Fusarium wilt of banana is caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense. It is one of the most destructive diseases of bananas. The fungus was originally spread from Southeast Asia to other banana growing regions through infected planting material. Symptoms include wilting leaves and splitting of the pseudostem. Internally, the fungus discolors the xylem vessels. Management strategies include cultural practices like crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, and removing infected plant debris. Biological and chemical controls using antagonistic microbes or fungicides can also be employed.
Sclerotinia blight of solanaceous cropsBinita Suwal
Sclerotinia blight is one of the important diseases of solanaceous crops. It is caused by the fungi of the genus Sclerotinia. The characteristic symptom of this disease is the presence of white fluffy mycelial growth at the point of infection which later turns into black and hard sclerotia.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
It contains basic details about the etiology, symptoms, disease cycle and management practices for the control of disease : Wilt in Chickpea, Lentil and Arhar(Pigeon pea).
ragi (finger millet) is an important staple food in both Eastern and Central Africa and South Asia. There are at least 14 fungal pathogens in addition to blast and two species of Helminthosporium that have been reported infective on ragi. It is also susceptible to at least one bacterial disease and two or three virus diseases causing a mosaic or mottling of the leaves, a freckled yellow, and chlorotic symptoms like maize streak.
A serious and important disease that affects banana and got huge loss in its yield and growth. Some factors that are responsible for its cause and measures to eliminate this disease are briefly discussed.
Sclerotinia blight of solanaceous cropsBinita Suwal
Sclerotinia blight is one of the important diseases of solanaceous crops. It is caused by the fungi of the genus Sclerotinia. The characteristic symptom of this disease is the presence of white fluffy mycelial growth at the point of infection which later turns into black and hard sclerotia.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
It contains basic details about the etiology, symptoms, disease cycle and management practices for the control of disease : Wilt in Chickpea, Lentil and Arhar(Pigeon pea).
ragi (finger millet) is an important staple food in both Eastern and Central Africa and South Asia. There are at least 14 fungal pathogens in addition to blast and two species of Helminthosporium that have been reported infective on ragi. It is also susceptible to at least one bacterial disease and two or three virus diseases causing a mosaic or mottling of the leaves, a freckled yellow, and chlorotic symptoms like maize streak.
A serious and important disease that affects banana and got huge loss in its yield and growth. Some factors that are responsible for its cause and measures to eliminate this disease are briefly discussed.
This PPT describes about the Sheath Rot disease of Rice,it's Symptoms, pathogenic organisms, disease cycle, Management strategies(preventive, cultural, botanical and chemical methods) and a Self evaluation questions.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
3. HISTORY & DISTRIBUTION
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense is a soil-borne fungus that
causes Fusarium wilt, which is considered to be the most
destructive disease of bananas. The fungus is believed to have
evolved with its host in the Indo-Malayan region, and from
there it was spread to other banana-growing areas with
infected planting material.
5. Symptoms:
Externally, the first obvious signs of disease in most varieties
are wilting and a light yellow colouring of the lower leaves,
most prominent around the margins. They eventually turn a
bright yellow colour with dead leaf margins.
Splitting of pseudostem base is a characteristic symptom.
6. Internally, symptoms first become obvious in the xylem
(water conducting) vessels of the roots and the rhizome. These
turn a reddish-brown to maroon colour as the fungus grows
through the tissues.
When a cross-section is cut, the discolouration appears in a
circular pattern around the centre of the rhizome where the
infection concentrates due to the arrangement of the vessels.
As symptoms progress into the pseudo-stem, continuous lines
of discolouration are evident when the plant is cut
longitudinally
7. Identification of pathogen:
The casual organism is Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense.
This pathogen contains colonies of white to purple pigemented
mycelium. Hyphae are septate and hyaline. Conidiaphores are
short and simple and having macroconidia and microconidia
Macroconidia usually produced abundantly, slightly sickle-shaped,
thin-walled, with an attenuated apical cell and a foot-shaped basal
cell. They are three to 5-septate measuring 23-54 x 3-4.5 µm.
8. Microconidia are abundant, mostly non-septate, ellipsoidal to
cylindrical, slightly curved or straight, 5-12 x 2.3-3.5 µm
occurring in false heads from short monophialides.
The disease is soil borne and the fungus enters the roots
through the fine laterals.
The incidence is high in acid alluvial soils.
The pathogen is easily spread by infected rhizomes or suckers,
farm implements or vehicles, irrigation water
9. MANAGEMENT:
Cultural method
Practice proper crop rotation with paddy/sugarcane once or twice
followed by banana for 2-3 cylces
Plant wilt resistant cultivars such as Poovan and Nendran in endemic
areas
Proper care should be given when planting susceptible cultivators
such Rasthali, Monthan, Karpuravalli, Kadali, Pachanadan by
selecting healthy suckers from disease fields
Remove and destroy infested plant material after harvest
10. When only 1-3 plants are infected, kill and chop up the
diseased plants and stew all the material in water at a
temperature of at least 70 deg C for 30 minutes.
Grow healthy plants with proper fertilization, irrigation,
weed control
Provide good drainage especially during rainy season
Soil application of rice chaffy grain or dried banana leaf
formulation or well decomposed compost around the plants
11. Mechanical method
Machinery and equipment should be treated with a sanitary solution
such as Farmcleanse®
Footwear, which may have contacted banana plants or soil around
banana plants elsewhere, should not be worn on the farm.
Provide mechanical barriers in and around the infected plants
Biological method
Application Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2.5kg/ha bactericide can
also be applied along with farmyard manure and neem cake.
About 60 mg of Pseudomonas fluorescens (in a capsule) can be
applied in a 10 cm deep hole made in the corm.
12. Application of bio control agents like Trichoderma viride @
25 g for 4 times once at the time of planting in the planting
pit and remaining doses at third, fifth and seventh month
after planting
Application of T.harzianum Th-10, as dried banana leaf
formulation @ 10g/platn in basal + top dressing on 2,4,and
6 months after planting
13. Chemical method
Application of 2 per cent of Carbendazim as injection of Carbendazim
50 ml capsule application
Paring (pralinge removal of roots and outer skin of corm) and dipping of
the suckers in clay slurry and sprinkled with Carbofuran granules at
40g/corm
Soil drenching of Carbendazim 0.2 per cent solution alternated with
Propiconozole 0.1% around the pseudostem at bimonthly intervals
starting from five months after planting
Application of urea + sugarcane trash (250g/pit) followed by lime
(1Kg/pit) and neem cake (1-2Kg/pit)
Application of neem cake @ 250 Kg/ha was most effecgtive in
controlling Fusarium wilt in Rasthali cultivar