The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Dentoalveolar compensations /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Construction of bite for various functional orthodontic appliancesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This slide gives you ideas about functional matrix theory revisited by Melvin moss in a series of four articles which he tells the limitations of his first study and how he corrected it . this slide includes Functional matrix theory
Constrains of FMH,Functional matrix theory revisited
Articles,Reference
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Dentoalveolar compensations /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Construction of bite for various functional orthodontic appliancesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This slide gives you ideas about functional matrix theory revisited by Melvin moss in a series of four articles which he tells the limitations of his first study and how he corrected it . this slide includes Functional matrix theory
Constrains of FMH,Functional matrix theory revisited
Articles,Reference
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Clinical implications of growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Andrews six keys of occlusion / certified fixed orthodontics courses in indiaIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional development of dental arches and occlusion /certified fixed orth...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Functional matrix theory/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Functional malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Clinical implications of growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Andrews six keys of occlusion / certified fixed orthodontics courses in indiaIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional development of dental arches and occlusion /certified fixed orth...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Functional matrix theory/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Concepts of occlusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Development of dentition & occlusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Development of dentition & occlusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This ppt gives information about alveolar bone . I am a post graduate student from the department of periodontics and implantology , I've tried to make the topic as easy as possible. Hope it is useful for the ug students.
Copy of growth and development of the mandible1/certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Similar to Functional development of dental arches and occlusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
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6. subtitles in your own language
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Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
3. From birth to adulthood the dental occlusion undergoes
significant changes.
The term OCCLUSION
refers to the manner in which
the maxillary and mandibular
teeth articulate
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Easier said than done, the whole process is infact a complex
series involving morphology and angulation of teeth, roles of
muscles of mastication, tempromandibular joint, the skeletal
components and functional jaw movements.
In an earlier disscussion, the growth and development of dental
arches and occlusion has already been emphasized, this
presentation aims at giving an insight at the various factors that
play an active role in this formation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. In a nutshell, the whole process can be
summed as follows….
Development phases of dentition from birth to adult life……
i. Birth to complete eruption of deciduous teeth Birth – 2 ½
ii. Completion of deciduous dentition to eruption of first
permanent molar 2 ½ - 6 years
iii. Mixed dentition period 6 – 12 years
iv. Permanent dentition period > 12years
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. BONE RELATION….
The position, size and relationship by which the maxilla and
mandible relate to one another and to other bones is governed by a
variety of factors :
i. Heredity
ii. Congenital factors which may
not be hereditary
iii. Hormonal imbalance
iv. Traumatic and pathological
conditions
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. TOOTH RELATION….
• Some evidence suggests that tooth
development is strongly linked to hereditary
control
• The permanent incisors develop lingual to
the roots of their predecessors
• Maxillary canines develop high in the
maxilla close to the floor of the orbit
• Mandibular canines develop near to the
inferior border of the mandible
• Premolar crowns develop below and
between the roots of the deciduous molars
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. • The lower permanent molars develop at
the root of the coronoid process, oriented
with a mesial inclination which in the
course of eruption takes a curved path in a
upward and forward direction
• The upper permanent molars swing
downwards and forwards as they erupt
through an arc of a circle whose center is
in the region of the apex of the next tooth
mesially
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. • Sometimes a defect in the development process maybe observed by the
presence of an ectopic tooth or an impacted tooth.
• One tooth shown to have a high degree for impaction to occur are the
maxillary canines. One of the reasons postulated for this occurrence is the
remoteness in the eruption pattern of this tooth.
• Mandibular premolars are known for their ectopic eruption pattern, although
this is a very rare occurrence. Etiology for this behavior is thought to be
because of the deep position of the tooth buds between the root apices of
deciduous molar that give it the freedom to ‘wander’.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. ERUPTION….
The HOWs and WHYs about tooth eruption are
satisfactorily explained by theories put forth by various authors.
There is however no single theory that gives a clear definition on
how tooth eruption occurs.
BLOOD PRESSURE THEORY – Soft tissues at the developing
end of the tooth are very vascular and increase in vascularity has
been observed in cases of rapid tooth eruption
ROOT GROWTH THEORY – This theory postulates that tooth
eruption is accompanied by growth of root. But variations of this
occur such as, a tooth may fail erupt even though root formation is
over. Again, cases of tooth eruption are known to occur at birth
with very little root present.www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. EPITHELIAL COIL THEORY – suggested by Warwick James.
It states that epithelial remnants of tooth band and organ cause a
progressive channel for tooth eruption. These epithelial coils found
above the tooth determine the site of eruption.
HAMMOCK LIGAMENT THEORY – suggested by Sicher. He
says that the tooth in the crypt is surrounded by a a band of fibrous
tissue, which is present at the open apex of the root and is attached
to the bone halfway up the wall of the crypt . At this point are
present many fluid droplets which act as cushion to protect the
developing tooth germ.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. INTRA – ORAL FORCES….
At the time of tooth eruption the
roots are separated a considerable distance
from the socket wall. This gives chance for
a lot of play in the tooth.
Due to this various forces may act during eruption of the tooth and
cause it to be deviated in its eruption. These forces maybe from,
musculature of the lips, cheeks and tongue and may also be from
mesio-distal forces exerted from adjacent teeth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. It is to be understood that,
muscles are never at a state
of rest but in a state of
TONICITY. This means
that a small proportion of
fibres even at rest are always
in a state of contraction.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. Forces generated by the muscles maybe
active or passive. Active muscle forces
exert forces that are of greater force
and frequency and the pressure exerted
is only intermittent. One example of
such a force system is that of
deglutition. The others include speech,
mastication, and expression. Passive
muscle forces are continuous but light,
and mainly due to muscle tonus.
Examples of such muscle systems
include the Buccinator mechanism,
tension from the Orbicularis Oris.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. Lip and cheek pressures lost due
to tropical disease. The teeth
have moved out buccally because
of pressure from the tongue and
no balancing force from
buccinator and orbicularis oris.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. OCCLUSAL FORCES….
It is a well know fact that in adult dentition the teeth are held in
close approximation with each other because of the tendency of
the posterior teeth to move forward.
As a result, at the time of
eruption there is a chance
for crowding in the
dentition to occur.
Upper and lower alveolar borders grow in a direction that is
outwards and forwards as pointed out by Brash. He also suggested
that evidence for this was the curvature of the roots.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. This forward movement of the dentition may however
prove detrimental in cases where a tooth becomes lost because of
some pathology. During this time, the tooth just distal has a
tendency to tilt into that space. This can result in loss of contact
with the opponent result in malocclusion.
Thus, a pressure is transmitted
mesially from tooth to tooth. The upper
incisors are thus prevented from moving
mesially by lip pressure and the lower
incisors are prevented by overbite of the
upper incisors
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. Bone is the hardest material in the body and yet the most
plastic. It is this resilient feature of the bone that is taken
advantage of in meeting the various demands of functional
forces.
From a historical perspective, the first studies on function
of the bone were done on the femur.
1867 - von Meyer and Culmann occurrence on stress
lines on long bones like femur
1870 - Julius Wolff proposition of the trajectorial
theory of forces (Wolff’s law)
1881 - Wilhelm Roux biological basis for bone
formation
1925 - Benninghoff beam hypothesiswww.indiandentalacademy.com
22. The story unfolded … …
In 1867, anatomist von Meyer in Zurich, while drawing the
pattern of trabecular architecture in long bone of femur, realized
with the help of Culmann who was an engineer visiting Zurich,
that the trabeculae followed certain patterns similar to internal
stress patterns seen in the Fairbairn crane that he was designing.
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23. However it was only 2 years later
that, anatomist and orthopedic surgeon von
Meyer while doing his dissertation on the
normal and abnormal bone formation in
animals brought to light that the patterns
which Meyer and Culmann saw were infact
stress patterns produced as a result of bone
adaptation to functional forces.
He brought out a law based on these trajectories of stress patterns
he observed which came to be known as ‘Wolff’s law’. The law
states as follows:
“ Every change in the form and the function of a bone or of their
function alone is followed by certain definite changes in their
internal architecture, and equally definite secondary alterations in
their external confirmation, in accordance with mathematical laws ”www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. In truth, Wolff's law laid the mathematical formulae for
the development of such internal stresses and it was around the
same time that Roux in 1881 propounded that bone formation
occurred as a result of stresses of tension or pressure on the
bone. He hypothesized that apposition and resorption by cells
determines change in bone structure and that this change is
brought about by action of local forces. He infact gave an insight
to the biological phenomenon behind this occurrence.
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25. In 1925, Benninghoff, suggested the beam hypothesis
after studying lines of stresses in skull. He postulated that these
lines were trajectories corresponding to functional stresses.
The trajectories in the maxilla can be broadly classified
as horizontal and vertical trajectories.
Horizontal trajectories :
a. Hard palate
b. Orbital ridges
c. Zygomatic arches
d. Palatal bones
e. Lesser wings of sphenoid
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26. Vertical trajectories include:
a) Fronto-nasal buttress
b) Malar-zygomatic buttress
c) Ptearygoid buttress
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27. One of the deficiencies of the beam hypothesis is that
only mechanical stresses resulting from bite forces on the
dentition are considered. In many instances, mechanical
stresses resulting from muscle contraction produce large
bending moments and therefore large bone strain adjacent to
several cranial and facial sutures such as the
zygomaticotemporal and reaction forces from the
temporomandibular joint.
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28. CONCLUSION:
This presentation has aimed at reavealing information on the
functional factors that affect the developing dentition.
“An orthodontist can establish a perfect occlusal
relationship, but unless he takes into consideration the
effects of the use of these teeth, unless he makes
allowances for the manifold environmental functional
influences, the delicately responsive bony structures are apt
to change, and the tooth positions will change with them.”
GRABER
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