This document discusses menopause and infertility. It describes the symptoms women experience during menopause due to declining estrogen levels, including hot flashes, mood swings, and fatigue. It also outlines various causes of infertility in males, such as low sperm count or abnormal sperm, and in females, such as ovarian cysts, uterine abnormalities, or lack of ovulation due to hormonal imbalances. Treatment options mentioned include hormone replacement therapy for menopause symptoms.
2. CHANGES DURING MENOPAUSE –
POSTMENOPAUSAL SYNDROME
• Postmenopausal syndrome is the group of
symptoms that appear in women immediately
after menopause.
• It is characterized by certain physical,
physiological and psychological changes.
CAUSE
Major cause for the symptoms is the lack of
estrogen and progesterone.
3. SYMPTOMS
Symptoms do not appear in all women. Some
women develop mild symptoms and some
women develop severe symptoms, which last
for few months to few years.
Symptoms of postmenopausal syndrome:
1. Hot flashes characterized by extreme flushing
of the skin
4. 2. Vasomotor instability: Wide fluctuation in blood
pressure may be present.
3. Fatigue
4. Nervousness
5. Emotional outburst like crying and anger
6. Mental depression
7. Insomnia 8
8. Palpitation
9. Vertigo
10. Headache
11. Numbness or tingling sensation
12. Urinary disturbances such as increased frequency of
micturition
13. Long-term effects of estrogen lack such as
osteoporosis and atherosclerosis
6. Infertility
DEFINITION
• Infertility is the inability to produce the
offspring. In females, it is the inability to
conceive a child by natural process or inability
to carry pregnancy till the completion of term
7. INFERTILITY IN MALES
CAUSES:
1. Decreased Sperm Count – Oligozoospermia
• Normal sperm count in a male is about 100 to
150 millions/mL of semen. Infertility occurs
when the sperm count decreases below 20
millions/mL of semen.
2. Abnormal Sperms
• Sometimes, the sperm count may be normal,
but the structure of the sperm may be
abnormal. The sperms may be without tail and
non motile or with two heads or with abnormal
head. When a large number of abnormal sperms
are produced infertility occurs
8. 3. Obstruction of Reproductive Ducts Obstruction of
reproductive ducts like vas deferens leads to infertility.
4. Other Disorders
i. Cryptorchidism
ii. Trauma
iii. Mumps
iv. Long-term use of drugs
v. Alcoholism
vi. Genetic disorders
vii. Hypothalamic disorders
viii. Disorders of pituitary, thyroid and pancreas.
9. INFERTILITY IN FEMALES
CAUSES:
1. Abnormalities of Ovary
• Sometimes, a thick capsule develops around
the ovaries and prevents ovulation. In some
women, ovaries develop cysts (membranous
sac containing fluid). In these conditions,
maturation and release of ovum does not
occur
10. 2. Abnormalities of Uterus
• A type of endometrial tissue similar to uterine
endometrium grows in the pelvic cavity
surrounding the uterus, fallopian tubes and
ovaries. It is called endometriosis. And,
pregnancy does not occur in this condition.
3. Absence of Ovulation
• Ovulation does not occur in some females,
because of hyposecretion of gonadtropic
hormones. The cycle without ovulation is
known as anovulatory cycle.
11. 4. Other Disorders
i. Diabetes mellitus
ii. Renal diseases
iii. Liver diseases
iv. Hypothalamic disorders
v. Disorders of pituitary gland, thyroid and
adrenal glands.
