This document provides an overview of tests used to assess functions of different brain lobes, including the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Tests of frontal lobe function include assessments of motor skills, executive function, verbal fluency, and more. Temporal lobe tests evaluate auditory and visual processing, memory, language comprehension, and emotion/behavior. Parietal lobe assessments include tests of sensory function, constructional abilities, numeracy, and body awareness. The document outlines specific tests and what functions they are designed to evaluate for each brain lobe.
1) Disorders of consciousness range from mild impairment to coma and include conditions like confusion, delirium, vegetative state, and brain death.
2) The pathophysiology of consciousness involves the ascending reticular activating system and connections between the brainstem and cortex. Loss of consciousness can result from disruption of these systems.
3) Etiologies of impaired consciousness and coma include infectious or inflammatory causes, structural abnormalities, and metabolic/toxic derangements. Common causes in children are infections, trauma, seizures, and metabolic disorders.
This document discusses higher cognitive functions and related cognitive functions such as apraxia and visual agnosia. It describes how higher cognitive functions involve manipulation of learned material and abstract thinking. Evaluation involves testing a person's fund of information, manipulation of old knowledge, social awareness, and abstract thinking through tasks like question answering, calculations, and proverb interpretation. Related functions like apraxia involve motor planning deficits, while visual agnosia involves object recognition deficits. Specific syndromes like Balint syndrome and Gerstmann syndrome are also summarized.
This document provides information about executive functions, memory, and language. It discusses various syndromes of executive dysfunction including dorsal convexity dysexecutive syndrome, orbitofrontal disinhibition syndrome, and apathic syndrome of the medial frontal lobe. It also outlines tests that assess different aspects of executive function such as planning, response inhibition, mental flexibility, fluency, sequencing, abstract thinking, attention, concentration, and working memory. The document then discusses various aspects of memory including immediate/working memory, recent memory, remote memory, and semantic memory. It concludes by covering topics related to language including terminology, linguistic abnormalities, aphasia classifications, language areas of the brain, and tests used to evaluate different types of aph
This document outlines the key areas and functions involved in higher mental assessment. It describes the different anatomical networks related to language, spatial cognition, face and object recognition, memory, and attention/behavior. It then provides details on conducting a mental status examination, including relevant history, physical appearance, mood/emotional status, attention, language, memory, and other cognitive functions. Tests are described to evaluate different areas like frontal lobe functions, parietal lobe functions, memory, constructional ability, and neglect.
Basic principles, interview style, various components and their significance, how to take history of present illness, past history,family and personal history, substance history, premorbid personality
Apraxia is an inability to correctly perform learned skilled movements as a result of damage to the brain regions involved in motor planning and programming. There are two main types - ideomotor apraxia which affects pantomiming and imitating gestures on command, and ideational apraxia which affects the sequencing of multi-step actions. Apraxia is assessed using tests of pantomime, imitation, gesture knowledge, and sequencing tasks. The underlying causes and neuroanatomical correlates of different apraxic syndromes provide insight into the neural systems supporting skilled voluntary movement.
Mental status examination in Psychiatryvaibhav dua
This document provides an overview of the components of a mental status examination (MSE). It describes in detail how to evaluate a patient's appearance and behavior, psychomotor activity, speech, mood, affect, perception, thought process and content, attention, memory, intelligence, judgment, and insight. Key areas of examination include facial expression, posture, grooming, speech patterns, thought organization and content, presence of hallucinations or delusions, and level of insight. The document provides definitions and criteria for abnormal findings in each area to guide the examiner.
This document discusses disorders of perception, including sensory distortions and hallucinations. It defines perception and divides disorders into sensory distortions, where a real object is perceived in a distorted way, and sensory deceptions, where a new perception occurs that may or may not be in response to external stimuli. Sensory distortions can involve changes in intensity, quality, spatial form, the experience of time, or splitting of perception. Hallucinations are false perceptions without an external object and can involve any of the senses, including hearing voices, visions, smells, tastes, tactile sensations, and a sense of presence. Hallucinations are discussed in the context of their relationship to emotions, sensory deprivation, and disorders of the central nervous system.
1) Disorders of consciousness range from mild impairment to coma and include conditions like confusion, delirium, vegetative state, and brain death.
2) The pathophysiology of consciousness involves the ascending reticular activating system and connections between the brainstem and cortex. Loss of consciousness can result from disruption of these systems.
3) Etiologies of impaired consciousness and coma include infectious or inflammatory causes, structural abnormalities, and metabolic/toxic derangements. Common causes in children are infections, trauma, seizures, and metabolic disorders.
This document discusses higher cognitive functions and related cognitive functions such as apraxia and visual agnosia. It describes how higher cognitive functions involve manipulation of learned material and abstract thinking. Evaluation involves testing a person's fund of information, manipulation of old knowledge, social awareness, and abstract thinking through tasks like question answering, calculations, and proverb interpretation. Related functions like apraxia involve motor planning deficits, while visual agnosia involves object recognition deficits. Specific syndromes like Balint syndrome and Gerstmann syndrome are also summarized.
This document provides information about executive functions, memory, and language. It discusses various syndromes of executive dysfunction including dorsal convexity dysexecutive syndrome, orbitofrontal disinhibition syndrome, and apathic syndrome of the medial frontal lobe. It also outlines tests that assess different aspects of executive function such as planning, response inhibition, mental flexibility, fluency, sequencing, abstract thinking, attention, concentration, and working memory. The document then discusses various aspects of memory including immediate/working memory, recent memory, remote memory, and semantic memory. It concludes by covering topics related to language including terminology, linguistic abnormalities, aphasia classifications, language areas of the brain, and tests used to evaluate different types of aph
This document outlines the key areas and functions involved in higher mental assessment. It describes the different anatomical networks related to language, spatial cognition, face and object recognition, memory, and attention/behavior. It then provides details on conducting a mental status examination, including relevant history, physical appearance, mood/emotional status, attention, language, memory, and other cognitive functions. Tests are described to evaluate different areas like frontal lobe functions, parietal lobe functions, memory, constructional ability, and neglect.
Basic principles, interview style, various components and their significance, how to take history of present illness, past history,family and personal history, substance history, premorbid personality
Apraxia is an inability to correctly perform learned skilled movements as a result of damage to the brain regions involved in motor planning and programming. There are two main types - ideomotor apraxia which affects pantomiming and imitating gestures on command, and ideational apraxia which affects the sequencing of multi-step actions. Apraxia is assessed using tests of pantomime, imitation, gesture knowledge, and sequencing tasks. The underlying causes and neuroanatomical correlates of different apraxic syndromes provide insight into the neural systems supporting skilled voluntary movement.
Mental status examination in Psychiatryvaibhav dua
This document provides an overview of the components of a mental status examination (MSE). It describes in detail how to evaluate a patient's appearance and behavior, psychomotor activity, speech, mood, affect, perception, thought process and content, attention, memory, intelligence, judgment, and insight. Key areas of examination include facial expression, posture, grooming, speech patterns, thought organization and content, presence of hallucinations or delusions, and level of insight. The document provides definitions and criteria for abnormal findings in each area to guide the examiner.
This document discusses disorders of perception, including sensory distortions and hallucinations. It defines perception and divides disorders into sensory distortions, where a real object is perceived in a distorted way, and sensory deceptions, where a new perception occurs that may or may not be in response to external stimuli. Sensory distortions can involve changes in intensity, quality, spatial form, the experience of time, or splitting of perception. Hallucinations are false perceptions without an external object and can involve any of the senses, including hearing voices, visions, smells, tastes, tactile sensations, and a sense of presence. Hallucinations are discussed in the context of their relationship to emotions, sensory deprivation, and disorders of the central nervous system.
The document discusses different types of anxiety disorders:
1) Panic disorder, which involves sudden and unexpected panic attacks along with a persistent fear of additional attacks. Agoraphobia is a complicated form of panic disorder where one fears public places.
2) Generalized anxiety disorder, which is a chronic state of diffuse and excessive worry about life circumstances.
3) Phobic disorders like simple phobias of specific objects and social phobia, which involves avoiding actions in front of others due to fear of embarrassment.
4) Obsessive-compulsive disorder, which involves unwanted intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and feelings of compelled to repeat actions (compulsions) like checking or cleaning rituals.
This document discusses different types of agnosia, which are disorders that cause inability to recognize sensory stimuli despite normal sensory perception. It defines agnosia and describes its classification into visual, auditory and tactile modalities. It provides details on visual processing pathways and disorders of the ventral "what" and dorsal "where" streams. Specific visual agnosias discussed include apperceptive, associative, integrative, prosopagnosia, color agnosia and simultanagnosia. Neuroanatomical bases and diagnostic criteria for each are outlined.
Clinical examination of higher function test By Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Phy...Pandian M
Introduction
Examination of Higher Functions
Higher functions,
Examination of cranial nerves,
Sensory system,
Motor system,
Reflexes and
spine.
1.Level of consciousness:
2. Ask any history of suffering from hallucination or delusion or illusions.
3. Look for the appearance :
This document discusses disorders of thought and delusions. It defines thought and describes different types of thinking. It then discusses disorders of thought content, specifically delusions. It defines delusions and differentiates them from overvalued ideas. It describes different types of primary and secondary delusions, including delusions of persecution, jealousy, love, grandiosity, and health. It discusses theories about the origins of delusions and how their content is influenced by social and cultural factors.
This document provides an overview of disorders of perception. It begins with an introduction that defines key terms like perception, sensation, and imagery. It then discusses different types of sensory distortions including changes in intensity, quality, and spatial characteristics. It also covers sensory deceptions like illusions and hallucinations. Specific types of illusions and hallucinations involving different senses are described in detail. The document provides a comprehensive review of this topic in under 70 pages.
Cluster A personality disorders include paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders. They are characterized by odd, aloof features. Paranoid personality disorder involves pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others. Schizoid personality disorder involves detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotions. Schizotypal personality disorder involves acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior. Genetic and biological factors may contribute to the development of these disorders. Psychotherapy is the primary treatment approach.
Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) is the second most common cause of degenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is clinically defined by dementia, hallucinations, fluctuations in alertness, and parkinsonism. Autopsy shows Lewy Bodies in the neocortex and brainstem in 15-36% of demented cases. DLB involves a core set of features including fluctuating cognition, visual hallucinations, and spontaneous motor features of parkinsonism. It is differentiated from other dementias by its symptom profile and neuropathology.
Special Kinds of Hallucinations from Fish’s Clinical Psychopathology including functional, reflex extracampine and autoscopic hallucination, and patient’s attitude towards hallucination.
This document provides an overview of aphasia and aphasia syndromes. It defines aphasia as an acquired language disorder resulting from brain damage. The major aphasia syndromes discussed are Broca's aphasia (nonfluent speech with relatively preserved comprehension), Wernicke's aphasia (fluent but meaningless speech with impaired comprehension), global aphasia (combination of Broca's and Wernicke's deficits), conduction aphasia (impaired repetition with otherwise intact language), and pure word deafness (isolated auditory comprehension deficit). Each syndrome is characterized by its pattern of impaired and preserved language functions as well as its associated neurological deficits and lesion location.
This document discusses conversion disorder and the challenges of differential diagnosis. It provides an overview of conversion disorder based on DSM-V criteria and reviews symptoms, possible causes, and treatment options. It then presents a case study of "Patient A" who was evaluated for possible conversion disorder or other conditions following a motor vehicle accident and developed various neurological-like symptoms. Evaluations revealed inconsistencies and the patient was non-responsive to various treatment attempts.
This document summarizes higher cortical functions including language, calculations, spatial awareness, memory, executive function, music and creativity. It discusses the cerebral cortex and different types of association cortices. It then examines various neurological functions like sensory processing, attention, motor programming, language, memory, agnosias, apraxia, aphasia and alexia. Key areas discussed include the visual and auditory systems, object recognition networks, spatial attention, praxis, types of agnosia and aphasia, and the neuroanatomy underlying different language functions.
1. The document discusses the examination of higher mental functions and cranial nerves, including assessment of level of consciousness, memory, attention, speech, language, and cortical functions.
2. Key tests mentioned include the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to evaluate cognition. Dysarthria and dysphasia and their types are also summarized.
3. Examination of specific lobar functions is outlined, including evaluation of the frontal lobe's executive functions and personality, the parietal lobe's sensory abilities and spatial cognition, the temporal lobe's role in memory, and the occipital lobe's involvement in vision.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as transportation and industrial activities declined substantially. However, the document notes that continued long-term progress on air quality will require systemic changes rather than temporary reductions from emergency measures.
This document discusses motor disorders and their classification. It covers disorders of adaptive movements including expressive, reactive, and goal directed movements. Disorders of non-adaptive movements like stereotypies, parakinesia, tics, tremors, chorea, athetosis, and spasmodic torticollis are described. Motor speech disturbances, disorders of posture, abnormal complex patterns of behavior like stupor and excitement, and drug-induced movement disorders are also summarized.
Dementia is a syndrome involving the deterioration of memory, thinking, behavior and the ability to perform everyday activities. It is caused by damage to brain cells that interferes with communication between cells. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, potentially contributing to 60-70% of cases. Dementia is diagnosed based on medical history, exams, tests and characteristic changes in thinking and functioning. While there is no cure, medications and therapies can help reduce symptoms or slow progression for some time.
This document discusses different types of speech disorders including aphasia, dysphonia, dysarthria, and others. It provides details on aphasia including the major divisions of fluent and non-fluent aphasia. Specific types of aphasia like Wernicke's, Broca's, conduction, and global aphasia are explained. The document also covers dysarthria and dysphonia as well as other miscellaneous speech disorders.
functional ,reflex ,autoscopy ,extracampine ,pseudohallucinations ,induced hallucinations ,phantom limb pain as described in fish psychopathology and SIMS(symptoms of mind) for m.phil clinical psychology
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the frontal lobe. It begins with the neuroanatomy of the frontal lobe, describing its sulci, fissures and gyri. It then covers the prefrontal cortex in more detail, describing its functional areas including the dorsolateral, orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. The document also discusses the motor cortex, its primary, premotor and supplementary areas. It covers tests used to assess frontal lobe functions and describes frontal lobe syndromes and its involvement in psychiatric illnesses and epilepsy.
This document discusses the anatomy and functional areas of the frontal lobe and their relation to psychiatry. It begins with the anatomical structures of the frontal lobe including the lateral, medial and orbital surfaces. It then covers the primary functional areas - primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, frontal eye fields, Broca's area, and the prefrontal cortex including dorsolateral, dorsomedial and orbital regions. Neuropsychiatric disorders are discussed like frontal lobe syndrome, traumatic brain injury, frontotemporal dementia, and the relationships between the frontal lobe and conditions like schizophrenia, depression, ADHD, OCD, and alcohol use. Assessment techniques are also covered.
The document discusses different types of anxiety disorders:
1) Panic disorder, which involves sudden and unexpected panic attacks along with a persistent fear of additional attacks. Agoraphobia is a complicated form of panic disorder where one fears public places.
2) Generalized anxiety disorder, which is a chronic state of diffuse and excessive worry about life circumstances.
3) Phobic disorders like simple phobias of specific objects and social phobia, which involves avoiding actions in front of others due to fear of embarrassment.
4) Obsessive-compulsive disorder, which involves unwanted intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and feelings of compelled to repeat actions (compulsions) like checking or cleaning rituals.
This document discusses different types of agnosia, which are disorders that cause inability to recognize sensory stimuli despite normal sensory perception. It defines agnosia and describes its classification into visual, auditory and tactile modalities. It provides details on visual processing pathways and disorders of the ventral "what" and dorsal "where" streams. Specific visual agnosias discussed include apperceptive, associative, integrative, prosopagnosia, color agnosia and simultanagnosia. Neuroanatomical bases and diagnostic criteria for each are outlined.
Clinical examination of higher function test By Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Phy...Pandian M
Introduction
Examination of Higher Functions
Higher functions,
Examination of cranial nerves,
Sensory system,
Motor system,
Reflexes and
spine.
1.Level of consciousness:
2. Ask any history of suffering from hallucination or delusion or illusions.
3. Look for the appearance :
This document discusses disorders of thought and delusions. It defines thought and describes different types of thinking. It then discusses disorders of thought content, specifically delusions. It defines delusions and differentiates them from overvalued ideas. It describes different types of primary and secondary delusions, including delusions of persecution, jealousy, love, grandiosity, and health. It discusses theories about the origins of delusions and how their content is influenced by social and cultural factors.
This document provides an overview of disorders of perception. It begins with an introduction that defines key terms like perception, sensation, and imagery. It then discusses different types of sensory distortions including changes in intensity, quality, and spatial characteristics. It also covers sensory deceptions like illusions and hallucinations. Specific types of illusions and hallucinations involving different senses are described in detail. The document provides a comprehensive review of this topic in under 70 pages.
Cluster A personality disorders include paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders. They are characterized by odd, aloof features. Paranoid personality disorder involves pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others. Schizoid personality disorder involves detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotions. Schizotypal personality disorder involves acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior. Genetic and biological factors may contribute to the development of these disorders. Psychotherapy is the primary treatment approach.
Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) is the second most common cause of degenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is clinically defined by dementia, hallucinations, fluctuations in alertness, and parkinsonism. Autopsy shows Lewy Bodies in the neocortex and brainstem in 15-36% of demented cases. DLB involves a core set of features including fluctuating cognition, visual hallucinations, and spontaneous motor features of parkinsonism. It is differentiated from other dementias by its symptom profile and neuropathology.
Special Kinds of Hallucinations from Fish’s Clinical Psychopathology including functional, reflex extracampine and autoscopic hallucination, and patient’s attitude towards hallucination.
This document provides an overview of aphasia and aphasia syndromes. It defines aphasia as an acquired language disorder resulting from brain damage. The major aphasia syndromes discussed are Broca's aphasia (nonfluent speech with relatively preserved comprehension), Wernicke's aphasia (fluent but meaningless speech with impaired comprehension), global aphasia (combination of Broca's and Wernicke's deficits), conduction aphasia (impaired repetition with otherwise intact language), and pure word deafness (isolated auditory comprehension deficit). Each syndrome is characterized by its pattern of impaired and preserved language functions as well as its associated neurological deficits and lesion location.
This document discusses conversion disorder and the challenges of differential diagnosis. It provides an overview of conversion disorder based on DSM-V criteria and reviews symptoms, possible causes, and treatment options. It then presents a case study of "Patient A" who was evaluated for possible conversion disorder or other conditions following a motor vehicle accident and developed various neurological-like symptoms. Evaluations revealed inconsistencies and the patient was non-responsive to various treatment attempts.
This document summarizes higher cortical functions including language, calculations, spatial awareness, memory, executive function, music and creativity. It discusses the cerebral cortex and different types of association cortices. It then examines various neurological functions like sensory processing, attention, motor programming, language, memory, agnosias, apraxia, aphasia and alexia. Key areas discussed include the visual and auditory systems, object recognition networks, spatial attention, praxis, types of agnosia and aphasia, and the neuroanatomy underlying different language functions.
1. The document discusses the examination of higher mental functions and cranial nerves, including assessment of level of consciousness, memory, attention, speech, language, and cortical functions.
2. Key tests mentioned include the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to evaluate cognition. Dysarthria and dysphasia and their types are also summarized.
3. Examination of specific lobar functions is outlined, including evaluation of the frontal lobe's executive functions and personality, the parietal lobe's sensory abilities and spatial cognition, the temporal lobe's role in memory, and the occipital lobe's involvement in vision.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as transportation and industrial activities declined substantially. However, the document notes that continued long-term progress on air quality will require systemic changes rather than temporary reductions from emergency measures.
This document discusses motor disorders and their classification. It covers disorders of adaptive movements including expressive, reactive, and goal directed movements. Disorders of non-adaptive movements like stereotypies, parakinesia, tics, tremors, chorea, athetosis, and spasmodic torticollis are described. Motor speech disturbances, disorders of posture, abnormal complex patterns of behavior like stupor and excitement, and drug-induced movement disorders are also summarized.
Dementia is a syndrome involving the deterioration of memory, thinking, behavior and the ability to perform everyday activities. It is caused by damage to brain cells that interferes with communication between cells. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, potentially contributing to 60-70% of cases. Dementia is diagnosed based on medical history, exams, tests and characteristic changes in thinking and functioning. While there is no cure, medications and therapies can help reduce symptoms or slow progression for some time.
This document discusses different types of speech disorders including aphasia, dysphonia, dysarthria, and others. It provides details on aphasia including the major divisions of fluent and non-fluent aphasia. Specific types of aphasia like Wernicke's, Broca's, conduction, and global aphasia are explained. The document also covers dysarthria and dysphonia as well as other miscellaneous speech disorders.
functional ,reflex ,autoscopy ,extracampine ,pseudohallucinations ,induced hallucinations ,phantom limb pain as described in fish psychopathology and SIMS(symptoms of mind) for m.phil clinical psychology
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the frontal lobe. It begins with the neuroanatomy of the frontal lobe, describing its sulci, fissures and gyri. It then covers the prefrontal cortex in more detail, describing its functional areas including the dorsolateral, orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. The document also discusses the motor cortex, its primary, premotor and supplementary areas. It covers tests used to assess frontal lobe functions and describes frontal lobe syndromes and its involvement in psychiatric illnesses and epilepsy.
This document discusses the anatomy and functional areas of the frontal lobe and their relation to psychiatry. It begins with the anatomical structures of the frontal lobe including the lateral, medial and orbital surfaces. It then covers the primary functional areas - primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, frontal eye fields, Broca's area, and the prefrontal cortex including dorsolateral, dorsomedial and orbital regions. Neuropsychiatric disorders are discussed like frontal lobe syndrome, traumatic brain injury, frontotemporal dementia, and the relationships between the frontal lobe and conditions like schizophrenia, depression, ADHD, OCD, and alcohol use. Assessment techniques are also covered.
This document provides information about cerebral palsy (CP), including:
1. CP is a motor function disorder caused by permanent, non-progressive brain lesions present at birth or shortly after. It causes a lack of muscle control and balance issues.
2. CP has various causes like developmental malformations, neurological damage before/during/after birth from issues like lack of oxygen.
3. There are four main types of CP defined by affected movements: spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed. Spastic CP is the most common.
4. Treatment aims to improve motor skills and independence through therapies, surgeries, medications, assistive devices, and family support
Neuro psychiatric aspect of frontal lobedivyesh2k5
This document provides an overview of frontal lobe anatomy, physiology, and associated neuropsychiatric conditions. It describes the evolution and surfaces of the frontal lobe, functional areas including the motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and neurotransmitter systems. Neuropsychiatric conditions discussed include frontal lobe syndromes, traumatic brain injury, dementia, epilepsy, and the involvement of the frontal lobe in various psychiatric illnesses. Clinical features and bedside tests used in frontal lobe assessments are also summarized.
Cerebral palsy is defined as a non-progressive disorder of movement, tone, and posture due to a defect or lesion in the developing brain. It is commonly associated with developmental disabilities like intellectual disability, epilepsy, visual and hearing impairments, and speech and cognitive issues. Cerebral palsy can be classified based on topography, physiology, and functional ability. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, assistive devices, medication management, and sometimes surgery to address issues like spasticity, contractures, and orthopedic problems. Prognosis depends on factors like type and severity of cerebral palsy, presence of other disabilities, and home environment support.
This document provides information about cerebral palsy (CP), including:
1) CP is defined as a non-progressive disorder of movement, muscle tone, and posture due to a brain injury before age 5. It is often associated with developmental disabilities like intellectual disability, epilepsy, and sensory or speech problems.
2) CP is classified based on affected body parts (topographic), muscle tone physiology), and functional ability. Assessment involves evaluating health, neurological function, movement, cognition, vision/hearing, feeding, speech, orthopedic issues, and home situation.
3) Management is multidisciplinary, involving medical evaluation, physiotherapy to improve movement and prevent deformities, occupational therapy, play
This document provides an overview of the neuroanatomy and functions of the frontal lobe. It discusses the motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and various subregions. It covers the frontal lobe's role in motor control, executive functions, language, and social behavior. Lesions in different frontal areas can cause syndromes like frontal lobe syndrome, characterized by changes in personality and behavior. The document also reviews associated neurological exams and neuropsychological tests.
A neurological examination evaluates the functioning of the nervous system, including sensory, motor, and cognitive abilities. It involves tests of mental status, cranial nerves, motor skills, sensation, reflexes, and cerebellar function. The purposes are to identify or rule out nervous system diseases, aid diagnosis, guide treatment, and monitor changes over time. Nurses are responsible for ensuring a calm environment, accurately documenting exam findings, and informing doctors of any changes.
A neurological examination assesses the nervous system for impairment by evaluating sensory, motor, and reflex responses. It typically includes a physical examination and medical history review to determine neurological function without advanced testing. The exam can be used for both screening and investigating potential neurological disorders. Some key aspects examined include mental status, cranial nerves, motor strength, sensation, coordination, and reflexes to check the cortex, subcortical structures, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. The goal is to localize any neurological abnormalities that may be present.
This document discusses the anatomy, functions, and clinical presentations of lesions involving the frontal lobe, including the motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and their roles in executive function, social behavior, language, and more. Specific tests are described to evaluate functions like motor control, language, problem-solving, and emotional regulation that are mediated by the frontal lobe. A variety of clinical syndromes can result from frontal lobe lesions depending on the location and extent of the damage.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood. It is caused by non-progressive brain damage early in development and results in impaired movement and posture. Common symptoms include stiff/floppy muscles, poor head/trunk control, and developmental delays in rolling, sitting, crawling, etc. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors, medical history, neurological exam, and developmental tests. While there is no cure, treatment aims to improve function through physical, occupational, speech and other therapies, orthotics, surgery, and special education. Managing complications and providing support are also important aspects of care.
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired. This typically includes a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history, but not deeper investigation such as neuroimaging.
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy (CP), including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins by explaining that CP is a non-progressive brain injury occurring early in development that causes lifelong movement problems. The major types of CP are then summarized as sp
This document provides an overview of the neurological examination in psychiatry. It describes the major sections that are examined which include mental status, cranial nerves, motor function, sensory function, reflexes, cerebellar functions, gait and station, and abnormal movements. It then goes on to provide details on how to examine each of these sections, such as tests for various aspects of mental status, how to examine each of the 12 cranial nerves, and descriptions of different types of reflexes.
A neurological examination assesses the nervous system for impairment by evaluating sensory and motor responses, especially reflexes. It typically includes a physical examination and medical history review to determine neurological function without advanced testing. The exam can be used for both screening and investigation of suspected neurological disorders. Key components include evaluating mental status, cranial nerves, motor function, sensation, coordination, and reflexes to check the cortex, subcortical structures, brainstem, spinal cord, nerves, neuromuscular junction, and muscles. Abnormal findings may localize the source of neurological dysfunction.
This document provides an overview of the components and process of conducting a mental status examination (MSE). It defines an MSE as a standardized format for clinicians to record a patient's signs and symptoms during an interview. The key components of an MSE that are assessed include appearance, behavior, mood, affect, speech, thought process, thought content, perception, cognition, and insight. Each component is evaluated based on specific criteria like quality, intensity, and congruence. The document also provides definitions for various clinical terms relevant to findings on MSE and conditions that may present with abnormal findings.
Frontal lobe functions and assessmeny 20th july 2013Shahnaz Syeda
The frontal lobes have several functional areas that control motor functions like movement as well as higher cognitive functions. The primary motor cortex directly controls muscle movement while areas like the premotor cortex plan movements. The prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functions, problem solving, emotion regulation, and decision making through areas like the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Damage to different frontal lobe areas can cause syndromes like difficulties with movement, language, behavior, personality and cognition depending on the location of the lesion. A neuropsychological assessment can evaluate these frontal lobe functions.
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired. This typically includes a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history, but not deeper investigation such as neuroimaging.
This document discusses the frontal lobe and its functional anatomy. It describes the case of Phineas Gage in 1848, whose frontal lobe injury changed his personality. The frontal lobe is the largest lobe and gives humans abilities like empathy, humor, and deception. The document outlines the various regions and circuits of the frontal lobe and their functions, like motor control, language, and executive functions. It also discusses assessments used to evaluate frontal lobe functions, like the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Tower of London Test.
In this brief presentation, we are going to view the aspects of integrative functions & their associated parts in the brain & ANS, also some effects of stroke on patients regarding the post-psychosocial aspect, & other interesting matters to view at the end of the presentation, please view the presenter's notes since they contain more info & some links relevant to our topic
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Frontal Lobar Function tests.pptx
1. LOBAR FUNCTION TEST
Moderator :- Dr. S. Sengupta, AP
Dr. S. A. Alam, SR
Presenter :- Dr. Narendra P. S. Rajput,PGT
Dept of psychiatry, LGBRIMH, Tezpur
JULY 2015
Short topic
2. OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Different lobe functions
• Tests for frontal lobe
• Tests for temporal lobe
• Tests for parietal lobe
• Tests for occipital lobe
• References
3. Introduction- why to assess?
• Determine the cognitive deficits
• Evaluate the nature and scope of observed
deficits
• Assist in diagnostic determination
• Aid in treatment and management
• To measure change over time
9. Functions
• Motor cortex:- specialized for controlling fine motor
movement (hand & face)
• Premotor cortex:- these neuron forms three descending
system-controlling limb movement, controlling body /axial
movements, controlling eye movement.
• Prefrontal cortex:- it is involved in temporal organization of
complex behavior.
• Sequencing
• Motivation and drive
• Executive function
10. Assessment of frontal lobe function-
• Motor subsystem:- Spastic hemiplegia contralaterally.
• Test includes test for basic motor function- (grip strength)
finger tapping test (fine motor speed).
• Premotor lesions:- loss of “Kinetic Melody”.
• Bedside test for alternating Motor Patterns
1. Fist Palm Side Test
2. Fist Ring Test
3. Reciprocal Co-ordination Test
4. Drawing zigzag line consisting of pointed and rectangular
elements
11. Fist-ring test
Test of reciprocal coordination
Drawing zigzag line consisting of pointed and rectangular elements
12. • In deep seated lesions of premotor cortex (in
the test of kinetic melody ) patients will have
“compulsive automatism”.
• The patient has difficulty in ceasing the
behavior
13. Frontal eye fields:- (BA8,9 ,6)
• Bedside test:
1. Ask the patient to follow the movement of a
finger from left to right and up and down.
2. Ask the patient to look from left to right, up
and down (with no finger to follow).
• Note inability to move or jerky movement
14. Supplementary motor area and anterior
cingulate cortex
• Very much interconnected to other parts
• Involved in motivated behavior
• Initiation and goal directed behavior
• At present there are no office or neuropsychological
tests can be tested along with other frontal lobe
divisions
16. It Includes - greater part of superior, middle and inferior frontal
gyri, orbital gyrus, most of medial frontal gyrus, anterior half of
cingulate gyrus
LATERAL VIEW CUT SECTION OF BRAIN
17. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPC):-
(BA 9, 10, 46)
• Bedside tests:
1. Is the patient able to make an appointment and arrive
on time?
2. Is the patient able to give a coherent account of current
problems and the reason for the interview? Is there
evidence of thought disorder?
3. ATTENTION & WORKING MEMORY :-
• Digit span, days of the week or months of the year
backwards. Here the patient has to retain the task and
the information, and then manipulate the information.
• Serial subtraction and test for Sustained attention
18. Test of Sustained attention
Cancel 6 and 9 Right Wrong
Total
Time taken
19. 4. Controlled oral word association test (COWAT):
Tests VERBAL FLUENCY
• Asked to produce as many words as possible, in one
minute, starting with F, then A, then S.
• Proper nouns and be previously used words with a
different suffix are prohibited
• Other categorical fluency tests include naming animals,
fruits and vegetables
5. Executive function
I. Wisconsin Card Sorting Tests
II. Tower of London test
III. Trail making test
20. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-
Abstract thinking and set shifting; L>R
“Please sort the 60 cards under the 4 samples. I won’t tell you the rule, but I
will announce every mistake. The rule will change after 10 correct
placements.”
21. Tower of London Tests
Planning
Various levels of difficulty:
e.g. “Please rearrange the balls on the pegs, so that each peg has
one ball only. Use as few movements as possible”
22. Trail Making Test-
Visuo-motor track, conceptualization, set shift
A
C
1
2
7
3 D
5 B
4
6
Various levels of difficulty:
1. “Please connect the letters in alphabetical order as fast as you can.”
2. “Repeat, as in ‘1’ but alternate with numbers in increasing order”
23. Abstract thinking and Judgement
• Proverb Testing
• Similarity testing
• Block design
1. Tests construction ability abstract thinking.
2. Blocks are kept in specific arrangement and also to shift
them to the a particular form.
3. Multi coloured cubes are given to the patient and asked
to arrange them according to a specific design.
• Weigh colour – form sorting test, Object sorting Test
• Goldstein’s Scheerer Stick Test
• Insight :- reaction to own illness
24. Orbital and basal area (Orbitofrontal cortex)
• Bedside tests:
1. Does the patient dress or behave in a way which suggests
lack of concern with the feelings of others or without
concern to accepted social customs.
2. Test sense of smell - coffee, cloves etc.
3. Go/no-go Test:-
The patient is asked to make a response to one signal (the
Go signal) and not to respond to another signal (the no-go
signal).
The most basic is to ask the patient to tap their knee when
the examiner says, “Go” and to make no response when
the examiner says, “Stop”.
25. 4. The Stroop Test:- Examines attention and the ability of the
patient to inhibit responses.
• Patients are asked to state the color in which words are printed
rather than the words
• This task is made difficult by presenting the name of colors printed
in different colored ink
– RED BLUE ORANGE YELLOW
– GREEN RED PURPLE RED
– GREEN YELLOW BLUE RED
– YELLOW ORANGE RED GREEN
– BLUE GREEN PURPLE RED
26. Frontal Release Reflexes
• As the CNS matures, frontal lobe cells develop and
begin to inhibit the primitive reflexes which are
present in normal babies.
• These may reappear with brain damage or disease
1. Grasp
2. Sucking (pout, snout, rooting)
3. Palmar-mental
4. Glabella Tap
• Apraxia, aphasia and memory disturbances also
occur in frontal lobe lesions. Test described with
other lobes
27. Orbitofrontal syndrome
(disinhibited)
Frontal convexity
syndrome (apathetic)
Medial frontal
syndrome (akinetic)
Disinhibited, impulsive
behavior
(pseudopsychopathic)
Inappropriate jocular affect,
euphoria
Emotional lability
Poor judgment and insight
Distractibility
Perseveration
Apathy
Indifference
Psychomotor
retardation
Motor perseveration
and impersistence
Loss of self
Stimulus-bound
behavior
Discrepant motor and
verbal behavior
Motor programming
deficits
Poor word list
generation
Poor abstraction and
categorization
Segmented approach to
visuospatial analysis
Paucity of spontaneous
movement and gesture
Disturbance of will
Catatonic signs-
gegenhalten ,waxy
flexibility
Alien hand, forced
grasping, compulsive
utilization,
Sparse verbal output
(repetition may be
preserved)
Lower extremity
weakness and loss of
sensation
Incontinence
28. Test and lesions (Stuss2002)
Left DLPFC
• FAS
• WCST
Stroop Naming
List Learning
TMT
• Semantic Fluency
Inferior Medial
List learning
Semantic Fluency
Right DLPFC
• WCST
• TMT
• Semantic fluency
Superior Medial
• FAS
• WCST
Stroop Incongruent
• TMT
• Semantic Fluency
29. Test for temporal lobe
• Sensory:- auditory n
visual perception
• Memory
• Comprehension &
understanding spoken
language
• Emotion and behaviour
30. NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
1-Testing for auditory processing capacity-
• DICHOTIC TESTING TASK
2- Testing for visual processing capacities-
• Mc Gill picture anomalies tests
3—Test for verbal memory—
• Wechsler memory scale
4—Test for visual memory
• Rey complex figure/ Rey-Osterrieth Test
5—Test for language comprehension
• Token test
31. • Some terms related to language disorders :-
• Aphasia- a true language disturbance due to impairment in the
production and/or comprehension of spoken language.
• Dysarthria- a specific disorder of articulation in which basic
language( grammar, word choice and comprehension) are intact.
• Dysprosody- an interruption of speech melody. Speech inflection
and rhythm are disturbed
• Buccofacial or oral Apraxia- is the inability to perform skilled
movements of the face and speech musculature in the presence of
normal comprehension, muscle strength, and coordination.
• Amusia – inability to identify musical themes
• Pure word deafness (aphemia)– can not recognise spoken word
despite speech, reading n writing being normal.
32. Aphasias
• Global :-M/C ,Spontaneous speech is absent or reduced to a few
stereotyped words or sounds. Comprehension is absent/reduced.
• Broca ‘s:- Nonfluent , comprehension good , poor repetition.
• Wernicke’s:- fluent, poor comprehension & repetition.
• Conduction:- poor repetition, paraphagic , fluent speech
comprehension relatively spared
• Transcortical:- retained repetition but subdivided according to
fluency & comprehension as transcortical motor/ sensory
• Anomic Aphasia- There is word finding difficulty and an inability
to name objects , speech is spontaneous, fluent, grammatically rich
but contains many word finding pauses
• Subcortical Aphasia- fluent/articulary disturbances Repetition
is intact/impaired impaired comprehension
33.
34.
35.
36. Bedside tests
• Handedness :-
• 99% of right hander's have left hemispheric dominance for
language.
• left hander's, 67% left hemispheric language, 33% have either
mixed or right hemispheric language dominance.
• Spontaneous speech :- fluent / non fluent
• Comprehension:- answers to normal Qs.
• Naming objects
• Repetition
• Reading
• writing
37. Memory assessment
• Immediate memory:- 3 unrelated words ask to repeat , digit
span test.
• Recent /short term- recall of 3 words after 5 min , recent
events of day
* Orientation – time/place/person
* Verbal memory- word list test
* Visuo -spatial memory- reproduce drawings
• Remote /Long term:- personal / historic events of past.
• Confabulation ;- making up stories to fill up the gaps ;
Korsakov’s psychosis
38. • The Kluver-Bucy syndrome
• Tameness: loss of fear/anxiety or diminished aggression
• Dietary changes: indiscriminate dietary behavior
• Altered sexuality: greatly increased autoerotic, homosexual,
or heterosexual activity or inappropriate sexual object choice
• Hypermetamorphosis: a tendency to attend to and react to
every visual stimulus
• Hyperorality: a tendency to examine all objects by mouth
• Psychic blindness: visual agnosia
• Gastaut-Geschwind syndrome
• combinations of hyposexuality, hyperreligiosity, hypergraphia,
interpersonal “stickiness,” circumstantiality
40. Parietal lobe
• Integrating somatosensory with visual and auditory
information to construct ‘body schema’ and its relation to
extrapersonal space.
• Also in the execution of voluntary complex motor acts.
• Comprehension of verbal and written language.
• The recognition and utilization of numbers, arithmetic
principles and calculations.
41. Some terms
• Stereognosis: ability to recognize and identify objects by feeling
them. The absence of this ability is termed astereognosis.
• Graphesthesia: ability to recognize symbols written on the skin.
The absence of this ability is termed graphanesthesia.
• Two-point discrimination: ability to recognize simultaneous
stimulation by two blunt points. Measured by the distance
between the points required for recognition.
• Touch localization (topognosis): ability to localize stimuli to parts
of the body. Topagnosia is the absence of this ability.
• Double simultaneous stimulation: ability to perceive a sensory
stimulus when corresponding areas on the opposite side of the
body are stimulated simultaneously. (sensory extinction)
• Alexia- Loss of reading ability in a previously literate person.
• Agraphia- An acquired disturbance in writing.
• Acalculia- Inability to manipulate figures
42. Classical Test of parietal lobe functions
1) Steriognosia and graphesthesia, 2) Calculating
3) Left – Right orientation 4) Writing
5) Reading aloud 6) Spatial recognition
7) Recognizing ones illness 8) Copying Geometric
s shapes
Sensory and perceptual disturbances-
• Somatic sensation is touch, pain, temperature, body position
sense, kinesthesia, and vibration.
43. Two-point discrimination
• Ordinarily, only the fingerpads are tested but other areas of the body
can be tested. According to DeJong (1967), the following are the
normal distances at which two points can be discriminated on various
body parts:
• Tongue tip: 1 mm
• Fingertip: 2 to 4 mm
• Dorsum of fingers: 4 to 6 mm
• Palm: 8 to 12 mm
• Dorsum of hand: 20 to 30 mm
Topognosis
• Ask the patient to describe or point to various parts of the body tested
with tactile stimulation. This can be done with tactile testing.
Double simultaneous stimulation
• Patients with parietal lobe lesions may recognize stimuli on one side of
the body when applied independently but not recognize or distinguish
that stimulus when bilateral stimuli are applied.(extinction )
44. Apraxia
• Inability carry out skilled movement in the absence of impaired motor
functioning or paralysis.
Type – Left hemisphere injury: ideomotor, ideational, buccal facial apraxia.
• Right hemispherer injury: constructional and dressing apraxia.
Method of testing-
• 1st make sure that if there is any weakness, sensory deficit or ataxia.
• Patient understands instructions.
Ideomotor –
• Buccofacial- Blow out a match, Protrude your tongue & drink through
straw.
• Limb command—How to solute, Use a brush, Flip a coin, Hammer a nail,
comb your hair, kick a ball & crush out cigarette.
• Whole body command- - Stand like boxer, Swing a baseballs bat
Ideational Apraxia—Carring out the whole of a complex act is defective,
though the execution of different part of the complete act may be
normal.
45. Constructional Apraxia / Amorphosynthesis—
• Basic type of tests are-
1) Spontaneous drawing,
2) Paper and pencil. Production of geometric shape,
3) Two dimensional block design,
4) Three dimensional block design,
5) Stick pattern reproduction,
6) Spatial analysis task—patient is asked to shade in the portion of a
design that is common to two or more overlapping figures.
7) Reconstruction of puzzles e.g. Benson & Benson and object
assembly subset of WAIS.
46.
47.
48. • Patient should have adequate vision & sufficient motor ability.
• Constructional Apraxia—Presents in 27% of right hemispheric
lesion and absent in 17% of cases while in left hemispheric lesion
it is seen in 17% and absent in 27% of cases.
• Other tests-
1) Bender Gestalt Test, 2) Ravens Progressive Matrices,
3) Minnesota Perception- Diagnostic Test,4) Hooper Visual
Organization
• Drawing to command →human figure drawing→bicycle drawing.
49. Laterality of the lesion and characteristics of drawing
• Right hemisphere—1) Scattered and fragmented, 2) Loss
of spatial relations, 3) Faulty orientation, 4) Energetic
drawing, 5) Addition of the line to try to make drawing
correct.
• Left hemisphere—1) Coherent but simplified, 2)
Preservation of spatial relations, 3) Correct orientation, 4)
Slow and laborious, 5) Gross lack of detail.
• Constructional apraxia TESTS frontal parietal n occipital
lobes
50. Unilateral Spatial Neglect – The syndrome consists of a tendency to neglect
one half of extra personal space in such task as drawing and reading. More
prominent with right hemispheric lesions.
51. Dressing Apraxia—
• How patient manipulates to buttons, how he takes off
his coat or jacket and puts them on again. It is usually
due to right hemisphere lesion involving parietal region
• Left sided or Unilateral apraxia :- Unable to initiate or
perform certain movements with their left hand (but
not right).
• Geographic Disorientation— Describe evidence of
disorientation from history, Map localization—to locate
well-known cities on a map, Orientation of self in
hospital.
52. Disorder of body schema:--
• Anosognosia— Failure to perceive one side of body e.g. for
hemiplegia (Babinsky syndrome),
• Autotopognosia—Inability to identify any part of body.
• Finger agnosia— Inability to recognize name and point to
individual finger on oneself and on others
• Right—Left disorientation
• Gerstmann’s Syndrome—
• Left or dominant parietal lesion. (angular gyrus)
• Consists four major component –
---Finger agnosia --Right-left disorientation
---Dysgraphia, agraphia --Dyscalculia
• Additionally constructional impairment and mild aphasia may exist. It
indicates damage of dominant parietal lobe/ bilateral lobe.
53. • Dominant side
Functions
• Calculation-
simple/complex
• Language
• Planned movement
• Appreciation of size, shape,
weight and texture
Lesions
• Dyscalculia
• Dysphasia
• Dyslexia
• Apraxia /Agnosia/
Homonymous-Hemianopia
• Non-dominant side
Functions
• Spatial orientation
• Constructional skills
Lesions
• Neglect of non-dominant side
• Spatial disorientation
• Constructional apraxia
• Dressing apraxia
• Homonymous-Hemianopia
55. • Anton-Babinski syndrome)–
• Inability to recognise part of one’s own body.
• It includes a somatosensory defect that encompasses loss of the
stored body schema as well as conceptual negation of paralysis
and a disturbed visual perception and neglect of the body.
• Patients with visual spatial impairment have great difficulty
localizing objects in two and three dimensional space. Stereopsis
(binocular depth perception) is often impaired.
• Unilateral anosognosiais associated with additional abnormalities
like blunted emotionality, confusion, and allocheiria.
56. References
• Bickerstaff’s Neurological Examination in Clinical practice 7 th
adapted edition 2013.
• Richard L. Strub, F. Willium Black, The Mental Status Examination
in Neuology, 4 th edition 2003.
• JN Vyas, Niraj Ahuja,Textbook of Postgraduate Psychiatry, 2nd
edtion 2003.
• B.J. Sadock, V.A. Sadock, Biology of Memory, Chapter 3.4,
Comprehensive Textbook Of Psychiatry 9th, (2009), p658.
• psych.theclinics.com
• Pridmore S. Download of Psychiatry, Chapter 27. Last modified:
April, 2007
• Neuropsychologic Assessment of Frontal Lobe
Dysfunction,Elkhonon Goldberg, PhD*, Dmitri Bougakov, PhD,
Psychiatr Clin N Am 28 (2005) 567–580.
• Google images