Creating DEM using a mini-UAS
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Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) can be used to create digital terrain models (DTMs) and orthophoto mosaics through structure from motion photogrammetry. The author conducted flights over a 55 hectare area, capturing over 200 images. These images were processed to generate a 5cm resolution orthomosaic, DTM, and contours. Accuracy assessment against RTK GPS data found the DTM had a mean error of 4cm and correlated highly (R2=0.9833) with surveyed elevations, demonstrating UAS can create high quality DTMs for areas up to 100 hectares.
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Check http://www.rpas.ie
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Creating DEM using a mini-UAS
- 1. Creating digital terrain models using a mini-UAS: methods and applications Dr David Gillieson SkyView Solutions Pty Ltd PO Box 158 Atherton, Q 4883 www.skyviewsolutions.com.au
- 2. What is an UAS? • Unmanned aerial system – Remotely controlled airframe with autopilot and payload (eg. drone) – Remotely piloted aircraft with ground control station • Many types (micro-, small, medium, large; planes, helicopters; electric, petrol motors) • Initially developed by Defence aerospace industries, but now well established in civilian operations and more accessible
- 3. Types of UAV Predator Heron Bat Zephyr
- 4. Unmanned Airborne Systems (UAS) Orthophoto mosaic from one flight (55ha) Swinglet UAS
- 5. 3D imaging from stereo UAS photography • Uses bundle block adjustment approach • Prepare geotagged images with significant stereo overlap • Relate image matchpoints to camera photogrammetry • Create stereo model with accurate depth measurements
- 6. Point cloud from UAS photography PO Box 158 Atherton, Q 4883 www.skyviewsolutions.com.au
- 7. Triangular mesh surface (TIN) PO Box 158 Atherton, Q 4883 www.skyviewsolutions.com.au
- 8. Creating DEMs from UAS photography – example from FNQ • Three flights conducted at 120m AGL • Photos geotagged and telemetry data created including heading, GPS altitude, pitch, roll and yaw data • Data used on a local computer to generate a coarse mesh DTM and 50cm pixel orthophoto mosaic for evaluation • Geotagged photos and telemetry data uploaded to a cloud computer at the Swiss Technical University in Lausanne for final processing • Products generated included an orthophoto mosaic with 5cm pixels, an orthoDTM, ASCII point file, camera parameters report and accuracy report
- 9. Bundle block adjustment • The software searches for matching points between image pairs by analyzing all uploaded images (~230) • Those matching points are used in a bundle block adjustment to reconstruct the exact position and orientation of the airborne camera for every acquired image • Based on this reconstruction the matching points are verified and their 3D coordinates are calculated from the UAS telemetry data • Those 3D points are interpolated to form a triangulated irregular network (TIN)
- 10. • Connectivity graphic showing quality and number of image keypoint matches. Total of 232 images used in analysis
- 12. Bundle block adjustment Statistics Feature total number of keypoint observations 1,104,692 total number of 3D points 440,908 mean re-projection error 0.793865 pixels (= 4cm)
- 14. Accuracy assessment • Thirty correlation points on grid established with RTK GPS • Marker plates visible in UAS orthophoto mosaic • Extract height values from DTM – average value from 1m buffer around points • Linear regression between RTK and DTM values • Thanks to Brendan Twine of Twine Surveys, Atherton
- 15. Comparison between elevations from the DTM and surveyed elevations 550 y = 1.0093x - 13.039 R2 = 0.9833 545 540 535 elevation from RTK 530 525 520 515 510 520.00 525.00 530.00 535.00 540.00 545.00 550.00 555.00 560.00 elevation from DEM
- 20. Conclusions • Mini-UAS can be used to generate high quality orthophoto mosaics and digital terrain models of small areas up to 100ha • These can be captured in overcast conditions as long as wind speed <10knots • DTMs correlate well with RTK GPS surveys, and have comparable resolution to LIDAR • DTMs can be used for hydrological modelling