This document summarizes various funduscopic findings for different eye conditions. A normal fundus has a clear optic disc, red/orange retina with a dark macula, and bright red arteries and slightly purple veins. Papilledema shows swelling of the optic disc with blurred margins and engorged tortuous vessels. Retinal detachment appears as a gray retinal elevation with folded detached retina and tortuous elevated vessels. Optic neuritis presents as an elevated disc with blurred margins and normal retina and veins and attenuated arteries. Glaucoma shows cupping of the disc with displaced peripheral vessels and a pale cup. Central retinal vein occlusion fully obscures the disc due to edema and hemorrhages with blot retinal hemorrhages throughout

1. Fundoscopy images
SANA RAFIQUE

2. Normal fundus
Normal Fundus
DISC
Clear; the central area of the cup is pale.
RETINA
A normal red/orange color; the macula is dark.
VESSELS
Arteries appear bright red, vein slightly purple. Arterial to
venous ratio is about 2 to 3.

3. papilledema
Swelling of the optic disc and anterior bulging of the
physiologic cup. Color is pink and hyperemic with disc
margins blurred. Disc vessels are more visible, numerous,
and curve over disc borders. It is a sign not a Dx = can be
seen in more then 1 eye diseases.

4. Papilledema
DISC
Observe an elevated, edematous disc, with blurred disc
margins, and engorged vessels.
RETINA
A flame retinal hemorrhage close to the disc.
VESSELS
Engorged tortuous veins.

7. Retinal haemorrhage
Superficial:Small, linear, flame-shaped red streaks in
fundi shaped by superficial nerve fibers that radiate
from optic disc. HTN related.
Deep:Small, rounded, slightly irregular spots. Occur
in deeper layer of retina. Diabetes related.

9. Retinal detachment
Retinal Detachment
DISC
The disc appears normal.
RETINA
Observation of the retina shows a gray elevation in the
temporal area with folds in the detached section.
VESSELS
The vessels are totuous and elevated over the detached
retina

13. Optic neuritis
Optic Neuritis
DISC
The disc is elevated, with blurred margins.
RETINA
The retina is normal.
VESSELS
The arteries are attentuated; the veins are normal.

17. Glaucoma
Glaucomatous Cupping of
the Disc
DISC
Observe a large cup, with disc vessels displaced
peripherally; a pale white color; and pigmenting
surrounding the disc.
RETINA
The retina appears normal.
VESSELS
The vessels are normal.

18. Asymmetrical increase of cup: disc ratio (0.8).
Cupping seen where vessels disappear over
the edge of the attenuated rim.

22. Central Retinal vein occlusion
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
DISC
The disc is virtually obscured by edema and hemorrhages.
RETINA
There are extensive blot retinal hemorrhages in all quadrants
to the periphery.
VESSELS
Observe dilated totuous veins. The vessels are partially
obscured by retinal hemorrhages.

26. Central Retinal artery occlusion
•Cherry red spot: The lack of arterial perfusion to the inner
layers of the retina results in edema of the retinal nerve
fiber layer and ganglion cell layer, which makes it appear
opaque. The inner retina is multi-layered throughout the
posterior pole except at the fovea; thus, the retinal edema
surrounds the fovea. In the fovea, the underlying choroid
with intact RPE is visible and appears as a "cherry red
spot" when compared to the cloudy, edematous retina
adjacent to it.
•Vascular attenuation and/or "box-carring" of flow in
arteries and veins.
•May see an embolus in vessel on optic nerve.

30. Hypertensive Retinopathy

35. Diabetic Retinopathy

41. Macular Degeneration