The document discusses functions in C programming. Some key points:
- Functions allow programmers to break programs into independent, reusable segments called functions. Functions perform well-defined tasks and isolate code from other functions.
- Functions have a name and can call other functions. The main() function is called first by the operating system. Functions can call multiple other functions recursively.
- Benefits of functions include modularity, reusability, easier debugging, and simplifying program development. Functions divide programs into testable units.
- Elements of functions include definition, declaration, prototype, call, parameters, return values, and scope. Functions can pass parameters by value or reference and return or not return values.
The document discusses user defined functions in C. It explains that functions allow programmers to break programs into modular, reusable chunks of code. It covers the basics of defining functions, including function headers, parameters, return types, and calling functions. Examples are provided to illustrate defining and calling simple functions.
Programming Fundamentals Functions in C and typesimtiazalijoono
Programming Fundamentals
Functions in C
Lecture Outline
• Functions
• Function declaration
• Function call
• Function definition
– Passing arguments to function
1) Passing constants
2) Passing variables
– Pass by value
– Returning values from functions
• Preprocessor directives
• Local and external variables
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines what functions are and their advantages, such as modularity, reusability and avoiding code repetition. It covers different types of functions based on arguments and return values. Additionally, it discusses function definitions, prototypes, scope, storage classes, recursion, call by value vs reference and examples of functions.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as blocks of code that perform a specific task and can be called by other parts of the code. It covers the different components of functions like declarations, definitions, calls, passing arguments, and recursive functions. Recursive functions are functions that call themselves to break down a problem into smaller sub-problems until a base case is reached.
This document discusses predefined and user-defined functions in JavaScript. It explains that functions allow code to be reused by passing control between the call and definition. Both built-in functions like alert() and user-defined functions can be created. User-defined functions are defined with the function keyword and name, may accept parameters, and control returns to the call site after execution. Functions encapsulate reusable blocks of code.
The document discusses user-defined functions in C++. It explains that a function allows structuring programs in a modular way by grouping statements that are executed when the function is called. The format of a function includes its return type, name, parameters, and function body enclosed in curly braces. Functions can be called by passing arguments, which are copied to the function's local parameter variables. Functions can return a single value. Function prototypes declare a function's interface without defining its body, allowing a function to be called before it is defined. Arguments can be passed by value, where copies are passed, or by reference, where the function can modify the original variables. Arrays can be passed to functions by only passing the array name
The document discusses functions in C programming. The key points are:
1. A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions allow code reusability and modularity.
2. main() is the starting point of a C program where execution begins. User-defined functions are called from main() or other functions.
3. Functions can take arguments and return values. There are different ways functions can be defined based on these criteria.
4. Variables used within a function have local scope while global variables can be accessed from anywhere. Pointers allow passing arguments by reference.
The document discusses user defined functions in C. It explains that functions allow programmers to break programs into modular, reusable chunks of code. It covers the basics of defining functions, including function headers, parameters, return types, and calling functions. Examples are provided to illustrate defining and calling simple functions.
Programming Fundamentals Functions in C and typesimtiazalijoono
Programming Fundamentals
Functions in C
Lecture Outline
• Functions
• Function declaration
• Function call
• Function definition
– Passing arguments to function
1) Passing constants
2) Passing variables
– Pass by value
– Returning values from functions
• Preprocessor directives
• Local and external variables
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines what functions are and their advantages, such as modularity, reusability and avoiding code repetition. It covers different types of functions based on arguments and return values. Additionally, it discusses function definitions, prototypes, scope, storage classes, recursion, call by value vs reference and examples of functions.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as blocks of code that perform a specific task and can be called by other parts of the code. It covers the different components of functions like declarations, definitions, calls, passing arguments, and recursive functions. Recursive functions are functions that call themselves to break down a problem into smaller sub-problems until a base case is reached.
This document discusses predefined and user-defined functions in JavaScript. It explains that functions allow code to be reused by passing control between the call and definition. Both built-in functions like alert() and user-defined functions can be created. User-defined functions are defined with the function keyword and name, may accept parameters, and control returns to the call site after execution. Functions encapsulate reusable blocks of code.
The document discusses user-defined functions in C++. It explains that a function allows structuring programs in a modular way by grouping statements that are executed when the function is called. The format of a function includes its return type, name, parameters, and function body enclosed in curly braces. Functions can be called by passing arguments, which are copied to the function's local parameter variables. Functions can return a single value. Function prototypes declare a function's interface without defining its body, allowing a function to be called before it is defined. Arguments can be passed by value, where copies are passed, or by reference, where the function can modify the original variables. Arrays can be passed to functions by only passing the array name
The document discusses functions in C programming. The key points are:
1. A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions allow code reusability and modularity.
2. main() is the starting point of a C program where execution begins. User-defined functions are called from main() or other functions.
3. Functions can take arguments and return values. There are different ways functions can be defined based on these criteria.
4. Variables used within a function have local scope while global variables can be accessed from anywhere. Pointers allow passing arguments by reference.
The document discusses different types of control statements in C programming including decision control statements, iteration statements, and transfer statements. It provides details about if, if-else, switch, while, do-while, for loops. Decision control statements like if, if-else, switch allow altering the flow of execution based on certain conditions. Iteration statements like while, do-while, for are used to repeat a block of code until the given condition is true. They allow looping in a program.
The document discusses functions in C programming and structured programming. It explains that a C program consists of user-defined functions that each solve smaller subproblems obtained through top-down design. Functions are defined with a return type, parameter list, and body. Functions can call other functions. Arguments are passed by value, so changes to parameters do not affect the original variables. The document provides examples of function prototypes, definitions, and calls.
This document defines and explains functions in C programming. It states that a function is a block of code that performs a specific task and contains its own definition. There are two types of functions: predefined functions that are included in header files, and user-defined functions that are created by the user. User-defined functions can have no arguments with no return type, no arguments with a return type, arguments with no return type, or arguments with a return type. Arguments pass data values from the calling function to the called function. A function is called by another function and will only execute when called.
Functions and recursion are programming concepts. A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions have a prototype, call, and body. Recursion is a technique where a function calls itself to solve a problem. It breaks the problem into smaller subproblems until it reaches a base case. Recursion uses the call stack to remember the state each time the function calls itself. Tail recursion is when the recursive call is the last thing executed, while head recursion calls itself first.
Functions allow programmers to break programs into smaller, reusable parts. There are two types of functions in C: library functions and user-defined functions. User-defined functions make programs easier to understand, debug, test and maintain. Functions are declared with a return type and can accept arguments. Functions can call other functions, allowing for modular and structured program design.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines a function as a self-contained block of code that performs a specific task. Functions make code more modular and reusable. There are two types of functions: standard/library functions and user-defined functions. Functions can take input parameters and return values. Functions are an essential part of program structure in C as they help organize code and logic.
Note: This slide was created by me. I am Md. Touhidul Islam Shawan. Here in these slide I have written about some basic points of function of c program and how the function works.
The document presents information about functions in the C programming language. It discusses what a C function is, the different types of C functions including library functions and user-defined functions. It provides examples of how to declare, define, call and pass arguments to C functions. Key points covered include how functions allow dividing a large program into smaller subprograms, the ability to call functions multiple times, and how functions improve readability, debugging and reusability of code. An example program demonstrates a simple C function that calculates the square of a number.
The document discusses functions in C++, including how they can be used to break programs into modular and reusable parts. Functions allow for passing of data between caller and callee functions through arguments. There are different ways functions can handle arguments, including call by value, call by address, and call by reference.
This document discusses different types of functions in C programming. It defines library functions, user-defined functions, and the key elements of functions like prototypes, arguments, parameters, return values. It categorizes functions based on whether they have arguments and return values. The document also explains how functions are called, either by value where changes are not reflected back or by reference where the original values are changed.
The document provides instructions on how to execute C# programs and includes examples of simple C# programs. It discusses installing the .NET framework, setting the PATH variable, using commands like "csc" and "dotnet" to compile and run programs. Example programs shown include adding two numbers, displaying command line arguments, using the Math class, and handling exceptions. Custom exception classes are also demonstrated.
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. You can divide up your code into separate functions.
The document discusses the scope of variables in C programming. It defines variables as storage locations that hold temporary data. Variables can be declared locally within a function or globally outside of all functions. Local variables are only accessible within their declaration block, while global variables can be accessed from any function. The document provides examples of local and global variable declarations and discusses best practices around their use.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as self-contained blocks of code that perform a specific task. Functions make a program more modular and easier to debug by dividing a large program into smaller, simpler tasks. Functions can take arguments as input and return values. Functions are called from within a program to execute their code.
This document discusses functions in C programming. It begins by explaining why programs should be divided into smaller subprograms or functions for manageability. There are two types of functions: library functions which are pre-defined and cannot be modified, and user-defined functions which are created by the user. Every C program must contain a main() function. Functions allow code reusability and modularity. Parameters are used to pass data between functions. The return statement returns data from a function. Local variables are only accessible within their own function.
1) A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions increase code reusability and improve readability.
2) There are two types of functions - predefined library functions and user-defined functions. User-defined functions are customized functions created by the user.
3) The main() function is where program execution begins. It can call other functions, which may themselves call additional functions. This creates a hierarchical relationship between calling and called functions.
A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. It takes input, processes it, and returns output. There are two types of functions: library functions provided by the C language, and user-defined functions created by the programmer. Functions allow programmers to divide a large program into smaller, separate, and reusable parts of code. Functions make code more organized and modular.
The document discusses different types of control statements in C programming including decision control statements, iteration statements, and transfer statements. It provides details about if, if-else, switch, while, do-while, for loops. Decision control statements like if, if-else, switch allow altering the flow of execution based on certain conditions. Iteration statements like while, do-while, for are used to repeat a block of code until the given condition is true. They allow looping in a program.
The document discusses functions in C programming and structured programming. It explains that a C program consists of user-defined functions that each solve smaller subproblems obtained through top-down design. Functions are defined with a return type, parameter list, and body. Functions can call other functions. Arguments are passed by value, so changes to parameters do not affect the original variables. The document provides examples of function prototypes, definitions, and calls.
This document defines and explains functions in C programming. It states that a function is a block of code that performs a specific task and contains its own definition. There are two types of functions: predefined functions that are included in header files, and user-defined functions that are created by the user. User-defined functions can have no arguments with no return type, no arguments with a return type, arguments with no return type, or arguments with a return type. Arguments pass data values from the calling function to the called function. A function is called by another function and will only execute when called.
Functions and recursion are programming concepts. A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions have a prototype, call, and body. Recursion is a technique where a function calls itself to solve a problem. It breaks the problem into smaller subproblems until it reaches a base case. Recursion uses the call stack to remember the state each time the function calls itself. Tail recursion is when the recursive call is the last thing executed, while head recursion calls itself first.
Functions allow programmers to break programs into smaller, reusable parts. There are two types of functions in C: library functions and user-defined functions. User-defined functions make programs easier to understand, debug, test and maintain. Functions are declared with a return type and can accept arguments. Functions can call other functions, allowing for modular and structured program design.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines a function as a self-contained block of code that performs a specific task. Functions make code more modular and reusable. There are two types of functions: standard/library functions and user-defined functions. Functions can take input parameters and return values. Functions are an essential part of program structure in C as they help organize code and logic.
Note: This slide was created by me. I am Md. Touhidul Islam Shawan. Here in these slide I have written about some basic points of function of c program and how the function works.
The document presents information about functions in the C programming language. It discusses what a C function is, the different types of C functions including library functions and user-defined functions. It provides examples of how to declare, define, call and pass arguments to C functions. Key points covered include how functions allow dividing a large program into smaller subprograms, the ability to call functions multiple times, and how functions improve readability, debugging and reusability of code. An example program demonstrates a simple C function that calculates the square of a number.
The document discusses functions in C++, including how they can be used to break programs into modular and reusable parts. Functions allow for passing of data between caller and callee functions through arguments. There are different ways functions can handle arguments, including call by value, call by address, and call by reference.
This document discusses different types of functions in C programming. It defines library functions, user-defined functions, and the key elements of functions like prototypes, arguments, parameters, return values. It categorizes functions based on whether they have arguments and return values. The document also explains how functions are called, either by value where changes are not reflected back or by reference where the original values are changed.
The document provides instructions on how to execute C# programs and includes examples of simple C# programs. It discusses installing the .NET framework, setting the PATH variable, using commands like "csc" and "dotnet" to compile and run programs. Example programs shown include adding two numbers, displaying command line arguments, using the Math class, and handling exceptions. Custom exception classes are also demonstrated.
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. You can divide up your code into separate functions.
The document discusses the scope of variables in C programming. It defines variables as storage locations that hold temporary data. Variables can be declared locally within a function or globally outside of all functions. Local variables are only accessible within their declaration block, while global variables can be accessed from any function. The document provides examples of local and global variable declarations and discusses best practices around their use.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as self-contained blocks of code that perform a specific task. Functions make a program more modular and easier to debug by dividing a large program into smaller, simpler tasks. Functions can take arguments as input and return values. Functions are called from within a program to execute their code.
This document discusses functions in C programming. It begins by explaining why programs should be divided into smaller subprograms or functions for manageability. There are two types of functions: library functions which are pre-defined and cannot be modified, and user-defined functions which are created by the user. Every C program must contain a main() function. Functions allow code reusability and modularity. Parameters are used to pass data between functions. The return statement returns data from a function. Local variables are only accessible within their own function.
1) A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions increase code reusability and improve readability.
2) There are two types of functions - predefined library functions and user-defined functions. User-defined functions are customized functions created by the user.
3) The main() function is where program execution begins. It can call other functions, which may themselves call additional functions. This creates a hierarchical relationship between calling and called functions.
A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. It takes input, processes it, and returns output. There are two types of functions: library functions provided by the C language, and user-defined functions created by the programmer. Functions allow programmers to divide a large program into smaller, separate, and reusable parts of code. Functions make code more organized and modular.
Functions are the building blocks where every program activity occurs. They are self-contained program segments that carry out some specific, well-defined task. Every C program must have a function c functions list. c functions multiple choice questions
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as segments of code that perform well-defined tasks. Functions break up programs into smaller, more manageable parts. A function is called by another function, known as the calling function. When called, the program control jumps to the called function, executes its code, then returns control to the calling function. Functions make programs easier to understand, code, test and maintain. They also allow for code reusability through pre-written library functions. The document covers function declaration, definition, calling, parameters, return values, scope, and recursion.
A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called. You can pass data, known as parameters, into a function. Functions are used to perform certain actions, and they are important for reusing code: Define the code once, and use it many times.
functions in c language_functions in c language.pptxMehakBhatia38
The document discusses different types of functions in C language. It explains that functions are used to group reusable code and reduce repetition. There are two main types of functions - user defined functions which are created by the programmer, and library functions which are predefined. User defined functions provide flexibility but must be declared, while library functions can be used directly after including the header file. The document also covers function definition syntax, parameters, return types, scope, and calling functions.
Functions are blocks of code that perform specific tasks. There are two types of functions: predefined/library functions provided by C, and user-defined functions created by the programmer. Functions make programs more modular and reusable. A function definition includes the function header with its name, parameters, and return type. The function body contains the code to execute. Functions are called by their name and actual parameters are passed in. Parameters in the function header are formal parameters that receive the passed in values. Functions can return values to the calling code.
Functions allow programmers to structure code into modular, reusable units. A function contains a block of code that is executed when the function is called. Functions take parameters as input and can return a value. The example function "addition" takes two integer parameters, adds them together, and returns the result. The main function calls addition, passing it the values 5 and 3, and stores the returned value 8 in the variable z. Functions help avoid duplicating code and make programs easier to design, understand, and maintain.
FUNCTION IN C PROGRAMMING UNIT -6 (BCA I SEM)Mansi Tyagi
A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. There are two types of functions: library functions and user-defined functions. User-defined functions are created by the programmer to perform specific tasks within a program. Recursion is when a function calls itself during its execution. For a recursive function to terminate, it must have a base case and each recursive call must get closer to the base case. An example is a recursive function to calculate the factorial of a number. Storage classes determine where variables are stored and their scope. The main storage classes are automatic, register, static, and external.
The document provides an overview of functions in C++. It discusses the basic concepts of functions including declaring, defining, and calling functions. It covers function components like parameters and arguments. It explains passing parameters by value and reference. It also discusses different types of functions like built-in functions, user-defined functions, and functions with default arguments. Additionally, it covers concepts like scope of variables, return statement, recursion, and automatic vs static variables. The document is intended to teach the fundamentals of functions as building blocks of C++ programs.
The document provides an overview of functions in C++. It discusses the basic concepts of functions including declaring, defining, and calling functions. It covers different types of functions such as built-in functions, user-defined functions, and functions that return values. The key components of a function like the prototype, definition, parameters, arguments, and return statement are explained. It also describes different ways of passing parameters to functions, including call by value and call by reference. Functions allow breaking down programs into smaller, reusable components, making the code more readable, maintainable and reducing errors.
Y. N. D. Aravind presents on functions in C programming. The presentation covers:
- The objectives of functions, parameters, arrays, and recursion.
- The definition of a function as reusable block of code that performs a specific task.
- The four categories of functions based on arguments and return values.
- Passing arguments to functions by value (copying) versus by reference (address).
The document discusses different types of functions in C programming. It begins by explaining what functions are and their basic components like function name, arguments, return type, etc. It then describes the four categories of functions:
1) Functions with no arguments and no return values
2) Functions with arguments but no return values
3) Functions with arguments and return values
4) Functions with no arguments but return values
Examples of each category are provided to illustrate how they work. The document also covers other topics like library functions, user-defined functions, and differences between local and global variables.
The document discusses user-defined functions in C programming. It covers topics like function declaration, definition, parameters, return values, function calls, categories of functions, recursion, scope and storage classes of variables in functions. Specifically, it defines a function, explains the need for user-defined functions, and describes the elements and different types of functions.
C Programming Language is the most popular computer language and most used programming language till now. It is very simple and elegant language. This lecture series will give you basic concepts of structured programming language with C.
The document discusses functions in C++. It defines functions as subprograms that can be compiled and tested separately, and reused in different programs. This modularization aids in managing large programs. Functions make programs easier to plan, code, test, debug, understand and maintain. Well-defined functions can be called from main() or from other functions. Parameters allow functions to access values from the calling context. Functions may return values to provide results. Functions increase code reuse and reduce duplication.
The document discusses functions in C++. It defines a function as a named block of code that performs some action. Functions allow code to be reused by calling the function by name. They make programs easier to modify, maintain and develop. The document describes different types of functions like user-defined and built-in functions. It also covers function declaration, definition, scope, passing parameters, and provides examples.
C programming language working with functions 1Jeevan Raj
A function is a named, independent block of code that performs a specific task. Functions allow programmers to break programs into smaller, reusable pieces of code. A function is defined with a name, parameters, a return type, and a body containing statements. Functions can return values to the code where they were called. Functions make programs more modular and organized.
1. Functions allow programmers to break complex problems into smaller, discrete tasks, making code more modular and reusable. Functions perform specific tasks and can optionally return values or receive parameters.
2. There are two types of functions - predefined functions from standard libraries like stdio.h and math.h, and user-defined functions created for specialized tasks. Functions have a name, parameters, return type, and body.
3. Functions improve code organization and readability. They separate implementation from interface and allow code reuse. Parameters can be passed by value, where copies are used, or by reference, where the function can modify the original arguments.
1. The document discusses software project planning and estimation techniques. It covers size estimation, cost estimation, development time estimation, and project scheduling.
2. The document discusses different techniques for estimating the size of a software project, including lines of code counting and function point analysis. It provides examples of how to apply function point analysis to estimate the size of a project.
3. Function point analysis breaks a project into different functional components or units and assigns weighted scores to each unit based on complexity. The counts are then adjusted based on other project factors to determine the total function points of the project, which can then estimate development effort.
The document describes the generations of computers from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, including the key technologies of each generation like transistors, magnetic core memory, and microprocessors. It also covers the basic organization of a computer including input, storage, processing, output, and control. Classification of computers is discussed based on speed, storage capacity, and price.
C was initially developed for writing system software. It has since become a popular language for various software programs. C is a high-level language that uses functions and supports structured programming. It facilitates low-level programming through pointers and access to hardware addresses. C is commonly used for systems programming due to its portability, efficiency and ability to access hardware. A C program contains functions, and execution begins with the main() function. Variables must be declared before use and are given a data type. Comments can be included to document a program. Standard headers and libraries provide common functions to C programs.
The document provides information about common internet terms and concepts:
- The internet is a global network of computers that allows browsing of websites through internet browsers like Internet Explorer or Netscape.
- Websites contain one or more web pages that users can navigate between by clicking links. Each website has a unique web address made up of components like http:// and a domain name that identifies its location.
- Common endings to web addresses indicate if a site is commercial (.com), educational (.edu), a government site (.gov) or located in a specific country domain like .ca for Canada.
This document does not contain any substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It appears to be a list of numbers from 1 to 12 with the word "Blogs" and "Video" listed but no other context or details provided.
The document provides information about HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) including its basic structure and common tags. It defines HTML as the standard language used to create web pages and describes how it uses tags to mark up text and structure documents. The summary highlights key points about HTML tags for headings, paragraphs and other page elements, and how the basic HTML document structure includes elements like <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body>.
This document discusses different types of computers based on their mode of use. It describes notebook computers, personal computers, workstations, mainframe systems, supercomputers, client and server computers, and handheld computers. For each type, it provides details on their key features such as size, processing power, memory capacity, operating systems, popular usage, and examples of major manufacturers. It compares the characteristics of different computer types to classify them.
This document discusses the key functions and concepts of operating systems, including process management, memory management, security, and command interpretation. It covers early uniprogramming systems and the evolution to modern multiprogramming and multitasking capabilities that allow multiple processes to run concurrently by switching between them rapidly. The document examines process states and mechanisms used for process management in early systems versus modern operating systems.
The document discusses operating systems, describing them as programs that interface between users and computers to manage resources and tasks. It covers types of operating systems like single-user versus multi-user, and major functions including resource management, data management, and job management. The document also examines user interfaces, distinguishing between command line interfaces using text commands and graphical user interfaces using icons, windows, menus and pointers. Finally, it lists some examples of popular operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and Android.
This document provides information on different types of storage devices used in computer systems. It discusses primary storage such as RAM, ROM, and cache that are directly connected to the CPU. Secondary storage devices include hard disks that are not directly accessible by the CPU. Tertiary storage examples are magnetic tapes and optical discs, which involve robotic mechanisms to access large volumes of archived data. Offline storage includes removable media like floppy disks, USB drives, and memory cards that require human insertion before the CPU can access the stored data.
This document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as segments of code that perform well-defined tasks and can be called independently. Functions make programs modular and easier to write, test and debug. The key points covered include:
- Functions break programs into reusable segments that are easier to write and test than one large function.
- Functions have a name, return type, parameters and a body. They can call other functions.
- Parameters pass input values to functions, and functions return output values to the calling code.
- Functions must be declared, defined and called properly based on their parameters and return type.
- Functions make code reusable and simplify programming complex tasks.
The document discusses structures and unions in C programming. It defines a structure as a user-defined data type that groups together related data of different types under a single name. A union is similar to a structure but can only store one data member at a time as it allocates memory for the largest data type. The key points covered include declaring and initializing structures and unions, accessing structure members, arrays of structures, structures within structures, and comparing structures and unions.
The document discusses strings in C programming. It defines strings as sequences of characters stored as character arrays that are terminated with a null character. It covers string literals, declaring and initializing string variables, reading and writing strings, and common string manipulation functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), and strcat(). These functions allow operations on strings like getting the length, copying strings, comparing strings, and concatenating strings.
The document discusses various topics related to arrays including:
- Defining an array as a collection of similar data elements of the same type stored in consecutive memory locations referenced by an index.
- Syntax for declaring arrays and accessing elements using a loop and subscript.
- Calculating addresses of array elements.
- Storing, initializing, inputting, and assigning values to array elements.
- Calculating the length of an array.
- Algorithms for inserting and deleting elements from an array.
- Sorting algorithms like bubble, selection, and insertion sort.
- Searching techniques like linear and binary search.
The document discusses various decision control and looping statements in C programming language including if, if-else, switch case, while, do-while and for loops. It provides syntax and examples to demonstrate how these statements work. Key decision control statements covered are if, if-else-if and switch case statements. The main looping statements discussed are while, do-while and for loops along with concepts like break, continue and goto statements to alter normal flow in loops.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the C programming language. It discusses that C was developed in the 1970s and is commonly used today. The document outlines key characteristics of C like its small size and support for structured programming. It also describes common uses of C like for systems programming and end-user applications. The structure of a basic C program is shown including the main function and other functions. The different files used in a C program like source code files and header files are defined. Finally, the document explains the process of compiling and executing C programs.
The document describes the generations of computers from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, including the key technologies of each generation like transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. It also covers the basic organization of a computer including input, storage, processing, output, and control. Classification of computers is discussed based on speed, storage capacity, and price.
How to compile and run a c program on ubuntu linuxMitali Chugh
This document shows how to compile and run a C program on Ubuntu Linux in 3 steps:
1. Open a terminal and use a text editor to create a C source code file called hello.c containing a simple "Hello World" program.
2. Compile the program by running gcc -o hello hello.c which will output an executable called hello.
3. Execute the program by running ./hello which should output "Hello World".
This document does not contain any substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It appears to be a list of numbers from 1 to 12 with the word "Blogs" and "Video" listed but no other context or details provided.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.