Moving boundary work
Boundary work for an isothermal process
Boundary work for a constant-pressure process
Boundary work for a polytropic process
Energy balance for closed systems
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression process
Specific heats
Constant-pressure specific heat, cp
Constant-volume specific heat, cv
Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of ideal gases
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression process
Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of incompressible substances (Solids and liquids)
circuit analysis with device:
The Nature of a Magnetic Field
Ferromagnetic Materials
Electromagnetism
Flux and Flux Density
Magnetic Circuits
Air Gaps, Fringing, and Laminated Cores
etc..
Maxwell's equations and their derivations.Praveen Vaidya
Being the partial differential equations along with the Lorentz law the Maxwell's equation laid the foundation for classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and radio technologies, such as power generation, electric motors, wireless communication, lenses, radar etc. Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated by charges, currents, and changes of the fields.[note 1] One important consequence of the equations is that they demonstrate how fluctuating electric and magnetic fields propagate at a constant speed (c) in the vacuum, the "speed of light". Known as electromagnetic radiation, these waves may occur at various wavelengths to produce a spectrum from radio waves to γ-rays. The equations are named after the physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, who between 1861 and 1862 published an early form of the equations that included the Lorentz force law. He also first used the equations to propose that light is an electromagnetic phenomenon.
Moving boundary work
Boundary work for an isothermal process
Boundary work for a constant-pressure process
Boundary work for a polytropic process
Energy balance for closed systems
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression process
Specific heats
Constant-pressure specific heat, cp
Constant-volume specific heat, cv
Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of ideal gases
Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression process
Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of incompressible substances (Solids and liquids)
circuit analysis with device:
The Nature of a Magnetic Field
Ferromagnetic Materials
Electromagnetism
Flux and Flux Density
Magnetic Circuits
Air Gaps, Fringing, and Laminated Cores
etc..
Maxwell's equations and their derivations.Praveen Vaidya
Being the partial differential equations along with the Lorentz law the Maxwell's equation laid the foundation for classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and radio technologies, such as power generation, electric motors, wireless communication, lenses, radar etc. Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated by charges, currents, and changes of the fields.[note 1] One important consequence of the equations is that they demonstrate how fluctuating electric and magnetic fields propagate at a constant speed (c) in the vacuum, the "speed of light". Known as electromagnetic radiation, these waves may occur at various wavelengths to produce a spectrum from radio waves to γ-rays. The equations are named after the physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, who between 1861 and 1862 published an early form of the equations that included the Lorentz force law. He also first used the equations to propose that light is an electromagnetic phenomenon.
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
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Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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1. Michael Faraday
• 1791 – 1867
• British physicist and chemist
• Great experimental scientist
• Contributions to early
electricity include:
– Invention of motor,
generator, and transformer
– Electromagnetic induction
– Laws of electrolysis
2. Generator Effect: EM Induction
A changing magnetic flux induces an EMF.
Magnet moves in a stationary coil.
+
-
3. EM Induction
The magnet is pushed into the coil.
What is the direction of the induced current?
+
-
B
5. Faraday’s Law
ext
induced
d
N
dt
number of
loops
Emf that drives the
induced current
(nonconservative)
How quickly you change
the number of external field
lines through one loop.
Opposes the change
in magnetic flux
Lenz’s law: the induced current in a
loop is in the direction that creates a
magnetic field that opposes the change
in magnetic flux through the area
enclosed by the loop
6. FLUX
d Bcos dA
The amount of FLOW
perpendicular to a surface!
d
B A
The flux depends on the
magnitude of the B field, the area,
A, it intersects and the angle
between them. Changes in B, A
or produce a change in the
magnetic flux.
d d
A
B
Magnetic FLUX
8. Maxwell’s Equations
:
I
Gauss's law electric
Gauss's law in (magnetic): 0
Faraday's law:
Ampere-Maxwell law
o
S
S
B
E
o o
q
d
ε
d
d
d
dt
d
d μ μ
dt
E A
B A
E s
B s
9. d
dt
= -N
Faraday’s Law of Induction
B
closed open
d d
dt dt
E ds B dA
The emf induced in a closed loop is directly proportional to the
time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the loop. The
electric field is path dependent – E is NOT conservative.
11. Great Demo: Jumping Ring
The magnetic force on each bit of ring is radially inward and upward, at
angle above the radial line. The radially inward components tend to
squeeze the ring but all cancel out as forces. The upward components add:
2 sin up
F I rB
sin sin
I dF IdsB F IB ds
F L B
12. EM Induction
The induced EMF produces a a current that produces a magnetic field
that opposes the original changing magnetic field.
To find the direction of the induced current:
1. Determine the flux change: Increasing? Decreasing?
2. The induced B field will be opposite. Find that.
3. Find the current with the RHR to produce the induced B field.
13. A conducting loop is
halfway into a magnetic
field. Suppose the magnetic
field begins to increase
rapidly in strength. What
happens to the loop?
1. The loop is pushed upward, toward the top of the page.
2. The loop is pushed downward, toward the bottom of the page.
3. The loop is pulled to the left, into the magnetic field.
4. The loop is pushed to the right, out of the magnetic field.
5. The tension is the wires increases but the loop does not move.
14. A conducting loop is
halfway into a magnetic
field. Suppose the magnetic
field begins to increase
rapidly in strength. What
happens to the loop?
1. The loop is pushed upward, toward the top of the page.
2. The loop is pushed downward, toward the bottom of the page.
3. The loop is pulled to the left, into the magnetic field.
4. The loop is pushed to the right, out of the magnetic field.
5. The tension is the wires increases but the loop does not move.
15. Faraday’s Law of Induction
B
closed open
d
dt
E ds B dA
The emf induced in a closed loop is directly
proportional to the time rate of change of the
magnetic flux through the loop.
How many ways can the flux change?
d
N
dt
=-
( cos )
d AB
N
dt
=-
18. ( cos )
d d AB
N N
dt dt
=- =-
Area Changes: Motional EMF
19. The Hall Effect
When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the
magnetic force causes a separation of charge in the conductor which
produces a charge separation and voltage, VH, in a direction that is
perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field.
This Hall voltage produces an E field that opposes the Hall
Effect and tries to push the electrons back up. Eventually,
balance is reached. By measuring the voltage you can use a
hall probe to measure the magnetic field.
H d
V qE qv B
20. • A motional emf is the emf
induced in a conductor
moving through a constant
magnetic field. The Hall
Effect induces an emf.
• The electrons in the
conductor experience a
force,
that is directed along ℓ
• The charges accumulate at
both ends of the conductor
until they are in equilibrium
with regard to the electric
and magnetic forces.
q
F v B
F qvB qE q( l)
E vB
Blv
=
21. Forces on a Sliding Conducting Bar
• The applied force to the right must balance the
magnetic force to keep the bar moving at constant
speed. The force does work on the bar.
• The magnetic force on the induced current in the
wire is opposite the motion of the bar.
app B
F F
( ) ( )
B
vLB
F I B B B
R R
2 2
app B
v B
F F
R
22. Sliding Conducting Bar Circuit
• A bar moving through a uniform field and the
equivalent circuit diagram
• Assume the bar has zero resistance and the stationary
part of the circuit has a resistance R
• The induced current obeys Ohms Law
I
ε B v
R R
Blv
=
24. Geomagnetic Induction and Thrust
The forces generated by this
"electrodynamic" tether can be used to
pull or push a spacecraft to act as a brake
or a booster or to generate voltage.
25. Calculate the motional emf
induces alonga 20 km long
conductor moving at the
orbital speed of 7.8 km/s
perpendicular to the Earth’s
0.5 microT magnetic field.
Blv
=
Tethered Satellite Experiment
28. Eddy currents
When the conductor enters the
magnetic field, what will be the
direction of the induced
magnetic field and current?
29. Eddy currents
What will be the direction of
the magnetic force on the
current in the conductor?
30. Eddy currents
F
What will be the direction of
the magnetic force on the
current in the conductor?
The force
slows the
conductor.
31. Eddy Currents
• To reduce energy loses by
the eddy currents, the
conducting parts can
– Be built up in thin layers
separated by a
nonconducting material
– Have slots cut in the
conducting plate
• Both prevent large current
loops and increase the
efficiency of the device
35. Traffic Light Triggering
A traffic light sensor uses an inductance loop in the
road. When a car sits on top of the loop, the
inductance is changed due to eddy currents in the
steel in the car. The sensor constantly tests the
inductance of the loop in the road, and when the
inductance rises, it knows there is a car waiting!
37. AC Generators
sin
NAB t
For a coil with N turns, area A, turning at angular
speed the induced EMF is:
cos cos
d BA d BA t
d
dt dt dt
= -N -N -N
(: rad/s)
38. Generator Problem
The 500 turn square coil has sides of
length 10.0 cm and is in a uniform 1.25 T
magnetic field. Initially the coil is
perpendicular to the field and then it is
turned 90 degrees as shown in 0.05s.
a) Does the magnetic flux through the coil
increase or decrease during the ¼ turn?
b) What is the average EMF induced?
c) At what time is the EMF maximum?
What is the maximum EMF?
d) What is the frequency of the ac
generated?
39. AC VS DC Generators
In an AC electric generator, or
alternator, the flux through the
loops of wire (wound on the
armature) changes, and therefore
according to Faraday's law there
will be an emf induced in the
loops of wire.
In a DC generator the direction
of the induced current in the
loops must be changed every
one-half turn of the generator
shaft. This is done with split
rings on the rotating armature
contacting the stationary
"brushes" which are in turn
connected to the wires coming
out of the generator.
40. Motors & Generators
Magnetic Force on
Moving Charges in
Loop: Motor Effect
Magnetic Field
Changing through
Loop: Generator Effect
Motor Effect Generator Effect
45. S P S
P S P
V I N
V I N
Voltage and Current Change but Energy & Power DO NOT!
P S S S P P
P P I V I V
EM Inductance:Transformers
S
S P
P
N
V V
N
P
S P
S
N
I I
N
I I
1
o
N
B μ
N
Step UP
Step Down
S P
N N
S P
N N
“Step” refers to VOLTAGE:
48. Power Transmission
Step up Voltage Step Down Current to reduce Power loss.
S
S P
P
N
V V
N
P
S P
S
N
I I
N
Transformers
(Modern transmission grids use AC voltages up to 765,000 volts.)
49. The Power Grid
Typical power plant can generate MegaWatts of Energy.
US consumption of electricity is 90 Quadrillion BTUs/year.
1 quad = 1015 Btu = 2.931 x 1011 kW-hrs
Hetch Hetchy: 2 billion kW-hrs per year
Wind in CA: 4.5 million kW-hrs per year
51. Advantages of AC Transmission
• Alternating Current can be transformed to ‘step’ the voltage up or down
with transformers.
• Power is transmitted at great distances at HIGH voltages and LOW
currents and then stepped down to low voltages for use in homes (240V)
and industry (440V).
• Convert AC to DC with a rectifier in appliances.
AC is more efficient for
Transmission & Distribution of
electrical power than DC!
52. War of Currents 1880’s
Thomas Edison, American
inventor and businessman,
pushed for the development of
a DC power network.
George Westinghouse,
American entrepreneur
and engineer, backed
financially the
development of a
practical AC power
network.
Nikola Tesla, Serbian
inventor, physicist,
and electro-
mechanical engineer,
was instrumental in
developing AC
networks.