The document outlines a moral reasoning model that involves understanding personality, feelings, emotions, and ethics to make informed moral decisions. It highlights key ethical values and steps necessary for effective decision-making, emphasizing the importance of impartiality and consideration of all stakeholders. The model includes steps such as gathering facts, defining ethical issues, identifying affected parties and their consequences, and reflecting on character and integrity.

1. Topic 2: Reason Impartiality
Instructor
Topic 3: The 7 Steps: Moral Reasoning Model

3. PERSONALITY
• The sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, and social
characteristics of an individual. - Psychology
• Personality is the totality of habits, attitudes and traits that result
from socialization and characterizes us in our relationship with
others. - Anderson and Parker
• Personality represents those structural and dynamic properties
of an individual or individuals as they reflect themselves in
characteristics response to situation. - Lawrence A Pewin

4. FEELING
 the perception of events within the body, closely related
to emotion. The term feeling is a verbal noun denoting the action
of the verb to feel, which derives etymologically from the Middle
English verb felen, “to perceive by touch, by palpation.”
 the function or the power of perceiving by touch.
 physical sensation not connected with sight, hearing, taste, or
smell.
 the general state of consciousness considered independently of
particular sensations, thoughts, etc.

6. Feelings cannot be solely relied upon but
reason and feelings
may complements each other.

7. EMOTION
o that is to say feelings and intuitions – play a major role in most of
the ethical decisions people make. Most people do not realize how
much their emotions direct their moral choices. But experts think
it is impossible to make any important moral judgments without
emotions.
o evoked by suffering, such as sympathy and empathy, often lead
people to act ethically toward others. Indeed, empathy is the
central moral emotion that most commonly motivates prosocial
activity such as altruism, cooperation, and generosity.

8. Characteristics of Emotions
o The core of an emotion is feeling
o Emotional experiences are associated with some instincts or
biological drives.
o Emotions are the products of perception.
o Every emotional experience involves several physical and
physiological changes in organism.
o The basic ways of expressing emotions are inborn and it develops
through maturation.
o Emotions rise abruptly and die slowly.
o Same emotion can be aroused by a number of different stimuli.
o Emotions have the quality of displacement.

9. Emotion
Feeling
o are mental associations and
reactions to emotion
o caused by emotions
o mental association and
reactions
o can be hidden
 are physical states that
arise as a response to
external stimuli
 aroused before feelings
 physical states
 can be observed through
physical reaction

10. 2 Related Models in Ethics

11. Ethical Subjectivism
It holds that the truth or falsity of ethical
propositions is dependent on the feelings,
attitudes, or standards of a person or group
of person.
it is based solely on FEELINGS.

12. Emotivism
 Emotivism has earned the nickname the
“Boo-Yay Theory of Ethics”
 An ethical theory which says that moral
statements are just expressions of Feelings
and/or Emotions.
 It is a Non-Cognitive theory
 Ethical statements cannot be proves true or
false .
 Therefore, objective moral laws do NOT exist.

13. MORALITY
A choice made based on a person’s ethics,
manners, character, and what they believe is
proper behavior.

14. TYPES OF MORALITY
 COMMON MORALITY
– generally universally accepted
 PERSONAL MORALITY
– rules or principles, rules or standards we accept
as individuals but are not necessarily shared by
others.
 PROFESSIONAL MORALITY
– moral standards that apply to ones role as a
member of a profession.

15. MORAL DECISION
 A choice made based on a person’s ethics, manners, character, and what they believe
is proper behavior.
 making refers to the process of evaluating and choosing among alternatives in a
manner consistent with ethical principles. In making ethical decisions, it is necessary
to perceive and eliminate unethical options and select the best ethical alternative.

16. MAKING ETHICAL DECISIONS: Core Ethical Values
Key ethical values can help you build character in
yourself and others:
 Trustworthiness
 Respect
 Responsibility
 Fairness
 Caring
 Citizenship

17. MAKING ETHICAL DECISIONS: Model
1) All decisions must take into account and reflect a concern for the
interests and well being of all affected individuals ("stakeholders").
2) Ethical values and principles always take precedence over
nonethical ones.
3) It is ethically proper to violate an ethical principle only when it is
clearly necessary to advance another true ethical principle, which,
according to the decision-maker's conscience, will produce the
greatest balance of good in the long run.
-Josephson Institute of Ethics

18. MAKING ETHICAL DECISIONS: Obstacles
1) All decisions must take into account and reflect a concern for the
interests and well being of all affected individuals ("stakeholders").
2) Ethical values and principles always take precedence over
nonethical ones.
3) It is ethically proper to violate an ethical principle only when it is
clearly necessary to advance another true ethical principle, which,
according to the decision-maker's conscience, will produce the
greatest balance of good in the long run.
-Josephson Institute of Ethics

19. PROCESS OF MAKING MORAL DECISIONS REQUIRES:
 the desire to do the right thing regardless of the cost.

20.  the awareness to act consistently and apply moral
convictions to daily behavior.
PROCESS OF MAKING MORAL DECISIONS REQUIRES:

21.  the ability to collect and evaluate information,
develop alternatives, and foresee potential
consequences and risks.
PROCESS OF MAKING MORAL DECISIONS REQUIRES:

22. Good decision are both ethical and effective:
- generate and sustain trust; demonstrate respect,
responsibility, fairness and caring; and are consistent with
good citizenship. These behaviors provide a foundation for
making better decisions by setting the ground rules for our
behavior.

23. Good decision are both ethical and effective:
- are effective if they accomplish what we want accomplished and if
they advance our purposes. A choice that produces unintended and
undesirable results is ineffective. The key to making effective
decisions is to think about choices in terms of their ability to
accomplish our most important goals. This means we have to
understand the difference between immediate and short-term goals
and longer-range goals.

24. Traditionally, ethical decision-
making process has been understood
as an exclusively mental process; that
our feelings have nothing to do with
matters of right and wrong and
good or bad, precisely because our
emotions are very unstable.

25. Topic 2:
Reason Impartiality

26. o is the basis or motive for an action, decision, or conviction. As quality, it
refers to the capacity for logical, rational, and analytic thought; for consciously
making sense of things, establishing and verifying facts, applying common
sense and logic, and justifying, and if necessary, changing practices,
institutions, and beliefs based on exiting information.

27. o It also spells the difference of moral judgement from mere expressions of
personal preference. In the case of moral judgments, they require backing by
reasons. Thus a reason commends what it commends, regardless of our
feelings, attitude, opinions and desire.

28. o Involves the idea that each individual’s interests
and point of view are equally important. It is a
principle of justice holding that decisions ought
to be based on objective criteria, rather than on
the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the
benefit to one person over another for improper
reasons.

29. o Impartiality in morality requires that we give
equal and/or adequate consideration to the
interests of all concerned parties. The principles
of impartiality assumes that every person,
generally speaking, is equally important; that is
no one is seen intrinsically more significant than
anyone else.

30. Topic 3:
7 Steps: Moral Reasoning Model

31. 1. GATHER THE FACTS
o Don’t jump to conclusions without the facts
o Questions to ask: Who, what, where, when, how
and why.
o However, facts may be difficult to find because of
the uncertainty often found around ethical issues.
o Some facts are not available
o Assemble as many facts a possible before
proceeding
o Clarify what assumptions you are making!

32. 2. DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUE(S)
o Don’t jump to solutions without first
identifying the ethical issue(s) in the
situations.
o Define the ethical basis for the issue you
wan to focus on.
o There may be multiple ethical issues – focus
on one major one at a time.

33. 3. IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES
o Identify all the stakeholders
 Who are the primary or direct stakeholders?
 Who are the secondary or indirect
stakeholders?
o Why are they stakeholders for the issue?
 Perspective-taking – try to see things
through the eyes of those individuals
affected

34. 4. IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES
o Think about potential positive and negative
consequences for affected parties by the
decision.
o What are the magnitude pf the
consequences and the probability that the
consequences will happen

35. 4. IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES
o Broader systemic consequences – tied to
symbolic and secrecy
 Symbolic consequences – each decision
sends a message.
 Secrecy consequences – what are the
consequences if the decision or action
becomes public?

36. 4. IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES
o Did you consider relevant cognitive
barriers/biases?
o Consider what y our decision would be
based only on consequences then move
on and see if it is similar given other
considerations.

37. 5. IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRICIPLES,
RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES
o Obligations should be thought of in
terms of principles and rights involved
a) What obligations are created
because of particular ethical
principles you might use in the
situation

38. 5. IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRICIPLES,
RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES
o Obligations should be thought of in
terms of principles and rights involved
b) What obligations are created
because of specific rights of the
stakeholders?

39. 5. IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRICIPLES,
RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES
o Obligations should be thought of in terms of
principles and rights involved
- What types of rights are involves
negative or positive?
c) What concepts of justice (fairness) are
relevant distributive or procedural justice?

40. 5. IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRICIPLES,
RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES
o Did you consider any relevant
cognitive barriers / biases?
o Formulate the appropriate decision
or action based on the above analysis
of these obligations.

41. 6. CONSIDER YOUR CHARACTER &
INTEGRITY
o Consider what your relevant community
members would consider to be the kind of
decision that an individual of integrity
would make in this situation.
o What specific virtues are relevant in the
situations?

42. 6. CONSIDER YOUR CHARACTER &
INTEGRITY
o Disclosure rule – what would you
do if the New York Times reported
your action and everyone was to
read it.
o Think about how your decision will
be remembered when you are gone.

43. 6. CONSIDER YOUR CHARACTER &
INTEGRITY
o Did you consider any relevant
cognitive biases/barriers?
o What decision would you come to
based solely on character
considerations?