1. The document summarizes Marilyn Friedman's account of personal autonomy in her book. It discusses the basic features she argues are necessary for choices and actions to be autonomous, including various forms of self-reflection.
2. It examines her distinction between the constitutive and causal conditions for autonomy. Social relationships and cultural contexts play an important role in enabling autonomy.
3. While autonomy requires individuality, it is always grounded in social relationships and contexts. An overly individualistic view that ignores social influences can undermine autonomy.
This document discusses several key concepts in social perception:
1. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in social perception. Facial expressions, eye contact, body language, posture, and touching can all reveal emotional and mental states. Basic emotions are often expressed through specific facial movements.
2. Attribution refers to how people seek to understand the behaviors of others by inferring underlying traits or motives. Correspondent inference theory holds that behaviors perceived as freely chosen and distinctive are more likely to be attributed to internal traits. Kelley's theory examines how attribution is influenced by consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
3. Impression formation is the process by which people combine diverse information to form unified impressions of others. Initial
Social perception involves forming impressions of other individuals based on three key clues: the person themselves, the surrounding situation, and observed behavior. When perceiving others, people are subject to biases like the halo effect and in-group bias. Attribution processes are used to explain the causes of others' behavior, but the fundamental attribution error means observers underestimate situational influences and overestimate personal factors. Social perception is an important part of social skills and interaction.
Social perception- Your ability to understand you, your society and its othe...Babu Appat
Understand your group, its various members and the way interact in between each other. How does you form an insight into the behasvioural patterns of each of its members? How do you form self image, image about you as a member of the group to which you belong? What is social cognition? and a lot other similar questions is answered fully or partly here.
Social perception involves forming impressions of others based on available information. We use verbal and nonverbal cues like facial expressions and body language to understand others' feelings and make inferences about them. Attribution is identifying the causes of behaviors in context. Common theories studied in social perception are attribution theory, which examines how people explain events, and implicit personality theory, which involves categorizing traits as central or peripheral to form impressions. Social biases like stereotyping, the halo effect, and ingroup bias can influence social perception.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. Attitudes are learned evaluations that influence thought and action. The cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people are motivated to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components and are acquired through social learning, social comparison, genetics, and self-experience. Groups influence individuals through conformity, groupthink, social facilitation, and de-individuation. Compliance results from persuasion techniques like reciprocity and the foot-in-the-door technique.
This document provides an overview of a social psychology course. It begins with definitions of social psychology and lists the main topics that will be covered in the course, including culture, the self, social cognition, attitudes, social influence, prejudice, aggression, relationships, and groups. It then provides more detail on some of the key chapters, outlining topics like nature vs nurture, the looking glass self, goals and choice, heuristics and biases in social cognition, and the factors that influence prosocial behavior.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Capture and analyze your feelings in personal moral experiences;
2. compare reasonable and emotional responses;
3. check real-life cases against the 7-step model;
Personality development study material by mr zeeshan nicksZEESHANALAM54
Personality is shaped by heredity, environment, and situation. It can be understood by analyzing one's behaviors, personality traits, attitudes, and perceptions. Developing self-awareness provides many benefits and allows one to understand themselves and how they relate to others. Gaining self-awareness involves self-analysis, seeking feedback from others, self-disclosure, having diverse experiences, and increasing emotional intelligence. Lack of self-awareness can lead to poor decisions and issues in personal and professional life.
This document discusses several key concepts in social perception:
1. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in social perception. Facial expressions, eye contact, body language, posture, and touching can all reveal emotional and mental states. Basic emotions are often expressed through specific facial movements.
2. Attribution refers to how people seek to understand the behaviors of others by inferring underlying traits or motives. Correspondent inference theory holds that behaviors perceived as freely chosen and distinctive are more likely to be attributed to internal traits. Kelley's theory examines how attribution is influenced by consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
3. Impression formation is the process by which people combine diverse information to form unified impressions of others. Initial
Social perception involves forming impressions of other individuals based on three key clues: the person themselves, the surrounding situation, and observed behavior. When perceiving others, people are subject to biases like the halo effect and in-group bias. Attribution processes are used to explain the causes of others' behavior, but the fundamental attribution error means observers underestimate situational influences and overestimate personal factors. Social perception is an important part of social skills and interaction.
Social perception- Your ability to understand you, your society and its othe...Babu Appat
Understand your group, its various members and the way interact in between each other. How does you form an insight into the behasvioural patterns of each of its members? How do you form self image, image about you as a member of the group to which you belong? What is social cognition? and a lot other similar questions is answered fully or partly here.
Social perception involves forming impressions of others based on available information. We use verbal and nonverbal cues like facial expressions and body language to understand others' feelings and make inferences about them. Attribution is identifying the causes of behaviors in context. Common theories studied in social perception are attribution theory, which examines how people explain events, and implicit personality theory, which involves categorizing traits as central or peripheral to form impressions. Social biases like stereotyping, the halo effect, and ingroup bias can influence social perception.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. Attitudes are learned evaluations that influence thought and action. The cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people are motivated to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components and are acquired through social learning, social comparison, genetics, and self-experience. Groups influence individuals through conformity, groupthink, social facilitation, and de-individuation. Compliance results from persuasion techniques like reciprocity and the foot-in-the-door technique.
This document provides an overview of a social psychology course. It begins with definitions of social psychology and lists the main topics that will be covered in the course, including culture, the self, social cognition, attitudes, social influence, prejudice, aggression, relationships, and groups. It then provides more detail on some of the key chapters, outlining topics like nature vs nurture, the looking glass self, goals and choice, heuristics and biases in social cognition, and the factors that influence prosocial behavior.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Capture and analyze your feelings in personal moral experiences;
2. compare reasonable and emotional responses;
3. check real-life cases against the 7-step model;
Personality development study material by mr zeeshan nicksZEESHANALAM54
Personality is shaped by heredity, environment, and situation. It can be understood by analyzing one's behaviors, personality traits, attitudes, and perceptions. Developing self-awareness provides many benefits and allows one to understand themselves and how they relate to others. Gaining self-awareness involves self-analysis, seeking feedback from others, self-disclosure, having diverse experiences, and increasing emotional intelligence. Lack of self-awareness can lead to poor decisions and issues in personal and professional life.
Emotions, attitudes, and job satisfaction are related concepts that impact work. Emotions can be positive or negative and are directed at something, while moods are less intense. Attitudes reflect beliefs and feelings toward someone or something. Job satisfaction depends on an individual's positive or negative views of their work itself, supervision, coworkers, opportunities, and pay. Managing emotions, attitudes, and satisfaction can impact organizational behaviors and performance.
Transaction analysis in orgnisation behavior9878416478
Transactional analysis is a theory of psychology that focuses on interpersonal relationships and communication. [1] It was developed in the late 1950s by psychiatrist Eric Berne to help people better understand their own behavior and interactions with others. [2] TA posits that people operate within three ego states - parent, adult, and child - and that healthy communication occurs when all parties interact from their rational adult state. Unhealthy interactions can happen when ego states become rigid or when different ego states interact, such as a parent dominating an adult. Understanding ego states and life positions can provide insight for improving relationships.
The document discusses several theories of personality, including:
- Freud's psychoanalytic theory which describes the id, ego, and superego. It also discusses defense mechanisms like repression and projection.
- Jung's analytical theory which describes the collective unconscious and archetypes. It also discusses introversion and extraversion.
- Adler's individual psychology which focuses on feelings of inferiority and compensation through developing a personal lifestyle and striving for superiority.
- Horney's feminine psychology which emphasizes the role of early relationships and anxiety over sexuality in personality development and neurotic coping strategies.
- Rogers' humanistic theory which sees people as inherently good and striving for self-actualization with unconditional positive regard.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 13 on social psychology from a PowerPoint presentation. It discusses several key topics in social psychology including attribution theory, the fundamental attribution error, how attitudes can influence actions and vice versa, conformity and obedience, and social influence from groups. Specific concepts covered include attribution biases based on culture, the foot-in-the-door phenomenon, how role playing can shift attitudes, and cognitive dissonance theory. Forms of social influence like automatic mimicry and conformity to norms are also summarized.
Rape is an unacceptable act that brings severe trauma to victims. It can be caused by an inability to control sexual desires, a lack of moral values during childhood, or political or group instigation. Effects include long-term emotional and psychological trauma. To control rape, the root causes must be addressed through education, punishment, and supporting victims. Once raped, victims should seek social support, focus on self-care, and use coping strategies like writing to process their emotions and move forward.
Piaget's theory of moral development posited two stages - heteronomous morality and autonomous morality. Kohlberg later expanded on this, identifying six stages across three levels of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Both theorists studied children's responses to moral dilemmas to understand their moral understanding. However, their theories have been criticized for being too focused on moral justifications rather than judgments. Naorem Binita Devi proposes additional moral dilemmas to further study moral development from different perspectives.
this slide presentation should assist students in explaining the basic sources of personality determinants and identifying some personality traits that affect behaviour.
The document provides an overview of understanding human nature and behavior by discussing key topics such as personality, diversity, and personality models. The summary includes:
1) It defines personality as the unique patterns of behavior, emotions, and thoughts that differentiate individuals and influence how they interact with others.
2) Personality is shaped by both inherent traits as well as environmental factors and life experiences. It also tends to become more set over time.
3) Popular models for understanding personality types are discussed, including the Big Five model, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and Cattell's 16 Primary Factors.
4) Appreciating diversity and individual differences can help maximize strengths in teams and situations
This document provides an overview of object relations theory, including its history and key concepts. It traces the theory's origins to Freud's early psychodynamic work and further developments by Klein and others. Core ideas of the theory are that early relationships and internal representations of caregivers shape personality development. The document also discusses empirical support for object relations theory and techniques for clinical interventions based on its principles.
This document provides a summary of key concepts from a chapter on social psychology. It discusses topics like social cognition, person perception, social influence, conformity, prejudice, and obedience. Some main points include:
- Social psychology examines how people think, feel, and behave in social situations. It includes social cognition, or how we form impressions of others, and social influence, how our behavior is affected by other people.
- When forming impressions of others, we rely on mental shortcuts like social categorization and implicit personality theories. We also make attributions to explain others' behaviors.
- Studies on conformity, like Asch's line experiment, show that people often conform to group pressures even if it means agreeing with
The key principles of object relations therapy are that:
1) Children form internalized representations of their relationships with early caregivers that shape their character structure.
2) When a child's needs are not met by caregivers, their development becomes arrested as they suppress parts of themselves.
3) As adults, symptoms arise as veiled expressions of blocked aspects of the self.
Object relations therapy aims to help patients understand defensive relationship patterns and facilitate insight into transference to create new, healthier object relationships with the therapist. This model expands psychoanalysis beyond a focus on discrete affects.
The document discusses Carl Jung's theory of psychological types and how it relates to personality types. Specifically, it covers how human behavior is patterned according to two cognitive preferences - how we take in information (by sensing or intuiting) and how we make decisions (by thinking or feeling). These preferences combined with whether we are extroverted or introverted lead to 16 possible personality types that differ in how they process information and approach various tasks. Examples are provided to illustrate how someone's preferences affect their natural inclinations.
The document provides information about Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan and Dr. Subasree Vanamali, who are professors and trainers in psychology in India. It then discusses several classic theories of personality type, including those proposed by Hippocrates, Sheldon, Kretschmer, and Jung. Hippocrates identified four temperaments - sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic. Sheldon categorized body types into endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph. Kretschmer linked physique to personality, and Jung distinguished between introversion and extroversion.
Transactional analysis is a model of psychology that views a person's ego or personality as consisting of three "ego states": the parent, adult, and child. The parent ego state incorporates learned behavior patterns from a person's caregivers as a child. The child ego state involves spontaneous feelings and impulses. The adult ego state uses objective analysis and critical thinking. People engage in social transactions through these ego states and also use games and strokes to meet psychological needs. Transactional analysis aims to improve communication and social functioning through increasing self-awareness.
Interpersonal Perception Characteristics of perceiver and perceivedAMALDASKH
This document discusses interpersonal perception and how people form judgments of others. It explains that interpersonal perception examines how personalities shape initial impressions and judgments between at least two people. Key factors studied in interpersonal perception include biases, perceived personality traits, verbal and nonverbal cues, and how backgrounds and characteristics of both the perceiver and the perceived influence social judgments. Studying interpersonal skills and social cues can provide insight into this area of social psychology.
This document discusses various theories and approaches to understanding personality, including:
- Personality is shaped by both innate factors like heredity and environment factors like culture, family, and social interactions.
- Major theories include trait theories, which view personality in terms of traits, and type theories, which classify personalities into distinct types.
- Assessment of personality can involve self-report inventories, projective tests, and analyzing behaviors in different situations. Understanding personality involves considering both internal and external influences.
This document provides an overview of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) developed by Albert Ellis. It discusses Ellis' background and influences in developing REBT. The key aspects of REBT are that irrational beliefs cause emotional disturbances, and the goal of therapy is to identify and dispute irrational beliefs in order to develop more rational and adaptive ways of thinking. The counselor in REBT takes an active and directive role in challenging a client's irrational beliefs through logical questioning and debate.
Chapter 5 perception attitude and personalityDokka Srinivasu
This chapter discusses human perception, attitudes, and personality. It covers topics like perceptual processes and errors, self-perception, social perception and attribution processes. The chapter aims to explain how people form impressions of others and develop views of themselves. It also discusses the nature of attitudes, personality development and the effects of culture on these domains.
Sowing Autonomy: Gender and Seed Politics in Semi-Arid IndiaSeeds
This document summarizes three publications from the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) related to citizen empowerment and political change in India. The first publication describes a "citizens' jury" process in Andhra Pradesh that allowed local communities to develop their own vision for food and farming, rejecting the state government's Vision 2020 plan. The second publication discusses experiences with co-managing natural resources worldwide to achieve social justice, economic equity and gender equity. The third examines how community-based integrated pest management has been institutionalized in Java, Indonesia to mainstream participatory approaches.
Friedman argues that the cultural understanding of autonomy needs to change in how it views women. Traditionally, autonomy was associated with masculinity and independence, but it ignores how social relationships can both develop autonomy and be valued by it. Friedman proposes reconceptualizing autonomy as both content-neutral, focusing on self-understanding rather than relationships, and as intersubjective, where relationships influence identity and values. While exercising autonomy could disrupt relationships, it is neither necessary nor sufficient on its own to cause disruption.
Emotions, attitudes, and job satisfaction are related concepts that impact work. Emotions can be positive or negative and are directed at something, while moods are less intense. Attitudes reflect beliefs and feelings toward someone or something. Job satisfaction depends on an individual's positive or negative views of their work itself, supervision, coworkers, opportunities, and pay. Managing emotions, attitudes, and satisfaction can impact organizational behaviors and performance.
Transaction analysis in orgnisation behavior9878416478
Transactional analysis is a theory of psychology that focuses on interpersonal relationships and communication. [1] It was developed in the late 1950s by psychiatrist Eric Berne to help people better understand their own behavior and interactions with others. [2] TA posits that people operate within three ego states - parent, adult, and child - and that healthy communication occurs when all parties interact from their rational adult state. Unhealthy interactions can happen when ego states become rigid or when different ego states interact, such as a parent dominating an adult. Understanding ego states and life positions can provide insight for improving relationships.
The document discusses several theories of personality, including:
- Freud's psychoanalytic theory which describes the id, ego, and superego. It also discusses defense mechanisms like repression and projection.
- Jung's analytical theory which describes the collective unconscious and archetypes. It also discusses introversion and extraversion.
- Adler's individual psychology which focuses on feelings of inferiority and compensation through developing a personal lifestyle and striving for superiority.
- Horney's feminine psychology which emphasizes the role of early relationships and anxiety over sexuality in personality development and neurotic coping strategies.
- Rogers' humanistic theory which sees people as inherently good and striving for self-actualization with unconditional positive regard.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 13 on social psychology from a PowerPoint presentation. It discusses several key topics in social psychology including attribution theory, the fundamental attribution error, how attitudes can influence actions and vice versa, conformity and obedience, and social influence from groups. Specific concepts covered include attribution biases based on culture, the foot-in-the-door phenomenon, how role playing can shift attitudes, and cognitive dissonance theory. Forms of social influence like automatic mimicry and conformity to norms are also summarized.
Rape is an unacceptable act that brings severe trauma to victims. It can be caused by an inability to control sexual desires, a lack of moral values during childhood, or political or group instigation. Effects include long-term emotional and psychological trauma. To control rape, the root causes must be addressed through education, punishment, and supporting victims. Once raped, victims should seek social support, focus on self-care, and use coping strategies like writing to process their emotions and move forward.
Piaget's theory of moral development posited two stages - heteronomous morality and autonomous morality. Kohlberg later expanded on this, identifying six stages across three levels of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Both theorists studied children's responses to moral dilemmas to understand their moral understanding. However, their theories have been criticized for being too focused on moral justifications rather than judgments. Naorem Binita Devi proposes additional moral dilemmas to further study moral development from different perspectives.
this slide presentation should assist students in explaining the basic sources of personality determinants and identifying some personality traits that affect behaviour.
The document provides an overview of understanding human nature and behavior by discussing key topics such as personality, diversity, and personality models. The summary includes:
1) It defines personality as the unique patterns of behavior, emotions, and thoughts that differentiate individuals and influence how they interact with others.
2) Personality is shaped by both inherent traits as well as environmental factors and life experiences. It also tends to become more set over time.
3) Popular models for understanding personality types are discussed, including the Big Five model, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and Cattell's 16 Primary Factors.
4) Appreciating diversity and individual differences can help maximize strengths in teams and situations
This document provides an overview of object relations theory, including its history and key concepts. It traces the theory's origins to Freud's early psychodynamic work and further developments by Klein and others. Core ideas of the theory are that early relationships and internal representations of caregivers shape personality development. The document also discusses empirical support for object relations theory and techniques for clinical interventions based on its principles.
This document provides a summary of key concepts from a chapter on social psychology. It discusses topics like social cognition, person perception, social influence, conformity, prejudice, and obedience. Some main points include:
- Social psychology examines how people think, feel, and behave in social situations. It includes social cognition, or how we form impressions of others, and social influence, how our behavior is affected by other people.
- When forming impressions of others, we rely on mental shortcuts like social categorization and implicit personality theories. We also make attributions to explain others' behaviors.
- Studies on conformity, like Asch's line experiment, show that people often conform to group pressures even if it means agreeing with
The key principles of object relations therapy are that:
1) Children form internalized representations of their relationships with early caregivers that shape their character structure.
2) When a child's needs are not met by caregivers, their development becomes arrested as they suppress parts of themselves.
3) As adults, symptoms arise as veiled expressions of blocked aspects of the self.
Object relations therapy aims to help patients understand defensive relationship patterns and facilitate insight into transference to create new, healthier object relationships with the therapist. This model expands psychoanalysis beyond a focus on discrete affects.
The document discusses Carl Jung's theory of psychological types and how it relates to personality types. Specifically, it covers how human behavior is patterned according to two cognitive preferences - how we take in information (by sensing or intuiting) and how we make decisions (by thinking or feeling). These preferences combined with whether we are extroverted or introverted lead to 16 possible personality types that differ in how they process information and approach various tasks. Examples are provided to illustrate how someone's preferences affect their natural inclinations.
The document provides information about Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan and Dr. Subasree Vanamali, who are professors and trainers in psychology in India. It then discusses several classic theories of personality type, including those proposed by Hippocrates, Sheldon, Kretschmer, and Jung. Hippocrates identified four temperaments - sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic. Sheldon categorized body types into endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph. Kretschmer linked physique to personality, and Jung distinguished between introversion and extroversion.
Transactional analysis is a model of psychology that views a person's ego or personality as consisting of three "ego states": the parent, adult, and child. The parent ego state incorporates learned behavior patterns from a person's caregivers as a child. The child ego state involves spontaneous feelings and impulses. The adult ego state uses objective analysis and critical thinking. People engage in social transactions through these ego states and also use games and strokes to meet psychological needs. Transactional analysis aims to improve communication and social functioning through increasing self-awareness.
Interpersonal Perception Characteristics of perceiver and perceivedAMALDASKH
This document discusses interpersonal perception and how people form judgments of others. It explains that interpersonal perception examines how personalities shape initial impressions and judgments between at least two people. Key factors studied in interpersonal perception include biases, perceived personality traits, verbal and nonverbal cues, and how backgrounds and characteristics of both the perceiver and the perceived influence social judgments. Studying interpersonal skills and social cues can provide insight into this area of social psychology.
This document discusses various theories and approaches to understanding personality, including:
- Personality is shaped by both innate factors like heredity and environment factors like culture, family, and social interactions.
- Major theories include trait theories, which view personality in terms of traits, and type theories, which classify personalities into distinct types.
- Assessment of personality can involve self-report inventories, projective tests, and analyzing behaviors in different situations. Understanding personality involves considering both internal and external influences.
This document provides an overview of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) developed by Albert Ellis. It discusses Ellis' background and influences in developing REBT. The key aspects of REBT are that irrational beliefs cause emotional disturbances, and the goal of therapy is to identify and dispute irrational beliefs in order to develop more rational and adaptive ways of thinking. The counselor in REBT takes an active and directive role in challenging a client's irrational beliefs through logical questioning and debate.
Chapter 5 perception attitude and personalityDokka Srinivasu
This chapter discusses human perception, attitudes, and personality. It covers topics like perceptual processes and errors, self-perception, social perception and attribution processes. The chapter aims to explain how people form impressions of others and develop views of themselves. It also discusses the nature of attitudes, personality development and the effects of culture on these domains.
Sowing Autonomy: Gender and Seed Politics in Semi-Arid IndiaSeeds
This document summarizes three publications from the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) related to citizen empowerment and political change in India. The first publication describes a "citizens' jury" process in Andhra Pradesh that allowed local communities to develop their own vision for food and farming, rejecting the state government's Vision 2020 plan. The second publication discusses experiences with co-managing natural resources worldwide to achieve social justice, economic equity and gender equity. The third examines how community-based integrated pest management has been institutionalized in Java, Indonesia to mainstream participatory approaches.
Friedman argues that the cultural understanding of autonomy needs to change in how it views women. Traditionally, autonomy was associated with masculinity and independence, but it ignores how social relationships can both develop autonomy and be valued by it. Friedman proposes reconceptualizing autonomy as both content-neutral, focusing on self-understanding rather than relationships, and as intersubjective, where relationships influence identity and values. While exercising autonomy could disrupt relationships, it is neither necessary nor sufficient on its own to cause disruption.
The document discusses key topics in queer theory, including what constitutes queer identity and culture. It addresses issues like representation and stereotyping of queer communities in mass media, as well as the mainstreaming and commercialization of queer culture. The document also outlines concerns of queer theory such as challenging dominant gender and sexuality norms upheld in society and popular culture.
Gender studies analyzes theories that problematize heterosexuality and normalize alternative sexualities. It examines how gender is a fluid, socially constructed identity that does not necessarily align with biological sex. Gender studies scholars challenge essentialist notions of fixed gender identities and sexualities, arguing instead that they exist on a continuum that is historically and culturally contingent.
This document provides an overview of queer theory and its application to media representations of gender and sexuality. It discusses how queer theory emerged in the 1990s to challenge heteronormativity and limited representations of LGBT people. It also summarizes key concepts like gender as a social construct and "gender trouble." Examples are given of media texts like Will & Grace and Brokeback Mountain that can be analyzed through this theoretical lens.
Queer Theory rejects conventional notions of identity, including sexual, gender, racial, and ability-based identities. It argues that identities exist on a fluid spectrum rather than rigid binary categories like male/female or gay/straight. Judith Butler's work suggests that gender is a social construct rather than a biological essence, and is performed through behaviors and expressions that are culturally defined as masculine or feminine. Queer Theory challenges dominant assumptions about identity and normalization, seeking to expand representation and understanding of identity beyond limited mainstream portrayals.
Introduction to Women's and Gender Studies Lectureamyhudock
I took many of the slides from the powerpoint presentation called Intro to Gender 2000, but I adapted the slideshow for my own use. I also used the template provided by the slideshow. I provide a link to the original at the end of the slideshow.
Personality can be defined as the sum total of ways in which an individual interacts with others and reacts to situations. It accounts for consistent patterns of behavior and stability over time. Personality is influenced by biological, family, social, and situational factors and can be understood through traits, types, and theories. Key personality types include introvert/extrovert and theories include psychoanalytic, trait, social learning, and self-concept approaches.
The document discusses various topics related to attitudes and values including:
- The definition and components of attitudes, and sources that influence attitudes
- The difference between terminal and instrumental values
- Factors that shape personality including heredity, environment, and situation
- Psychoanalytic theory of personality including the id, ego, and superego
- Argyris's theory of personality development from immaturity to maturity
- Characteristics of Type A and B personalities
- Sources of stress and the consequences of stress
The document discusses self and self-presentation. It begins by exploring how individuals develop a sense of self through self-differentiation, role-taking, and interactions with others. It then examines how identities are formed based on roles, social groups, and how the self is situated in different contexts. The document also analyzes how individuals enact identities through behaviors and choices. It discusses self-esteem and how people present themselves tactically to others through impression management both in everyday life and online.
Talks about Personality and Individual Behavoiur for educational purposes.
* Personality
* Components of Personality
* Nature of Personality
* Framework Of Personality
** Iceberg Theory
** Psychoanalytic Theory
** The Myers Brigg Type Indicators
** The Big 5 Model
* Determinants of Personality
** Biological Factors
** Social Factors
** Cultural Factors
** Situational Factors
* Individual Behaviour
** Individual Behaviour Framework
* Causes of Individual Behaviour
1. The document is a term report submitted by Saad Mazhar for his Oral Communication course.
2. It includes an acknowledgement thanking Allah and his instructor. The report covers topics like communication process, self-perception, self-concept, self-esteem, self-disclosure, leadership, types of communication, barriers to communication, and effective listening.
3. The report provides definitions and explanations of key communication concepts in sections with headings like introduction, types of communication, barriers, and effective listening.
This document discusses attitudes, which are psychological tendencies to evaluate objects with favor or disfavor. It covers the three components of attitudes (cognitive, affective, behavioral), explicit and implicit attitudes, theories of attitude formation like classical conditioning, and the functions of attitudes like expression of values. It also discusses topics like attitude strength, accessibility, ambivalence and the relationship between attitudes and behaviors. Finally, it examines people's and administrators' perceptions of each other and how to reconcile their relationship to improve governance.
This document discusses factors that influence individual behavior. It describes needs, motives, goals, values, beliefs, attitudes, perception, personality and motivation as key determinants of behavior. It provides details about each factor, including how they are formed and how they shape individual actions and responses to internal and external stimuli. Personality is influenced by heredity, environment, and situational factors. Key aspects of personality discussed are locus of control, Machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring, risk-taking, and Type A vs Type B.
Notes on personality in organisation behavior (For BBA/B.com Students)Yamini Kahaliya
The document discusses various theories and aspects of personality. It defines personality as a combination of characteristics that form a person's unique identity. It discusses several theories of personality including Freud's theory of id, ego and superego; Erikson's stages of psychosocial development; and Sheldon's physiognomy theory of endomorphs, mesomorphs and ectomorphs. The document also outlines five major personality attributes: locus of control, Machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring, and risk-taking.
This document discusses human relations and its importance in nursing. Human relations refers to the relationships between people, including nurse-patient relationships, nurse-health team relationships, and nurse-community relationships. It involves communication, self-awareness, trust, and conflict resolution. Understanding human relations is important for providing quality patient care through collaborative relationships among nurses and other healthcare professionals.
Person-centered therapy focuses on facilitating a client's self-directed growth through a therapeutic relationship characterized by empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard. The approach challenges the assumption that the therapist knows best and instead emphasizes the client's innate potential for self-understanding and problem-solving. For change to occur, the client must experience incongruence while the therapist maintains congruence and unconditional acceptance, allowing the client to perceive they are truly understood. The goal is for clients to develop more positive self-regard independent of others' expectations through exploring their experiences in a supportive environment.
This document outlines various cognitive and affective strategies for developing critical thinking skills. It discusses 36 specific strategies across 3 categories: A) Affective strategies related to developing independence of thought, insight into biases, and intellectual virtues. B) Cognitive macro-strategies related to analyzing, evaluating, and transferring ideas across contexts. C) Cognitive micro-strategies related to logical reasoning skills like comparing, questioning assumptions, and identifying contradictions. The document provides explanations and examples for several of the strategies.
It shows basic information about Personality and values chapter 5 slide to do a presentation. It happens to create one to generate new slides. or it could help one do one study as well.
The document discusses personality and values. It defines personality as how individuals react and interact with others through measurable traits. It describes several personality models including the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Big Five Model. It also discusses values frameworks like Rokeach's values survey and Hofstede's cultural dimensions model. Personality and values influence behaviors in organizations.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to understanding consumers as individuals. It discusses types of needs and motivations, including physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization needs. It also covers consumer personality theories like Freudian and trait theory. Additionally, it examines consumer perception, learning, attitudes, and how personality influences consumption behaviors. Marketers can leverage these concepts to better understand consumer diversity and target appropriate segments.
The document discusses personality tests used in recruitment and selection. It describes several theories of personality including trait theory, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, psychoanalytic theory, and behaviorist theory. It also discusses the Thomas-Kilmann conflict mode instrument and how to interpret results from personality assessments. Personality tests provide insights into candidates that can help reduce hiring mistakes and improve workplace dynamics.
Unit 2 motivation, personality, consumer's perception, learning & attitud...viveksangwan007
Motivation: Nature and Types of Motives, Process of motivation, types of Needs. Personality: Theories, Product Personality, Self Concepts. Consumer Perception: Concept and Elements of Perception, Consumer Imagery, Perceived Risk. Consumer Learning:Behavioural and Cognitive Learning Theories. Consumer Attitude: Functions of Attitude and Sources of Attitude Development, Attitude formation Theories (Tricomponent, Multi attribute and Cognitive Dissonance), Attitude Change Strategies.
The document discusses personality tests used in recruitment and selection. It describes several theories of personality including trait theory, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, psychoanalytic theory, and behaviorist theory. It also discusses the Thomas-Kilmann conflict mode instrument and interpreting results from personality assessments. Personality tests provide insights into candidates that can help reduce hiring mistakes and improve workplace dynamics.
Social psychology examines how individuals are influenced by and influence others. Key topics include social influence, norms, attitudes, stereotypes, conformity, obedience, and persuasion. Important concepts are social learning theory, attribution biases like the fundamental attribution error, and interpersonal attraction factors like similarity, proximity, and self-disclosure.
This document summarizes several theories of social and emotional development in children and adolescents. It discusses Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, Bandura's social learning theory, and Goleman's theory of emotional intelligence. It also covers theories of moral development from Kohlberg, Turiel, and Gilligan. Factors like parenting styles, role models, peer groups, and their influences on identity formation and socialization are described. Exceptional development in gifted children and juvenile delinquents is also addressed.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. Chapter one:
A Conception of Autonomy
報告人:
李瑞清 高亞筠
Marilyn Friedman Autonomy, Gender, Politics
2. Arrangement in This book
The Basic Account (1~3)
The Social Context (4~5)
Intimate Relationships (6~7)
The Larger Political System (8~9)
3. Arrangement in Chapter one
The Basic Account
Individuality and Sociality
Content-Neutral v. Substantive Conceptions of Autonomy
Severely Restricted Options and Autonomy
Counterexamples
4. Generally Use…
Choices or actions are indifferent as behavior.( p.4)
When she refers to, for example, “wants and
values,” it can stand in for the full panoply of
“pro” or “con” attitudes. Wants, desires, cares,
concerns, values, and commitments, and any other
attitudes someone may take up with regard to what
she experiences, attitudes that might influence her
goals, purposes, aims, and intentions, are thereby
relevant to autonomy.( p.6)
5. The Basic Account:
What is Personal Autonomy ?
In Ordinary People’s Understanding
Ex. “True to myself”, doing it “my way”, standing up for “what I believe”,
thinking “for myself”, being one’s “own person.”
Friedman’s Simple Definition
Autonomy is self-determination.
Personal autonomy is self-determination by an individual
self.
An autonomous person is someone who behaves
autonomously with relative frequency.
An autonomous life is one lived by an autonomous person.
6. The Basic Account:
One Worth-Mentioned Distinction
The Constitutive Conditions of Autonomy
- The nature of autonomy itself.
The Causal Conditions of Autonomy
- Required for autonomy to be realized
Importance:
Appreciating the role that social relationships and cultural context play
in the realization of autonomy. See chapter 4 and 5.
Q: How to understand this distinction in Friedman’s
autonomy basic account? Does Friedman really
need this Distinction in her theory?
7. The Basic Account:
The Features of Constitutive Conditions
For Choices and Actions to be autonomous, the
choosing and acting self as the particular self
she is must play a role in determining them.
The features constituting her identity must not
simply cause her choices and actions as isolated
links in causal chains.
They must be features that are central enough
to she herself, as a whole self.
8. The Basic Account:
Self-reflection
Self-determination is in terms of a sort of self-
reflection.
This notion of self-reflection has involved self-
monitoring and self-regulation as well.
Friedman: Self-reflection is the process in
which, a whole self takes a stance toward
particular wants and values she finds herself to
have.
9. The Basic Account:
Self-reflection in two senses
Autonomous choices and actions are self-reflective:
Attentive consideration
They are partly caused by a person’s reflections on, or attentive
•
consideration of, wants and desires that already characterize her.
When? – need not be occurred closely prior to the
•
choices.
How? – need not be conscious or extensive, narrowly
•
cognitive in nature. Need not be highly deliberate or
deliberated( p.8 )
Choices without self-reflection doesn’t involve a self in determining
•
one’s behavior.
Mirroring
To Mirror someone’s concerns is to accord with them and to promote
•
them. Choices and Actions mirror wants or valued, promoting its well-
being, or protecting it from harm.
10. The Basic Account:
Two other conditions - 1
Ex. Coercion, deception, manipulation.
To realize autonomy, self-reflection must
also be partly effective in determining
someone’s behavior.
Self-reflection must not entirely be
impeded by interfering condition.
Those interfering conditions do not entirely
preclude autonomy. The extent to which
they undermine so depends on how
effective they are.
11. The Basic Account:
Two other conditions - 2
Autonomous actions also stem from what an agent cares deeply
about.
Relative importance for a particular person is a matter of depth and
pervasiveness.
• Deep? – wants and values are “deep” when they are abiding and
tend to be chosen over other competing wants and values. Also,
when they constitute the overarching rationales that an agent regards
as justifying many of her more specific choices.
• Pervasive? – wants and values are “pervasive” when they are
relevant to a great many situations that a person faces. They are
frequently salient in someone’s life and she chooses in accord with
them often.
Q: Self-reflection has already embodied this conditions?
12. The Basic Account:
Some reminders
Every want and value could be reaffirmed, however, it’s one’s deeper concerns, not
her shallower concerns, that provide the basis for autonomous behavior. Ex.
Liking for ice cream or a TV program. X
Someone’s initial choices in accordance with any wants and values are not
autonomous. Initially she must simply come to choose somewhat consistently so
that certain wants or values guide her choices frequently or steadfastly and thereby
become “deepened” aspects of her character or identity.
Autonomy doesn’t need to be defined in terms of someone’s deepest concerns.
Deeper concerns are always open to changes in meaning and may fluctuate in
relative importance as she refines them in response to novel circumstances. A person
may deepen her prior commitments or forge new ones out of her sense of what had
already mattered to her and how the choice she makes transforms her priorities and
her identity.
Autonomy is a matter of degree. The more extensively one reflects on one’s wants
and commitments, the greater is one’s autonomy with respect to them.
13. The Basic Account:
Disagreement with John Chrisman
John Christman : If someone goes on to reaffirm her
original commitments after recognizing their socialized
origin, then, she achieves autonomy with respect to them.
This level of self-reflection, provided it motivates action, is
sufficient for autonomy.
Friedman: A self is at all minimally self-reflective has
crossed a threshold of autonomy. Those deeper wants are
the motivating concerns that form who she is and that make
the actions that issue from them “her own.”
14. The Basic Account:
A Typical Criticism
Q: Whether someone can be autonomous if her guiding wants and values are the causal
products of upbringing and other processes beyond her control, processes that are
therefore not autonomous for her.
Friedman: So long as the causes of her behavior include her self in some significant
sense( and so long as behavior mirrors that self by according with its deeper
commitments), then her behavior is autonomous.
• Need not be conscious – So long as a person’s choices reflect and issue from the
self-reflections on her deeper wants and values that she undertakes from her overall
perspective at some level of thought, they have at least a minimal degree of
autonomy
• Need not be highly deliberate – It can be occur without explicit contemporaneous
self- monitoring. It can occur casually, spontaneously, and rapidly.
• Having care, concerns and commitment that constitute a perspective. This
perspective is both( at least partly ) definitive of who she is and a ( part )
determinant of what she does. What matters to someone, what she self-reflectively
cares about, when effective in and reflected in her action, make her behavior
autonomous.
15. The Basic Account:
The Reason-emotion Dichotomy
Two traditions: reason v. emotion
According to contemporary thinking about rationality, a reason for someone
to act in a certain way is either a belief by someone that that action is right
or good, or some fact in virtue of which it is right or good. On this approach,
there is no reason why features of emotion or character could not constitute
reasons, in the sense of facts by virtue of which actions are right or good.
According to Bennett Helm, actions that express an agent’s emotions and
character can reflect what deeply and overall matters to her in case her
emotions and character traits show coherent rational patterns amounting to
concern.
Reason would no longer contrast with emotion or desire because this use of
“reason” departs substantially from its traditional cognitive sense.
Whether “ reason” is used either in the narrow or the wider sense, emotions
can constitute a kind of reflection on or attention to objects or values of
concern. They can contribute to the autonomy of a person’s choices.
16. The Basic Account:
Two Sorts of Identities
Someone can be identified by:
Perspectival identity – what she cares about or
values.
Trait-based identity – human kind categories.
What counts for autonomy is someone’s
perspectival identity. The nonperspectival kinds
or traits she instantiates or exemplifies are
relevant to her autonomy only if they matter to
her.
17. The Basic Account:
With Communitarian
Someone’s concern could be the result of
circumstances over which she has no control.
Ex. Parent, nation.
At odds: Communal attachments could not be
the basis of the person’s autonomous choices or
actions. She might easily be indifferent to some
of them.
18. The Basic Account:
Autonomy Competency
The relevant capacities include:
Capacities for having values and commitments,
Understanding them,
Taking up valenced attitudes toward them,
Making choices and undertaking actions that mirror
these commitments,
Doing the latter with some resilience in the face of at
least minimal obstacles.
An autonomous person is one who has these capacities
and exercises them at least occasionally.
19. The Basic Account:
An usual objection (see chapter 2)
Q: Since a person’s wants and values are the products of
socialization, it seems that they are not really the
agent’s “own,” and therefore choices based on them
would seem to undermine the possibility of a self
genuinely determining self.
Friedman: My goal is a conception of autonomy that
does not apply to any and all actions but that
differentiates some actions from others.
The idea of someone as the agent of her doings is not
undermined, by the fact that those doings had ultimate
causal antecedents that were other than the person
herself.
20. The Basic Account:
Respond to Harry Frankfurt
Frankfurt: “Second-order” self-reflection is
privileged over “first-order” wants.
Neither attitude has a necessary priority.
When those kind of ambivalence happen, it
means that her self does not have a clear
perspectival identity about the matter in
question. Her behavior is therefore not
determined by her self in such cases.
21. The Basic Account:
Summarization
Choices can be autonomous only if they are self-
reflective in two senses and meet at least two other
conditions.
1. Self-reflective in the sense of “attentive consideration”
2. Self-reflective in the sense of “mirroring”
3. Wants or values must be important to the actor.
4. Her choices must be relatively unimpeded by
interfering conditions.
Someone must act from deeper values she has
reaffirmed.
22. Individuality and Sociality:
Why the social relationship ought to be discussed?
No human competency can be exercised under
any set of conditions whatsoever.
The necessary enabling conditions
The possible disabling conditions
Worthily mentioned: The social relationships are necessary
causal conditions for autonomy.
The point of exploring them is to curb an
excessive individualism.
23. Individuality and Sociality:
Sociality is the Ground of Autonomy – 1~3
In 5 ways( at least), autonomy requires a social context for its
realization ( see chapter 4 ):
1. Autonomous persons are differentiated selves, they are products of
socialization by other selves into communities of interacting selves.
2. Autonomous persons must have the capacities for autonomy. These
capacities must be acquired through learning from other persons
already able to exercise them, in social practices involving
discourse and modes of self-representation.
3. Those meaningful options that autonomous persons face are at least
partly matters of social conditions. Also, options are
comprehensible to persons in virtue of shared cultural practices of
representation and interpretation.
Friedman particularly emphasizes above 3 conditions on her
account of personal autonomy.
24. Individuality and Sociality:
Sociality is the Ground of Autonomy – 4~5
4. Persons in communities or groups may enjoy
autonomy as collectivities.
5. Some philosophers argue that autonomy is a
competency the very exercise of which involves
certain particular capacities of interpersonal
engagement, such as that of being able to give an
account to others of oneself and one’s choices, itself a
mode of discursive interchange. (Friedman doesn’t
construe autonomy competency in terms of the ability
to give an account of oneself to others.)
25. Individuality and Sociality:
Individualism
Individualism is a problem when it :
Promotes selfishness and self-aggrandizement through the
domination, oppression, and exploitation of others.
Promotes mutual indifference among people by leading its adherents
to pursue their own well-being in disregard of the costs they impose
on others and to lose the concern for each other that they would
otherwise have had, had they accepted different theories about
human personality.
There may be good reasons to emphasize human individuality in an
account of autonomy so long as it doesn’t promote mutual
indifference or ruthless selfishness.
26. Individuality and Sociality:
Individuality in Account of Autonomy
Q: Why human individuality is important to an account of
autonomy?
The social matrix is constituted out of a great number
of separately embodied human beings.
The distinctness of human beings grounds the
possibility of attributing to persons a particular identity
as well as a degree of separate agency based on her
behavior.
Practices of behaving autonomously can thus make us
more distinct from each other than we are to be begin
with. Autonomy further individuates us.
27. Individuality and Sociality:
an Doubt about Atomistic selves
Q: Would the individuating tendency of autonomy
promote the concept of the atomistic self?
Atomistic selves, lacking any prior social relationships to
other human beings, are not the bearers of autonomy.
Autonomy can not emerge except out of social relationship.
It’s individuating in its effects on persons, it never loses its
social rootedness.
28. Individuality and Sociality:
Autonomy is a matter of degree
Minimally autonomous selves are minimally differentiated and
individuated.
Someone might have autonomy competency yet not be an
autonomous person.
The ideal of autonomy thus gives us a normative standpoint for
critically assessing oppressive social condition that suppress or
prevent the emergence of autonomy:
Limiting one’s options at the time of choosing.
Damaging one’s capacity to care about what is worth caring about
and deforming the nature of a person’s concern for herself.
29. Content-Neutral versus Substantive
Conceptions of Autonomy
Substantive one=d.f. one “must choose in
accord with the value of autonomy itself, or,
at least, choose so as not to undermine that
value.”
Content-Neutral one=d.f. with no reference
to “the content of what a person must choose
in order to be autonomous” and “so long as
she has made her choice in the right way or
it coheres appropriately with her perspective
as a whole.” (p.19)
30. On Friedman’s view, they differ only in
degree.
Substantive one is content-neutral with
“attitude,” namely, “a stable and enduring
concern of the agent.” (p.20)
THE REAL CONTROVERSY is not which
qualifies as the ONLY conception of
autonomy; rather, it is over whether the
more minimal, content-neutral autonomy
counts as genuine autonomy at all.
=> Where to draw a line that indicates a
minimal threshold for autonomy being
crossed along the continuum.
31. Reasons why Content-Neural
account is more preferable
CN acknowledges the minimal
threshold in self-determination, that
is, “her behavior reflects what deeply
matters to her.”
S is implausibly cumbersome. (p.21)
CN is sufficient for practice of
responsibility and due respect.
CN has valuable political implications
32. CN versus feminist intuition
What is feminist intuition? “Preferences
influenced by oppressive norms of femininity
cannot be autonomous.” (p.24)
CN and FI is compatible: diminishing degree
of autonomy only.
Adaptive preferences does not make
autonomous choice and action impossible.
Another FI: “however oppressive their
conditions might be and however much
change is morally required, traditionally
subordinate feminine lives nevertheless can
and do often nonslavishly embody and
express values worth caring about.” (p.25)
33. Different Conceptions of Autonomy
Frankfurt’s model: second-order identification with
first-order desires.
G. Dworkin: procedure independence.
Substantive ones:
(A) Strong: “places normative restrictions on the
preferences or values that persons can form or act upon
autonomously.” (e.g. Oshana-perfectionism)
(B) Weak: “autonomy’s normative substance resides in
agents’ attitude toward their own authority to speak and
answer for their decisions.” (Benson, 2005)
Benson: one’s assertion of her authority to speak for her
actions. Answer for potential challenges.
Christman: Value-Neutral
34. Benson: Answer for potential
challenges
(1) embedded in social/interpersonal context.
(2) rational capacity to speak/answer
• (A) one’s own recognition of possessing the
position to speak (self-regard 自重)
• (B) others’ recognition **problem: social
death& internalization of social invisibility.
• ADEQUATE SOCIAL
CONDITIONS=SOCIALLY SHARABLE
NORMS
35. Christman: Value-Neutral
(1) Adequate reflection:
(A) Cross out specific contents of motives and
intentions (second-order reflection)
(B) Rule out simply replication of oppressive
social conditions
(2) Embrace/Speak for oneself (“I commit
myself to views I judge to be right by
expressing them” Christman, p.350)
(3) Social context: Mutual empathic respect
36. Difference between Benson and
Christman
Benson is skeptical about higher-
order reflective endorsement as the
core element of autonomy, whereas
Christman thinks that autonomy as
self-reflection is crucial in the context
of liberal political theory.