volcanoes ppt. is the next topic/ lesson from grade 9 LM Module 1 Quarter 3. The presentation is a discussion guide for teachers about geothermal energy and gives video suggestions in order for the students to understand the lesson well especially in showing how geothermal energy is harnessed. Feedbacks, reactions and suggestions are very much welcomed. Thanks!
Ito ay isang powerpoint presentation patungkol sa isyung politikal na mga suliraning pan-teritoryo at pang-hangganan. Dito din makikita ang mga konsepto, dahilan, epekto at mga halibawa ng suliraning ito.
Energy from Volcanoes ppt. is the next topic/ lesson from grade 9 LM Module 1 Quarter 3. The presentation is a discussion guide for teachers about geothermal energy and gives video suggestions in order for the students to understand the lesson well especially in showing how geothermal energy is harnessed. Feedbacks, reactions and suggestions are very much welcomed. Thanks!
in these notes, you will learn the basic terminologies related to magnetism or magnetic effects.
Magnetism is the most important branch in the phase of physics.
I explained it properly in these notes
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
5. Which arrangement of three bar magnets
results to a repulsion between the first and the
second, and an attraction between the second
and the third magnet.
7. 1. In which case or cases is
electric field present? I. A spark
jumping between two nearby rods.
II. A charge that is momentarily at
rest. III. A rotating bar magnet.
a. I only b. I and II only
c. II and III only d. I, II and III
8. 2. In which case can a magnetic
field be produced?
a. A charged comb.
b. A falling glass rod.
c. A welder’s arc flash.
d. A rolling plastic cylinder.
9. 3. Which device can be used to
determine the polarity of an
unmarked magnet?
a. a charged glass stirring rod
b. a gold-leaf electroscope
c. a sprinkle of iron filings
d. an improvised compass
10. 4. How will you describe the
magnetic field around a straight
current-carrying wire? a. The
magnetic field is strongest near and
around the wire. b. The magnetic
field consists of straight lines parallel
to the wire. c. The magnetic field
does not vary with the distance from
the wire. d. The magnetic field gets
stronger with increasing distance
from the wire.
11. 5. Which statement about an
electromagnet is TRUE? a. The
electric field surrounding a battery-
powered electromagnet alternates
constantly. b. The current in the
electromagnet coil temporarily
magnetizes the iron core. c. The
electric field strength is inversely
proportional to the current. d. The
magnetic field lines produced are all
straight.
12. 6. What can be inferred from the
alignment of compass needles in the
set-up below?
13. 6. What can be inferred from the
alignment of compass needles in the
set-up below?
a. A permanent magnet is nearby.
b. The power switch was turned off
for long.
c. The current-carrying coil
becomes magnetic.
d. There is a constant and uniform
magnetic field around the coil.
14. 7. As part of a traffic light system,
large loops of wire are buried
beneath road intersections. Which of
the statements is NOT TRUE about
the operation of this traffic light
system?
15. a. Vehicles driven over the buried
coils activate a traffic light sensor.
b. The conducting loops activate a
color–dependent field.
c. The alternating current sent
through the buried coils produce an
electromagnetic field in each coil.
d. A minimum number of vehicles
over the coils can trigger the traffic
light to change green.
16. 8. Complete the following statement:
Moving a metallic detector past a 5
peso coin creates a secondary
magnetic field that is most similar to
that of __.
a. a horse shoe magnet
b. a flat refrigerator magnet
c. a current-carrying, circular loop
d. a V-shaped straight wire that
carries a current
17. 9. During the Student Technologists
and Entrepreneurs of the Philippines
(STEP) Competition in Landscaping,
a water pond transformer changes
216 V across the primary to 12 V
across the secondary. If the
secondary coil has 10 turns, how
many turns does the primary coil
have? a. 10 turns b. 18 turns
•c. 180 turns d. 228 turns
18. 10. What basic principle enables
ALL electric motors to operate?
a. Iron is the only element that is
magnetic.
b. Opposite electric charges attract
and like charges repel.
c. A moving conductor within a
magnetic field will experience an
electromotive force.
19. 10. What basic principle enables
ALL electric motors to operate?
d. A current-carrying conductor
placed within a magnetic field will
experience a magnetic force.
20. 11. A magnet moves inside a coil.
Consider the following factors:
I. strength of the magnet
II. number of turns in the coil
III. speed at which the magnet
moves
Which can affect the electromotive
force (emf) induced in the coil? a. I
only b. II only c. III only d. All
three factors
21. 12. Which statement about
transformers is FALSE?
a. A step-down voltage transformer
steps up the current.
b. Transformers use mutual
induction.
c. Transformers are an application of
Faraday’s and Lenz’s Laws.
22. 12. Which statement about
transformers is FALSE?
d. A transformer can function with
either an alternating current (AC) or a
steady direct current (DC).
23. 13. What is TRUE about the
intercom system that is shown
below?
24. a. The part A of the intercom system
serves as a microphone only, while
part C serves as a loudspeaker only.
b. Either parts A and C of the
intercom when switched as such can
be used as a microphone or as a
loudspeaker.
25. c. The microphone part only basically
consists of wires, a cone diaphragm,
a magnet, and a coil.
d. The loudspeaker part only
basically consists of wires, a cone
diaphragm, a magnet, and a coil.
26. 14. What transformation can take
place in an improvised generator?
a. mechanical energy into electrical
energy
b. electrical energy into mechanical
energy
c. alternating current into direct
current
d. direct current into alternating
current
27. 15. A loop of conductor lies flat on a
horizontal table. A toy magnet is
hanging still over it with the magnet’s
north-seeking pole pointing down.
What happens next?
a. The magnet produces a clockwise
current in the coil.
b. The magnet does not produce
any current in the coil.
28. 15. A loop of conductor lies flat on a
horizontal table. A toy magnet is
hanging still over it with the magnet’s
north-seeking pole pointing down.
What happens next?
c. The magnet produces an upward
electromagnetic current.
d. The magnet produces a
counterclockwise current in the coil.