Bch presentation

1. BCH PRESENTATION.
(BLOOD CHEMISTRY & DETOXIFICATION).
DR. NOA IMAGA
GROUP 5
19/04/2024

2. Topic:-
HOW DOES THE LIVER
DETOXIFY?
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CYTOCHROME P450
IN LIVER DETOXIFICATION?

3. Liver anatomy and function.
Introduction to liver detoxification.
Cytochrome P450(CYP) enzymes.
Phase 1 Detoxification (CYP P450).
Phase 2 detoxification (CYP P450).
Factors influencing detoxification
efficiency.
CONTENTS.
2
3
4
1
6
5

4. ANATOMY OF THE LIVER.
3. SURFACES OF THE LIVER:
▫️Diaphragmatic surface:- Faces the
diaphragm and covered by visceral
peritoneum, except at the porta hepatis
▫️Visceral surface:- Covered by visceral
peritoneum and directly related to
various anatomical structures.
4.BLOOD SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE:
▫️oxygenated blood flows in from the
hepatic artery.
▫️Nutrient-rich blood enters via the
hepatic portal vein.
1. POSITION AND LOCATION:
The liver is a vital organ located in
the upper right quadrant of the
abdomen, just below the diaphragm.
It plays a central role in metabolism,
digestion, detoxification, and
immune function. It approximately
weighs 1.5kg and it is the largest
gland in the body.
2. LOBES OF THE LIVER: Consists
of 4 anatomical lobes namely:
▫️Right lobe
▫️Left lobe
▫️Caudate lobe
▫️Quadrate lobe

5. FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER.
The liver is a complex organ with multiple vital functions
that are essential for maintaining overall health and
homeostasis in the body. Some of its functions includes:
1. Metabolic Function
2. Detoxification
3. Bile Production and Secretion
4. Storage
5. Immune Function
6. Synthesis of Horones and Plasma Proteins
7. Bilirubin Excretion

6. INTRODUCTION TO LIVER DETOXIFICATION.
Detoxification in the liver involves majorly three phases:
• Phase 1: Enzymes modify the structure of toxins or
waste products, often making them more water-soluble.
• Phase 2: These modified molecules are then conjugated
with other molecules like glutathione, further facilitating
their elimination.
• Phase 3(Bile Production): The liver produces bile, a
yellowish fluid that helps digest fats and carries away
waste products and toxins for excretion in the faeces.

7. PHASE 1 DETOXIFICATION USING
CYTOCHROME P450
• Cytochrome P450 enzymes play a vital role in the detoxification of
xenobiotics which are foreign compounds which may be ingested as
drugs or compounds produced in the body by bacterial metabolism.
• Cytochrome P450 enzymes are heme containing enzymes found
and localized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the liver which
helps in detoxification of these foreign molecules.
• This detoxification process of foreign compounds are seen in phase
1 and phase 2 reactions, in which the foreign molecules which are
lipophilic and hydrophobic are converted into hydrophilic molecules
for easy excretion into the bile and elimination of less toxic produce.

8. PHASE II DETOXIFICATION USING
CYTOCHROME P450
• Phase II metabolism takes place if phase I is insufficient to clear a
compound from circulation, or if phase 1 generates a reactive metabolite.
• A xenobiotic that has undergone a phase 1 reaction is now a new
metabolite that contains a reactive chemical group, e.g hydroxyl (-OH).
• These metabolites must undergo additional biotransformation as a phase 2
reaction.
• Phase 2 reactions are conjugation reactions; a molecule present in the body
is added to the reactive site of the phase 1 metabolite.
• Glucuronidation is the most common type of phase II reaction, and occurs in
the microsomal enzyme system (found in the ER of hepatocytes) of the
liver. This reaction increases the solubility of the drugs so that they can be
secreted in the bile or urine.
• The glucuronic acid is added to xenobiotics by UDP-glucoronyl-
transferases, present in the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

10. IMPORTANCE OF DETOXIFICATION IN THE
LIVER.
1.Filtering harmful substances: Protects the body from
potential damage caused by toxins.
2.Regulating Blood Sugar: Maintains blood sugar levels by
storing and releasing glucose as needed.
3.Protein Synthesis: Produces important proteins like
albumin, involved in blood volume maintenance and
transporting substances.
4.Blood Clotting: Produces clotting factors essential for
proper blood clotting.

11. CYTOCHROME P450(CYP) ENZYMES.
What is cytochrome p450?
• Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a family of enzymes found primarily in
the liver and other tissues in the body.
• These enzymes play a crucial role in metabolizing drugs, toxins, and
other foreign compounds, making them more water-soluble and easier
for the body to excrete.
• CYP450 enzymes are involved in the metabolism of a wide range of
substances including medications, steroids, fatty acids, and
environmental chemicals.
• They are essential for drug metabolism and can influence how quickly or
slowly a drug is broken down in the body, affecting its efficacy and
potential side effects.
• Cytochrome P450 Enzymes stands for:
Cyto-They are bound to the membrane of cells.
Chrome and P- contains heme pigment.
450-These proteins produce a spectrum with wavelength 450nm

12. WHAT ORGANS ARE THE CYP450
ENZYMES FOUND?
• The cyp450 enzymes are found primarily in the
liver, but they are also found in the kidneys,
intestines, and lungs.
• The liver is the main site of drug metabolism, but
the other organs can also play a role in
metabolizing certain drugs.
• The level of cyp450 enzymes in each organ can
vary from person to person, which can affect
how a drug is metabolized and how it is
distributed throughout the body.

13. FACTORS AFFECTING DETOXIFICATION
EFFICIENCY.
• Detoxification Efficiency: Genes and Lifestyle.
Our body's ability to detoxify depends on a complex interplay between genetics
and lifestyle. Here's a breakdown of three key factors:
1. Genetic Polymorphisms and Epigenetic Changes in CYP Genes:
• CYP Genes
• Genetic Polymorphisms
• Epigenetic Changes
2. Lifestyle Choices and Detoxification:
• Diet
• Sleep
• Exercse
• Gut Health
• Toxins & Pollutants

14. 3. Interindividual Variations in Drug Response due to CYP-
mediated Metabolism: The efficiency of CYP enzymes significantly
impacts how individuals respond to medications. Here's how:
• Slow Metabolizers
• Fast Metabolizers

15. GROUP 5(MEMBERS).
SUBGROUP A,
1. Ademuyiwa Eriifeoluwa Joy
2. Hameed Daniel Olanrewaju
3. Tadese Fatai Bamidele
4. Adeola Folarin-Williams
5. Adewunmi Samuel Olamilekan
6. Adewakun Oluwamayowa Oluwademilade
7. Muhammad Habeebullah Alada
8. Ajayi Elizabeth Oluwatobiloba
9. Bankole Busayo Okunola
10. Abiola Grace Evelyn
SUBGROUP B,
11. Kolawole Bankole Andrew
12. Osiniyi Peter
13. Olalekan Adedamola Joshua
14. Akinsanya Oluwatimilehin Emmanuel
15. Ekpemiro Chiemeziem Ugochukwu

16. SUBGROUP C,
16. Ohaotu Chinonso Mary
17. Bejide Teniola Olanrenwaju
18. Lateef-Aminu Faridah Oluwaferanmi
19. Kaka Ayodamola Aishat
20. Ajani Nafisat
21. Olumide Mercy Oluwatobiloba
22. Godman Wisdom
SUBGROUP D,
23.Olatunji Taiwo Deborah
24.Otori Deborah Ohunene
25.Olusheye OroOluwa Christianah
26.Niyi-Dare Oluwademilade Opeyemi
27.Samuel Omotayo
28.Arifayan Alexander Emmanuel
29.Grace Peter Adindu
30.Saliu Kafayat
31.Ugbodaga Josephine Kehinde
SUBGROUP E,
32. Oyibo Oghenemaro.
33.Joseph Adeyemo
34. Soyingbe Senami Ummu-Kulthum
35. Adeniyi Adesewa.
36. Ibitoye Eniola Racheal.
37. Amadedon Oloruntobiloba Oluseyi
38.Chukwu, Simone-Marie Afomachukwu.
39. Mustapha Zainab
SUBGROUP F,
40.oluwadare iyanu silvanus
41.Adeyemo Oluwafisayomi Adenike
42.Anoma Onyinyechukwu Daniella
43. Ajiboye Ibukunoluwa
44. Ntekop Inie-Abasi Danielle
45. Ojelade Mubarak Bolarinwa
46. Obakpolor Precious OLUWATOBI
47. Raji Arafat Ajedolapo.
48. Olowo Favor Ayoola
49. Chukwu Michael
GROUP 5(MEMBERS).