The document discusses various decision control and looping statements in C programming language including if, if-else, switch case, while, do-while and for loops. It provides syntax and examples to demonstrate how these statements work. Key decision control statements covered are if, if-else-if and switch case statements. The main looping statements discussed are while, do-while and for loops along with concepts like break, continue and goto statements to alter normal flow in loops.
This document discusses different types of flow control statements in C/C++, including sequential statements, conditional statements, and iterative/looping statements. Conditional statements include if, if-else, nested if-else, and if-else ladders. If statements execute code if a condition is true, if-else adds else blocks to execute if false, nested if-else places if-else blocks within each other, and if-else ladders check multiple conditions in sequence. Examples are provided for each type of conditional statement.
There are three main types of control structures in computer programming: sequential logic, selection logic, and iteration logic. Sequential logic executes code line-by-line. Selection logic (e.g. if/else statements) allows executing code conditionally. Iteration logic (e.g. for loops) repeats code execution in loops. The document provides examples of if/else, nested if, switch statements, and the conditional operator for implementing various control structures in C programming.
This document discusses control flow statements in C programming language. It describes if, switch, while, do-while, for statements that allow conditional execution and looping. Specific examples are provided to illustrate if/else, while, for loops. Additional features of for loops like initializing multiple variables, omitting sections, and nesting loops are covered. The break and continue statements are also explained for jumping out or skipping parts of a loop.
Control statements in C allow changing the order of execution based on conditions or repeating a group of statements. The main types of control statements are selection structures like if/else which execute one or the other block based on a condition being true or false, and looping structures like while, do-while and for loops which repeat a block of code either indefinitely or a specified number of times. Nested loops can also be used to repeat blocks of code multiple times in both the inner and outer loops.
The document discusses different types of control constructs in programming. There are two main types: decision making statements and looping statements. Decision making statements include if, if-else, and nested if-else statements which allow for conditional execution of code. Looping statements like for, while, and do-while loops allow code to repeat execution for a set number of iterations or as long as a condition remains true. Examples are provided for each type of control construct.
Dti2143 chap 4 control structures aka_selectionalish sha
Control structures determine the order of execution of statements in a program. There are three main types: sequential, selectional, and iterational. Selectional structures include if/else statements and switch cases, which allow different code blocks to execute based on conditions. Iterational structures like while, do-while, and for loops repeat a block of code a specified number of times. Nested control structures can embed one type within another. Proper use of conditions and logical operators is important for control flows to work as intended.
The document provides information about control structures in the C programming language. It discusses various decision making statements like if-else, ladder if-else, and switch statements. It also covers different types of loops in C - while loop, do-while loop, for loop, and nesting of loops. Examples programs are given for each control structure to demonstrate their usage. The document is intended as a study material for a computer programming course.
This document discusses different types of flow control statements in C/C++, including sequential statements, conditional statements, and iterative/looping statements. Conditional statements include if, if-else, nested if-else, and if-else ladders. If statements execute code if a condition is true, if-else adds else blocks to execute if false, nested if-else places if-else blocks within each other, and if-else ladders check multiple conditions in sequence. Examples are provided for each type of conditional statement.
There are three main types of control structures in computer programming: sequential logic, selection logic, and iteration logic. Sequential logic executes code line-by-line. Selection logic (e.g. if/else statements) allows executing code conditionally. Iteration logic (e.g. for loops) repeats code execution in loops. The document provides examples of if/else, nested if, switch statements, and the conditional operator for implementing various control structures in C programming.
This document discusses control flow statements in C programming language. It describes if, switch, while, do-while, for statements that allow conditional execution and looping. Specific examples are provided to illustrate if/else, while, for loops. Additional features of for loops like initializing multiple variables, omitting sections, and nesting loops are covered. The break and continue statements are also explained for jumping out or skipping parts of a loop.
Control statements in C allow changing the order of execution based on conditions or repeating a group of statements. The main types of control statements are selection structures like if/else which execute one or the other block based on a condition being true or false, and looping structures like while, do-while and for loops which repeat a block of code either indefinitely or a specified number of times. Nested loops can also be used to repeat blocks of code multiple times in both the inner and outer loops.
The document discusses different types of control constructs in programming. There are two main types: decision making statements and looping statements. Decision making statements include if, if-else, and nested if-else statements which allow for conditional execution of code. Looping statements like for, while, and do-while loops allow code to repeat execution for a set number of iterations or as long as a condition remains true. Examples are provided for each type of control construct.
Dti2143 chap 4 control structures aka_selectionalish sha
Control structures determine the order of execution of statements in a program. There are three main types: sequential, selectional, and iterational. Selectional structures include if/else statements and switch cases, which allow different code blocks to execute based on conditions. Iterational structures like while, do-while, and for loops repeat a block of code a specified number of times. Nested control structures can embed one type within another. Proper use of conditions and logical operators is important for control flows to work as intended.
The document provides information about control structures in the C programming language. It discusses various decision making statements like if-else, ladder if-else, and switch statements. It also covers different types of loops in C - while loop, do-while loop, for loop, and nesting of loops. Examples programs are given for each control structure to demonstrate their usage. The document is intended as a study material for a computer programming course.
This document summarizes different types of loops in C programming: for loops, while loops, and do-while loops. It explains the basic structure of each loop type, including where the initialization, test condition, and updating of the loop variable occurs. It also distinguishes between entry controlled loops (for and while) and exit controlled loops (do-while). Additional loop concepts covered include break and continue statements, and sentinel controlled loops. Examples are provided to illustrate usage of each loop type.
The document discusses different types of conditional statements in C programming including if statements, if-else statements, nested if statements, else if chains, and switch statements. It provides examples of the syntax for each statement type and describes how they allow programmers to execute different code based on whether a condition is true or false. The document also compares switch statements to if-else ladders, outlining advantages and limitations of each as well as recommendations for when each type of conditional statement is best used.
This document discusses the switch statement and conditional operator in Java. It provides examples and explanations of how the switch statement can be used to evaluate an expression and execute different blocks of code depending on the match. The conditional operator ? is also covered, which allows evaluating one of two expressions based on a boolean condition. The document is for a CSE110 Principles of Programming class taught by Javier Gonzalez-Sanchez in the summer of 2017.
I hope this presentation will be help for engineering students are studying computer science or information technology.
This presentation is about control statements
If
If else
Nested if
If else if ladder
Conditional statements in programming contain logical expressions that evaluate to true or false. There are three main forms of if statements:
1. If...then statement - Tests a condition and executes code if true.
2. If...then...else statement - Tests a condition and executes one block of code if true, another if false.
3. If...elseif statement - Allows testing multiple conditions and executing different code blocks. Conditions are tested sequentially until a true condition is found.
Selection Statements
Using if and if...else
Nested if Statements
Using switch Statements
Conditional Operator
Repetition Statements
Looping: while, do, and for
Nested loops
Using break and continue
The document discusses different types of loops in programming languages. It defines looping as repetitively executing a sequence of statements, which is an important concept that allows programs to repeat tasks. There are two main types of loops - entry controlled loops where the test condition is checked before the loop body executes, and exit controlled loops where the test is checked after execution. Common loops in C include the for, while, and do-while loops. The for loop is entry controlled and uses a counter variable, while the while and do-while can use counters or sentinel values and are entry and exit controlled respectively. Selecting the right loop depends on pre-test or post-test needs as well as whether the number of repetitions is known.
Switch statement, break statement, go to statementRaj Parekh
The document discusses various control flow statements in C programming including switch case statement, break statement, and goto statement. It provides the syntax and meaning of switch case statement which allows executing different code blocks based on the value of an expression. It also explains the break statement which terminates the execution of a switch case or loop statement. The goto statement allows transferring program control unconditionally to another label in the program.
C++ programming Unit 5 flow of controlAAKASH KUMAR
This document discusses various types of flow control in C++ programming. It covers sequential flow, conditional statements like if-else and switch case. It also discusses different types of loops - for, while, do-while and nested loops. The key aspects of each conditional statement and loop like syntax, execution flow and examples are explained in detail.
This document provides an overview of different types of statements and flow control constructs in C++ programming. It discusses sequential, selection, and iteration statements. Selection statements covered include if, if-else, switch, and ternary operator. Iteration statements discussed are for, while, do-while, and nested loops. Jump statements like break, continue, goto, and exit function are also summarized. Examples are provided for most constructs to illustrate their usage.
This chapter discusses control structures in Java programs. It covers relational operators and logical expressions used for comparisons. Selection control structures like if, if-else, and switch statements are examined along with examples. The chapter also provides an example programming problem on cable company billing that demonstrates using control structures and nested conditional logic.
18 css101j pps unit 2
Relational and logical Operators - Condition Operators, Operator Precedence - Expressions with pre / post increment operator - Expression with conditional and assignment operators - If statement in expression - L value and R value in expression -
Control Statements – if and else - else if and nested if, switch case - Iterations, Conditional and Unconditional branching
For loop - while loop - do while, goto, break, continue
Array Basic and Types - Array Initialization and Declaration - Initialization: one Dimensional Array - Accessing, Indexing one Dimensional Array Operations - One Dimensional Array operations - Array Programs – 1D
This document outlines Chapter 4 of a textbook on control structures in programming. It introduces algorithms and pseudocode, then covers various control structures like sequence, selection, and repetition structures. It discusses if, if/else, and while statements in Java. It includes examples of algorithms to calculate class averages using counter-controlled and sentinel-controlled repetition. It also covers topics like compound assignment operators, increment/decrement operators, and nested control structures.
This document discusses control statements in C# programming. It covers algorithms, pseudocode, and the main control structures: sequence, selection (if/else statements), and repetition (loops). Specific topics covered include if and if/else statements, the switch statement, nested conditional logic, common errors, and a list of C# keywords. Pseudocode is presented as a way to plan programs before coding. Examples are provided to illustrate each control structure.
BRANCHING STATEMENTS
if statement
if – else statement
if – else if ladder
Nested if
Goto
Switch case
programs
output
flowchart
Branching / Decision Making Statements
The statements in the program that helps to transfer the control from one part to other parts of the program.
Facilitates program in determining the flow of control
Involves decision making conditions
See whether the condition is satisfied or not
If statement; Execute a set of command line or one command line when the logical condition is true.
It has only one option
syntax with flowchart
If else if ladder; Number of logical statements are checked for executing various statement
If the first condition is true the compiler executes the block followed by first if condition.
If false it skips the block and checks for the next logical condition followed by else if.
Process is continued until a true condition is occurred or an else condition is satisfied.
Switch case; Multiway branch statement
It only requires one argument of any type, which is checked with number of cases.
If the value matches with the case constant, that particular case constant is executed. If not the default statement is executed.
Break statement – used to exit from current case structure
Nested if else; When a series of decisions are involved we use more than one if-else statement.
If condition is true control passes to first block i.e., if block. In this case there may be one more if block.
If condition is false control passes to else block. There we may have one more if block.
Chapter 2 : Programming with Java StatementsIt Academy
Exam Objective 4.1 Describe, compare, and contrast these three fundamental types of statements: assignment, conditional, and iteration, and given a description of an algorithm, select the appropriate type of statement to design the algorithm
This document discusses switch-case statements in C programming. It explains that switch-case allows programmers to make decisions from multiple choices based on an integer expression. Each case must have a different constant value. The break statement is used to terminate a switch. Expressions and char values can be used in cases if they are constant. Switch statements are useful for menu-driven programs. They have advantages over if-else statements in that compilers generate jump tables, making switches faster at execution time.
The document discusses different types of loops in programming languages. It explains the basic components of a loop - initialization, condition checking, execution, and increment/decrement. It provides examples of for, while, do-while, and entry-controlled vs exit-controlled loops. The key aspects of loops including initialization, condition, body, and increment/decrement are visualized through flow charts and output.
This document discusses using assertions in Java programming to test assumptions about program behavior. Assertions allow inserting checks that will throw errors if a boolean expression is false. This helps detect and correct bugs. The document covers inserting assertions into code to check internal invariants, control flow, pre/postconditions, and class invariants. It also discusses enabling/disabling assertions and compatibility with existing code.
Fundamental of Information Technology - UNIT 8Shipra Swati
This document discusses different types of control structures in C programming including sequence control, selection/decision control, case control, and repetition/loop control. It provides examples of if, if-else, switch, for, and while loops. The if statement and if-else statement are used for decision making and branching based on a condition being true or false. Switch statements provide an alternative for nested if-else statements. Loops like for and while are used to repeat a block of code until a condition is met. Examples are given to calculate the sum of natural numbers using for and while loops.
This document summarizes different types of loops in C programming: for loops, while loops, and do-while loops. It explains the basic structure of each loop type, including where the initialization, test condition, and updating of the loop variable occurs. It also distinguishes between entry controlled loops (for and while) and exit controlled loops (do-while). Additional loop concepts covered include break and continue statements, and sentinel controlled loops. Examples are provided to illustrate usage of each loop type.
The document discusses different types of conditional statements in C programming including if statements, if-else statements, nested if statements, else if chains, and switch statements. It provides examples of the syntax for each statement type and describes how they allow programmers to execute different code based on whether a condition is true or false. The document also compares switch statements to if-else ladders, outlining advantages and limitations of each as well as recommendations for when each type of conditional statement is best used.
This document discusses the switch statement and conditional operator in Java. It provides examples and explanations of how the switch statement can be used to evaluate an expression and execute different blocks of code depending on the match. The conditional operator ? is also covered, which allows evaluating one of two expressions based on a boolean condition. The document is for a CSE110 Principles of Programming class taught by Javier Gonzalez-Sanchez in the summer of 2017.
I hope this presentation will be help for engineering students are studying computer science or information technology.
This presentation is about control statements
If
If else
Nested if
If else if ladder
Conditional statements in programming contain logical expressions that evaluate to true or false. There are three main forms of if statements:
1. If...then statement - Tests a condition and executes code if true.
2. If...then...else statement - Tests a condition and executes one block of code if true, another if false.
3. If...elseif statement - Allows testing multiple conditions and executing different code blocks. Conditions are tested sequentially until a true condition is found.
Selection Statements
Using if and if...else
Nested if Statements
Using switch Statements
Conditional Operator
Repetition Statements
Looping: while, do, and for
Nested loops
Using break and continue
The document discusses different types of loops in programming languages. It defines looping as repetitively executing a sequence of statements, which is an important concept that allows programs to repeat tasks. There are two main types of loops - entry controlled loops where the test condition is checked before the loop body executes, and exit controlled loops where the test is checked after execution. Common loops in C include the for, while, and do-while loops. The for loop is entry controlled and uses a counter variable, while the while and do-while can use counters or sentinel values and are entry and exit controlled respectively. Selecting the right loop depends on pre-test or post-test needs as well as whether the number of repetitions is known.
Switch statement, break statement, go to statementRaj Parekh
The document discusses various control flow statements in C programming including switch case statement, break statement, and goto statement. It provides the syntax and meaning of switch case statement which allows executing different code blocks based on the value of an expression. It also explains the break statement which terminates the execution of a switch case or loop statement. The goto statement allows transferring program control unconditionally to another label in the program.
C++ programming Unit 5 flow of controlAAKASH KUMAR
This document discusses various types of flow control in C++ programming. It covers sequential flow, conditional statements like if-else and switch case. It also discusses different types of loops - for, while, do-while and nested loops. The key aspects of each conditional statement and loop like syntax, execution flow and examples are explained in detail.
This document provides an overview of different types of statements and flow control constructs in C++ programming. It discusses sequential, selection, and iteration statements. Selection statements covered include if, if-else, switch, and ternary operator. Iteration statements discussed are for, while, do-while, and nested loops. Jump statements like break, continue, goto, and exit function are also summarized. Examples are provided for most constructs to illustrate their usage.
This chapter discusses control structures in Java programs. It covers relational operators and logical expressions used for comparisons. Selection control structures like if, if-else, and switch statements are examined along with examples. The chapter also provides an example programming problem on cable company billing that demonstrates using control structures and nested conditional logic.
18 css101j pps unit 2
Relational and logical Operators - Condition Operators, Operator Precedence - Expressions with pre / post increment operator - Expression with conditional and assignment operators - If statement in expression - L value and R value in expression -
Control Statements – if and else - else if and nested if, switch case - Iterations, Conditional and Unconditional branching
For loop - while loop - do while, goto, break, continue
Array Basic and Types - Array Initialization and Declaration - Initialization: one Dimensional Array - Accessing, Indexing one Dimensional Array Operations - One Dimensional Array operations - Array Programs – 1D
This document outlines Chapter 4 of a textbook on control structures in programming. It introduces algorithms and pseudocode, then covers various control structures like sequence, selection, and repetition structures. It discusses if, if/else, and while statements in Java. It includes examples of algorithms to calculate class averages using counter-controlled and sentinel-controlled repetition. It also covers topics like compound assignment operators, increment/decrement operators, and nested control structures.
This document discusses control statements in C# programming. It covers algorithms, pseudocode, and the main control structures: sequence, selection (if/else statements), and repetition (loops). Specific topics covered include if and if/else statements, the switch statement, nested conditional logic, common errors, and a list of C# keywords. Pseudocode is presented as a way to plan programs before coding. Examples are provided to illustrate each control structure.
BRANCHING STATEMENTS
if statement
if – else statement
if – else if ladder
Nested if
Goto
Switch case
programs
output
flowchart
Branching / Decision Making Statements
The statements in the program that helps to transfer the control from one part to other parts of the program.
Facilitates program in determining the flow of control
Involves decision making conditions
See whether the condition is satisfied or not
If statement; Execute a set of command line or one command line when the logical condition is true.
It has only one option
syntax with flowchart
If else if ladder; Number of logical statements are checked for executing various statement
If the first condition is true the compiler executes the block followed by first if condition.
If false it skips the block and checks for the next logical condition followed by else if.
Process is continued until a true condition is occurred or an else condition is satisfied.
Switch case; Multiway branch statement
It only requires one argument of any type, which is checked with number of cases.
If the value matches with the case constant, that particular case constant is executed. If not the default statement is executed.
Break statement – used to exit from current case structure
Nested if else; When a series of decisions are involved we use more than one if-else statement.
If condition is true control passes to first block i.e., if block. In this case there may be one more if block.
If condition is false control passes to else block. There we may have one more if block.
Chapter 2 : Programming with Java StatementsIt Academy
Exam Objective 4.1 Describe, compare, and contrast these three fundamental types of statements: assignment, conditional, and iteration, and given a description of an algorithm, select the appropriate type of statement to design the algorithm
This document discusses switch-case statements in C programming. It explains that switch-case allows programmers to make decisions from multiple choices based on an integer expression. Each case must have a different constant value. The break statement is used to terminate a switch. Expressions and char values can be used in cases if they are constant. Switch statements are useful for menu-driven programs. They have advantages over if-else statements in that compilers generate jump tables, making switches faster at execution time.
The document discusses different types of loops in programming languages. It explains the basic components of a loop - initialization, condition checking, execution, and increment/decrement. It provides examples of for, while, do-while, and entry-controlled vs exit-controlled loops. The key aspects of loops including initialization, condition, body, and increment/decrement are visualized through flow charts and output.
This document discusses using assertions in Java programming to test assumptions about program behavior. Assertions allow inserting checks that will throw errors if a boolean expression is false. This helps detect and correct bugs. The document covers inserting assertions into code to check internal invariants, control flow, pre/postconditions, and class invariants. It also discusses enabling/disabling assertions and compatibility with existing code.
Fundamental of Information Technology - UNIT 8Shipra Swati
This document discusses different types of control structures in C programming including sequence control, selection/decision control, case control, and repetition/loop control. It provides examples of if, if-else, switch, for, and while loops. The if statement and if-else statement are used for decision making and branching based on a condition being true or false. Switch statements provide an alternative for nested if-else statements. Loops like for and while are used to repeat a block of code until a condition is met. Examples are given to calculate the sum of natural numbers using for and while loops.
Operator & control statements in C are used to perform operations and control program flow. Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %) are used for mathematical calculations on integers and floating-point numbers. Relational operators (<, <=, >, >=, ==, !=) compare two operands. Logical operators (&&, ||, !) combine conditions. Control statements like if-else, switch, while, for, break, continue and goto alter program execution based on conditions.
The control statements enable us to specify the order in which the various instructions in a program are to be executed by the computer. They determine the flow of control in a program.
There are 4 types of control statements in C. They are:
a) Sequence control statements
b) Decision control statements or conditional statement
c) Case-control statements
d) Repetition or loop control statements
This document discusses various control structures in C programming, including if/else statements, switch statements, and different types of loops (for, while, do-while). It provides syntax examples and explanations of how to use if/else statements, switch statements, nested if statements, the scanf() function, for, while, do-while loops, and break, continue, and goto statements to control program flow. The goal is to teach the reader how to select and implement the appropriate control structure for different programming tasks.
Dti2143 chap 4 control structures aka_selectionalish sha
Control structures determine the order of execution of statements in a program. There are three main types: sequential, selectional, and iterative. Selectional structures include if and switch statements. If statements allow for conditional execution of code based on boolean expressions. Switch statements select execution based on a variable's value and allow for multiple case blocks. Nested if statements involve if blocks within other if blocks.
The document discusses different types of control statements in C programming including decision control statements, iteration statements, and transfer statements. It provides details about if, if-else, switch, while, do-while, for loops. Decision control statements like if, if-else, switch allow altering the flow of execution based on certain conditions. Iteration statements like while, do-while, for are used to repeat a block of code until the given condition is true. They allow looping in a program.
C statements.ppt presentation in c languagechintupro9
The document defines different types of programming statements and control structures used in C programming. It discusses program, statements, compound statements, decision control structures like if, if-else, nested if-else, else-if ladder, switch statement. It also covers different loop constructs - while, do-while and for loops. Additionally, it provides examples to explain break and continue statements used inside loops.
This document discusses different types of program control structures in C programming. It begins by explaining that a typical C program executes statements sequentially from top to bottom in the main function. Program control structures like if/else, switch/case, and loops allow changing the order of execution. Selection structures like if/else and switch/case execute different code blocks based on conditions, while repetition structures like for loops repeat a block of code a fixed number of times. The document provides examples and flowcharts to illustrate how each control structure works.
This document discusses control statements and functions in C programming. It describes various control statements like if/else statements, while loops, for loops, and switch statements. It also covers break, continue, and goto statements. The document then explains functions, noting that they allow programs to be broken into smaller, self-contained components and avoid repeated code. It describes function declarations and definitions. Functions can have parameters and return values or not.
This document discusses control statements and functions in C programming. It describes various control statements like if/else statements, while loops, for loops, and switch statements. It also covers break, continue, and goto statements. The document then explains functions, noting that they allow programs to be broken into smaller, self-contained components and avoid repeated code. It describes function declarations and definitions. Functions can have parameters and return values or not.
This document discusses control statements in C language including if-else statements, switch statements, loops (while, do-while, for), and jump statements (break, continue, goto). It provides examples of each statement type and explains their usage and flow. Key control statements covered are if-else statements for simple and nested conditional logic, switch statements for multiple alternatives, loops for repetitive execution, and jump statements for early exits or skipping parts of loops.
Decision making in C. Decision making is about deciding the order of execution of statements based on certain conditions or repeat a group of statements until certain specified conditions are met. C language handles decision-making by supporting the following statements, if statement.
This document discusses switch case statements in C programming and how to avoid code repetition using fall through. It begins by defining switch case statements and noting that while versatile, they can result in repeated code, increased execution time, and reduced usability due to the repetition. The document then explains how fall through works by allowing common code to be shared across multiple switch case statements without using break. It provides examples to demonstrate regular switch cases versus switch cases with fall through. The document also discusses applications of fall through like Duff's device and loop unrolling. It concludes by reiterating that switch statements and breaks can avoid repeated code and fall through enables code repetition in an effective way.
Introduction to computer programming (C)-CSC1205_Lec5_Flow controlENGWAU TONNY
The document discusses different types of flow control in programming including sequential, selection, and repetition structures. It provides examples of if/else statements, nested ifs, if-else ladders, and the conditional operator. It also covers switch-case statements as an alternative for complex decisions. Finally, it poses challenges for readers to code decision-making structures using if/else and switch-case statements.
2. Control structures with for while and do while.pptManojKhadilkar1
This document introduces various control flow statements in C programming including decision control statements like if, if-else, else-if ladder and switch statements. It also covers loop control statements like while, do-while and for loops. It provides the syntax and examples of using each statement. Key points covered include using break, continue and goto to alter normal program flow, and the exit() function to terminate a program.
The document discusses different control statements in C programming language that allow changing the order of execution of statements based on conditions. It describes the if-else statement, which executes one block of code if the test expression is true and another block if it is false. It also covers nested if-else statements with multiple conditions, the if-else-if ladder for choosing among multiple paths, the goto statement for unconditional jumps, and the switch case statement for equality checks against a list of case values. Examples and flowcharts are provided to illustrate the logic and usage of each control statement.
1. The document discusses software project planning and estimation techniques. It covers size estimation, cost estimation, development time estimation, and project scheduling.
2. The document discusses different techniques for estimating the size of a software project, including lines of code counting and function point analysis. It provides examples of how to apply function point analysis to estimate the size of a project.
3. Function point analysis breaks a project into different functional components or units and assigns weighted scores to each unit based on complexity. The counts are then adjusted based on other project factors to determine the total function points of the project, which can then estimate development effort.
The document describes the generations of computers from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, including the key technologies of each generation like transistors, magnetic core memory, and microprocessors. It also covers the basic organization of a computer including input, storage, processing, output, and control. Classification of computers is discussed based on speed, storage capacity, and price.
C was initially developed for writing system software. It has since become a popular language for various software programs. C is a high-level language that uses functions and supports structured programming. It facilitates low-level programming through pointers and access to hardware addresses. C is commonly used for systems programming due to its portability, efficiency and ability to access hardware. A C program contains functions, and execution begins with the main() function. Variables must be declared before use and are given a data type. Comments can be included to document a program. Standard headers and libraries provide common functions to C programs.
The document provides information about common internet terms and concepts:
- The internet is a global network of computers that allows browsing of websites through internet browsers like Internet Explorer or Netscape.
- Websites contain one or more web pages that users can navigate between by clicking links. Each website has a unique web address made up of components like http:// and a domain name that identifies its location.
- Common endings to web addresses indicate if a site is commercial (.com), educational (.edu), a government site (.gov) or located in a specific country domain like .ca for Canada.
This document does not contain any substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It appears to be a list of numbers from 1 to 12 with the word "Blogs" and "Video" listed but no other context or details provided.
The document provides information about HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) including its basic structure and common tags. It defines HTML as the standard language used to create web pages and describes how it uses tags to mark up text and structure documents. The summary highlights key points about HTML tags for headings, paragraphs and other page elements, and how the basic HTML document structure includes elements like <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body>.
This document discusses different types of computers based on their mode of use. It describes notebook computers, personal computers, workstations, mainframe systems, supercomputers, client and server computers, and handheld computers. For each type, it provides details on their key features such as size, processing power, memory capacity, operating systems, popular usage, and examples of major manufacturers. It compares the characteristics of different computer types to classify them.
This document discusses the key functions and concepts of operating systems, including process management, memory management, security, and command interpretation. It covers early uniprogramming systems and the evolution to modern multiprogramming and multitasking capabilities that allow multiple processes to run concurrently by switching between them rapidly. The document examines process states and mechanisms used for process management in early systems versus modern operating systems.
The document discusses operating systems, describing them as programs that interface between users and computers to manage resources and tasks. It covers types of operating systems like single-user versus multi-user, and major functions including resource management, data management, and job management. The document also examines user interfaces, distinguishing between command line interfaces using text commands and graphical user interfaces using icons, windows, menus and pointers. Finally, it lists some examples of popular operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and Android.
This document provides information on different types of storage devices used in computer systems. It discusses primary storage such as RAM, ROM, and cache that are directly connected to the CPU. Secondary storage devices include hard disks that are not directly accessible by the CPU. Tertiary storage examples are magnetic tapes and optical discs, which involve robotic mechanisms to access large volumes of archived data. Offline storage includes removable media like floppy disks, USB drives, and memory cards that require human insertion before the CPU can access the stored data.
This document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as segments of code that perform well-defined tasks and can be called independently. Functions make programs modular and easier to write, test and debug. The key points covered include:
- Functions break programs into reusable segments that are easier to write and test than one large function.
- Functions have a name, return type, parameters and a body. They can call other functions.
- Parameters pass input values to functions, and functions return output values to the calling code.
- Functions must be declared, defined and called properly based on their parameters and return type.
- Functions make code reusable and simplify programming complex tasks.
The document discusses structures and unions in C programming. It defines a structure as a user-defined data type that groups together related data of different types under a single name. A union is similar to a structure but can only store one data member at a time as it allocates memory for the largest data type. The key points covered include declaring and initializing structures and unions, accessing structure members, arrays of structures, structures within structures, and comparing structures and unions.
The document discusses functions in C programming. Some key points:
- Functions allow programmers to break programs into independent, reusable segments called functions. Functions perform well-defined tasks and isolate code from other functions.
- Functions have a name and can call other functions. The main() function is called first by the operating system. Functions can call multiple other functions recursively.
- Benefits of functions include modularity, reusability, easier debugging, and simplifying program development. Functions divide programs into testable units.
- Elements of functions include definition, declaration, prototype, call, parameters, return values, and scope. Functions can pass parameters by value or reference and return or not return values.
The document discusses strings in C programming. It defines strings as sequences of characters stored as character arrays that are terminated with a null character. It covers string literals, declaring and initializing string variables, reading and writing strings, and common string manipulation functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), and strcat(). These functions allow operations on strings like getting the length, copying strings, comparing strings, and concatenating strings.
The document discusses various topics related to arrays including:
- Defining an array as a collection of similar data elements of the same type stored in consecutive memory locations referenced by an index.
- Syntax for declaring arrays and accessing elements using a loop and subscript.
- Calculating addresses of array elements.
- Storing, initializing, inputting, and assigning values to array elements.
- Calculating the length of an array.
- Algorithms for inserting and deleting elements from an array.
- Sorting algorithms like bubble, selection, and insertion sort.
- Searching techniques like linear and binary search.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the C programming language. It discusses that C was developed in the 1970s and is commonly used today. The document outlines key characteristics of C like its small size and support for structured programming. It also describes common uses of C like for systems programming and end-user applications. The structure of a basic C program is shown including the main function and other functions. The different files used in a C program like source code files and header files are defined. Finally, the document explains the process of compiling and executing C programs.
The document describes the generations of computers from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, including the key technologies of each generation like transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. It also covers the basic organization of a computer including input, storage, processing, output, and control. Classification of computers is discussed based on speed, storage capacity, and price.
How to compile and run a c program on ubuntu linuxMitali Chugh
This document shows how to compile and run a C program on Ubuntu Linux in 3 steps:
1. Open a terminal and use a text editor to create a C source code file called hello.c containing a simple "Hello World" program.
2. Compile the program by running gcc -o hello hello.c which will output an executable called hello.
3. Execute the program by running ./hello which should output "Hello World".
This document does not contain any substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It appears to be a list of numbers from 1 to 12 with the word "Blogs" and "Video" listed but no other context or details provided.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.