This document provides information on the four basic tissue types found in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. It focuses specifically on epithelial tissue, describing its characteristics, classification, and major types. Epithelial tissue is classified based on cell layers, cell shape, and surface modifications. The major epithelial tissue types are simple and stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional, and glandular epithelium. Glands are further classified based on their structure, secretory mechanism, and secretory products.
Tissues are a group of similar cells of the same origin that carry out a specific function together. Humans have four different types of basic tissues. Connective tissues such as bone tissue are made up of fibrous cells and give shape and structure to organs. Muscle tissue is made up of cells that can contract together and allow animals to move. Epithelial tissues make up the outer layers of organs, such as the skin or the outer layer of the stomach. Nervous tissue is made of specialized cells that transmit information through electrochemical impulses, such as the tissue of nerves, the spinal cord, and the brain.
Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that covers the surfaces of organs, lines body cavities and forms glands. This PDF provides a comprehensive overview of epithelial tissue, including its types, structure, function, and location in the body. The document covers the different types of epithelial cells, their shapes, and layers, as well as their functions in different organs and tissues. The PDF also delves into the unique features of epithelial tissue, such as its polarity, cell junctions, and the basement membrane. Additionally, Whether you are a student, medical professional, or someone interested in learning about the human body, this PDF provides a detailed understanding of epithelial tissue and its importance in the body.
B.Pharm-Ist sem-HAP-Chapter 3-tissue level of organization.pptxSheetal Patil
Introduction
The term tissue is used to describe a group of cells found together in the body.
Types of tissues
1. Epithelial tissue:]
2. Connective tissue: ]
3. Muscular tissue: ]
4. Nervous tissue: ]
-Development of Tissues
Tissues of the body develop from three primary germ layers: Ectoderm, Endoderm and Mesoderm.
1. Epithelial cell
Epithelial tissue consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers.
Closely packed and held tightly together.
-General Features of Epithelial Cells:
1. Apical (free) surface
2. Lateral surfaces
3. Basal surface
Basement membrane
Basal lamina
Reticular lamina
-Classification of epithelial tissues
Epithelial tissues are classified according to :
Number of the cell layers formed
1. Simple epithelium (one layer)
2. Stratified epithelium(several layer)
-The shape of the cells
1. Squamous (flat cell)
2. Cuboidal (cube like)
3. Columnar (rectangular)
4. Transitional (variable)
- Glandular Epithelium and Glands
There are main two types of glands
1. Endocrine Glands
2. Exocrine Glands
-Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands
1. Simple gland
2. Compound gland
-Functional Classification of 1. Exocrine Glands
2. Merocrine glands
3. Aprocrine glands
4. Holocrine glands
2. Connective Tissue
-Functions of connective tissues
-Classification of Connective Tissues
Embryonic connective tissue
Mesenchyme
Mucous connective tissue
Mature connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
Areolar connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Reticular connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Elastic connective tissue
Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Bone tissue
-Blood and Lymph
--Characteristics of Connective Tissue
1. Extra cellular matrix
2. Fibers
3. Cells of various types
Extracellular matrix of Connective Tissue
-Connective Tissue Cells
1. Fibroblasts
2. Adipocytes (fat cells)
3. Mast cells
4. White blood cells
5. Macrophages
6. Plasma cells
-Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix;
Ground substance and fibres make up the ECM.
a. Ground substance
-Complex combination of proteins and polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate dermatan sulphate and keratan sulphate).
b. Fibres
-Collagen fibers
-Elastic fibers
-Reticular fibers
3. Muscular Tissue
-Skeletal muscle tissue (Attached to bone by tendons)
-Cardiac muscle tissue (Heart wall)
-Smooth muscle tissue (Iris of eyes, walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways of lungs, stomach, intestine, gall bladder, urinary bladder and uterus)
--Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes for contraction.
--Cells use ATP to generate force.
4. Nervous Tissue
-Neurons or nerve cells
-Neuroglia
--Exhibit sensitivity to various types of stimuli, converts them into nerve impulses (action potentials) and conducts nerve impulses to other neurons.
Tissues are a group of similar cells of the same origin that carry out a specific function together. Humans have four different types of basic tissues. Connective tissues such as bone tissue are made up of fibrous cells and give shape and structure to organs. Muscle tissue is made up of cells that can contract together and allow animals to move. Epithelial tissues make up the outer layers of organs, such as the skin or the outer layer of the stomach. Nervous tissue is made of specialized cells that transmit information through electrochemical impulses, such as the tissue of nerves, the spinal cord, and the brain.
Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that covers the surfaces of organs, lines body cavities and forms glands. This PDF provides a comprehensive overview of epithelial tissue, including its types, structure, function, and location in the body. The document covers the different types of epithelial cells, their shapes, and layers, as well as their functions in different organs and tissues. The PDF also delves into the unique features of epithelial tissue, such as its polarity, cell junctions, and the basement membrane. Additionally, Whether you are a student, medical professional, or someone interested in learning about the human body, this PDF provides a detailed understanding of epithelial tissue and its importance in the body.
B.Pharm-Ist sem-HAP-Chapter 3-tissue level of organization.pptxSheetal Patil
Introduction
The term tissue is used to describe a group of cells found together in the body.
Types of tissues
1. Epithelial tissue:]
2. Connective tissue: ]
3. Muscular tissue: ]
4. Nervous tissue: ]
-Development of Tissues
Tissues of the body develop from three primary germ layers: Ectoderm, Endoderm and Mesoderm.
1. Epithelial cell
Epithelial tissue consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers.
Closely packed and held tightly together.
-General Features of Epithelial Cells:
1. Apical (free) surface
2. Lateral surfaces
3. Basal surface
Basement membrane
Basal lamina
Reticular lamina
-Classification of epithelial tissues
Epithelial tissues are classified according to :
Number of the cell layers formed
1. Simple epithelium (one layer)
2. Stratified epithelium(several layer)
-The shape of the cells
1. Squamous (flat cell)
2. Cuboidal (cube like)
3. Columnar (rectangular)
4. Transitional (variable)
- Glandular Epithelium and Glands
There are main two types of glands
1. Endocrine Glands
2. Exocrine Glands
-Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands
1. Simple gland
2. Compound gland
-Functional Classification of 1. Exocrine Glands
2. Merocrine glands
3. Aprocrine glands
4. Holocrine glands
2. Connective Tissue
-Functions of connective tissues
-Classification of Connective Tissues
Embryonic connective tissue
Mesenchyme
Mucous connective tissue
Mature connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
Areolar connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Reticular connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Elastic connective tissue
Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Bone tissue
-Blood and Lymph
--Characteristics of Connective Tissue
1. Extra cellular matrix
2. Fibers
3. Cells of various types
Extracellular matrix of Connective Tissue
-Connective Tissue Cells
1. Fibroblasts
2. Adipocytes (fat cells)
3. Mast cells
4. White blood cells
5. Macrophages
6. Plasma cells
-Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix;
Ground substance and fibres make up the ECM.
a. Ground substance
-Complex combination of proteins and polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate dermatan sulphate and keratan sulphate).
b. Fibres
-Collagen fibers
-Elastic fibers
-Reticular fibers
3. Muscular Tissue
-Skeletal muscle tissue (Attached to bone by tendons)
-Cardiac muscle tissue (Heart wall)
-Smooth muscle tissue (Iris of eyes, walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways of lungs, stomach, intestine, gall bladder, urinary bladder and uterus)
--Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes for contraction.
--Cells use ATP to generate force.
4. Nervous Tissue
-Neurons or nerve cells
-Neuroglia
--Exhibit sensitivity to various types of stimuli, converts them into nerve impulses (action potentials) and conducts nerve impulses to other neurons.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. WHAT IS A TISSUE?
A tissue is a group of similar cells which work
together to perform a specific function in the body.
All cells in the body can be categorized into Four (4)
major types of tissues (Basic/Primary Tissues):
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscular Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
3. TISSUE
The study of tissues and how they are arranged into
organs – Histology or Microscopic Anatomy
Aside cells, tissues are also made up of extracellular
material which surrounds the cells – Matrix
The 4 basic tissue types differ in the types and functions
of their cells and characteristics of their matrix.
The matrix is composed of fibrous proteins and usually a
clear gel (ground substance/ tissue fluid/ extracellular
fluid/ interstitial fluid/ tissue gel)
4. Embryonic Tissues
The first tissues (embryonic tissues) arise in the early
embryo when similar cells organise together into
layers (3) called Primary Germ Layers.
1. Ectoderm
2. Mesoderm
3. Endoderm
Germ layers give rise to all the body’s mature tissues
5. Embryonic Tissues
Endoderm – Inner layer which gives rise to various
membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts.
Ectoderm – Outer layer which forms the outer
covering of the body (epidermis).
Mesoderm – Middle layer that forms the skeleton
and muscles of the body.
6. TISSUE
Body organs usually contain all four tissue types.
Example the stomach
Lined with epithelial tissue
Walls contain smooth muscle and connective tissue
Nerve tissue supply which control motility and
gastric secretions.
7. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
(EPITHELIUM)
This group of tissues is found covering the body and
lining cavities and tubes.
It is also found in glands.
Functions of epithelial tissues include:
1. Protection e.g. skin
2. Absorption e.g. small intestines
3. Filtration e.g. kidneys
4. Secretion e.g. glands such as salivary
8. CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
1. Limited intercellular spaces
Flat sheet of closely packed cells with very little extracellular
material (matrix) between the cells.
2. Free apical surface
Tissue always has one free surface (apical surface) which is
exposed to the body’s exterior or to the cavity of an internal
organ.
3. Basement Membrane
Lower surface of tissue rests on a basement membrane which
anchors the tissue to the underlying connective tissue
Basement membrane usually very thin
Contains an aggregate of carbohydrates and proteins
9. CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
4. Avascular
Contain no blood vessels.
Depend on blood vessels in underlying connective tissue for
nourishment and waste removal
5. Mitotic Capabilities
Epithelial cells readily divide to produce new cells that replace
lost or damaged ones
10. CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM
Epithelial tissues are classified according to 3 key
criteria which describe their unique traits:
1. Number of Cell Layers
2. Shape of Cells
3. Surface modifications
11. CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM
Number of Cell Layers:
Two types:
1. Simple Epithelium:
Composed of a single layer with each cell touching the basement
membrane
2. Stratified Epithelium:
Composed of two or more layers.
Here some of the cells rest on top of other cells and do not touch
the basement membrane.
12. CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM
Shape of Cell:
Three categories:
1. Squamous Epithelium:
Flattened cells.
2. Cuboidal Epithelium:
Cube shaped cells.
3. Columnar Epithelium:
Elongated cells.
Cells longer than wide.
13. CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM
Surface Modification:
Usually 2 types:
1. Cilia and Stereocilia:
Cilia and stereocilia are similar filament-like structures
projecting from the apical cell surfaces.
Cilia beat in rhythmic motions to propel substances across the
apical surfaces of cells. E.g. Fallopian tube
Stereocilia are longer and not uniform in length and do not beat
like cilia. E.g. Epididymis and Inner Ear
2. Microvilli
Uniform folds of the membrane on the apical cell surfaces.
Much shorter than cilia
14. CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM
Epithelial tissues are given at least two names.
The first name indicates the number of cell layers
The second name describes the shape of the cell
Where applicable, a third name is given which
denotes the type surface modification.
Type of surface modification is a prefix to the first two names
Naming:
(Surface modification) – No. of layers – Shape of Cell
15. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple Epithelial:
Usually concerned with absorption, secretion and filtration.
Very thin and protection is not one of their specialties
16. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Stratified Epithelial:
Consists of two or more cell layers.
More durable than the simple epithelial and as such function
primarily to protect.
Locations which have to withstand mechanical or chemical wear
Named according to cells on the outer layer (superficial layer)
2 Specialisations occur in stratified epithelial tissues
1. Keratinized/ (Non- Keratinized):
Cells in apical layers are dead and lose their nucleus and
cytoplasm and instead contain keratin
Keratin is a tough resistant protein which is waterproof and
provides strength
2. Transitional:
17. SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Simple Squamous:
Composed of a single layer of flattened cells.
Usually found in areas where filtration or exchange of
substances by rapid diffusion occurs
Forms tiny air sacs of lungs, where O2 and CO2 exchange occurs
Forms walls of capillaries, where nutrients and waste exchange
occurs
Forms serous membranes that line the ventral body cavity and
organs in that cavity
18. SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Stratified Squamous:
Most common type of stratified epithelium in the body
Has many layers and plays a protective role
Found in sites that receive a good deal of abuse or
friction e.g. oesophagus, mouth and outer part of skin.
In the skin, stratified squamous epithelium is keratinised
Non-keratinised found in oesophagus, rectum, vagina,
cervix
19. CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium:
Consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells
attached to a basement membrane
Commonly found in glands and their ducts
Salivary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas
Also forms the walls of kidney tubules and surface of
ovaries
20. CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium:
Mostly found lining larger ducts of certain glands
Mammary gland, salivary gland
Usually has just two layers
21. COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Simple Columnar Epithelium:
Columnar cells are longer than they are wide.
Simple columnar epithelium made up of a single
layer of tall cells that fit closely together
Ultimate cells for absorption and secretion
Largest cytoplasmic volumes of all epithelial cells
Line digestive organs (stomach – Rectum)
Have microvilli (small intestines) to increase surface area
Line small bronchioles and uterine tubes
Have cilia which aid in movement of mucous and reproductive
cells respectively
22. COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Goblet cells
Specialised simple columnar cells which secrete
mucous onto the free surface of epithelium
23. COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Stratified Columnar Epithelium:
Very rare
Lines ducts of large glands (e.g. salivary)
Parts of pharynx
Male urethra
24. COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium:
Pseudo – false
Appear to be layered but all cells touch the basement
membrane
Nuclei appear at different heights above the
basement membrane giving false impression that it
is stratified.
25. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
Special type of epithelium
Change shape in response to tension
Main locations are urinary bladder, ureters and part
of urethra
All above sites need to stretch
Appear to be stratified cuboidal when not stretched and as
stratified squamous when the organ is distended and tissue is
stretched
Also known as urothelium since almost exclusively
found in the urinary system
27. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
A gland consists of one or more cells that produce
and secrete a particular product
Most glands consist primarily of epithelial tissue
Two major types of glands develop from epithelial
tissue:
1. Endocrine Glands
2. Exocrine Glands
28. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Secrete products (hormones) directly into the
bloodstream
Have no ducts (ductless)
Examples: thyroid and adrenal gland
29. EXOCRINE GLANDS
Have ducts
Secretions empty through the ducts to the epithelial
surface
Example sweat glands, mammary gland
Glands are multicellular except goblet cells which are
unicellular
Various ways of classifying but mainly done according to
1. Structure
2. Mode or method of secretion
3. Product or nature of secretion
30. EXOCRINE GLANDS
STRUCTURE:
Exocrine glands contain a glandular (secretory)
portion and a duct portion
Based on duct portion
Simple – Unbranched
Compound – Branched
Based on glandular portion
Tubular – forms a tube
Acinar – form a bulblike sac
If the glandular portion is branched, the gland is
called a branched gland.
32. EXOCRINE GLANDS
MODE OF SECRETION:
Secretory cells release products into ducts in 3
different ways
1. Merocrine
2. Apocrine
3. Holocrine
33. EXOCRINE GLAND
MEROCRINE GLAND:
Secretions pass through the cell membrane of the
secretory cells – through exocytosis mainly
Most glands of this type
Salivary, Pancreas
34. EXOCRINE GLAND
APOCRINE GLAND:
Apical portions of secretory cells pinched off and lost
during secretory process
Secretory product contains a variety of molecular
components including those of membrane
Mammary gland
35. EXOCRINE GLAND
HOLOCRINE GLAND:
Entire secretory cell disintegrates and released along
with the content.
Results in most complex secretory product
Sebaceous gland, some sweat glands located in axillae, pubic
area and around areola of breasts
37. PRODUCT/ NATURE OF SECRETION
Nature or product of secretion is also used to classify
exocrine glands:
1. Mucous glands
Secrete thick mucus
Brunner’s glands (in duodenum)
2. Serous glands
Secrete a thinner, watery substance and usually contain enzymes
E.g. Chief cells in stomach
3. Mixed glands
Produce both mucous and serous secretions (have both mucous
and serous cells)
E.g. Salivary glands (submandibular gland)