Magnesium alloys are high potential materials for application in the aerospace and automotive industries
due to their lightweight properties. They can help to lower dead weight and fuel consumption to contribute
to sustainability and efficiency. It is possible to achieve high specific strength and high stiffness of the
alloys by varying compositions of alloying elements. Applications of magnesium are limited due to its low
strength and relatively low stiffness. This research focuses on a recipe of multi component alloys of
magnesium with varied percentages of Mg, Al, Cu, Mn and Zn obtained from literature and optimizes the
percentage compositions to obtain for high specific strength and specific stiffness. Relationships among
percentage constituents of the alloy components are examined in Matlab R2022b using multiple linear
regression. Optimization is achieved using genetic algorithm to determine the specific strengths and
stiffness. The resulting optimal alloy component percentages by weight are used for microstructure
simulation of thermodynamic properties, diffusion and phase transformations of proposed alloy is done in
MatCalc software version 6.04. Results show potential for improved mechanical properties resulting from
disordered structure in the high entropy magnesium alloy. Future research should focus on production and
characterization of the proposed alloy.
Effect of Nano-Magnesium Oxide and Graphite Particles on Mechanical Propertie...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this present work is to determine the densification, hardness and impact strength behavior on LM09 alloy reinforced with graphite and magnesium oxide nano-particles. LM09 is lighter metal as compared to other engineering metals/alloys except magnesium and beryllium. In this research stir casting process was used to fabricate hybrid LM09 nano-composite. The composites were prepared by varying the proportion of reinforcements such as 1.2 wt.% graphite (constant) and 1.5-3.5 wt. % magnesium oxide. Densities of alloy and nano-composites were determined by using the rule of mixture and Archimedes principles. Composite with 1.2 wt. % graphite and 2.5 wt. % magnesium oxide have 95.75% of relative density. Theoretical and actual densities are closer so that the cast composites were produced with less porosity. The mechanical properties of nano-composite such as hardness and impact strength was measured and clearly show that the LM09 alloy is enhanced through the reinforcement of nano-particles. Hybrid nano-composite reinforced with 2.5 wt. % magnesium oxide dominates the hardness as compared to other composites (1.5 and 3.5 wt. % magnesium oxide) The increase in reinforcement particles enhances the impact strength proportionally. The present finding concludes that LM09 hybrid composite having 1.2 wt. % graphite and 2.5 wt. % magnesium oxide can be used for engineering applications.
STRUCTURE PROPERTY CORRELATION OF MODIFIED Al-Mg ALLOYS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICA...sivanagaraju chittelu
Making a new metal for Aerospace applications which is made of many components .Major metals are Aluminium and Magnesium.Checking its structures and properties .
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Wear Behaviour of Mg Alloy Reinforced with Aluminium Oxide and Silicon Carbid...ijsrd.com
Light weight metals like magnesium and its alloys are in more use these days in automotive & aerospace industries. Magnesium based hybrid structures which are combinations of magnesium and another material like Aluminium can offer optimal technical performance due to the favorable strength-weight ratio. Materials with improved tribological properties have become the pre-requisite of advanced engineering design. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) exhibit a unified combination of good tribological properties and high toughness of the interior bulk metal when compared with monolithic materials. Stir processing, a microstructure modification technique, has emerged as one of the processes used for fabrication of MMCs. Commercial cast or wrought type Mg-Al-Zn AZ-series alloys, such as AZ91 9 wt.% Al and 1 wt.% Zn, have been widely used in automobiles or electronic appliances. Tribological performance of the fabricated composite will be investigated using pin-on-disc wear & friction monitor. In this paper, a novel approach of making hybrid preforms with two types of reinforcements, i.e., lowcost and different sized particles, for magnesium-based composites is planned. This paper investigates the wear behavior of magnesium alloy (similar to commercially available AZ91) based metal-matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with Silicon Carbide (SiC) & Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) particulates during dry/wet sliding.
Effect of Nano-Magnesium Oxide and Graphite Particles on Mechanical Propertie...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this present work is to determine the densification, hardness and impact strength behavior on LM09 alloy reinforced with graphite and magnesium oxide nano-particles. LM09 is lighter metal as compared to other engineering metals/alloys except magnesium and beryllium. In this research stir casting process was used to fabricate hybrid LM09 nano-composite. The composites were prepared by varying the proportion of reinforcements such as 1.2 wt.% graphite (constant) and 1.5-3.5 wt. % magnesium oxide. Densities of alloy and nano-composites were determined by using the rule of mixture and Archimedes principles. Composite with 1.2 wt. % graphite and 2.5 wt. % magnesium oxide have 95.75% of relative density. Theoretical and actual densities are closer so that the cast composites were produced with less porosity. The mechanical properties of nano-composite such as hardness and impact strength was measured and clearly show that the LM09 alloy is enhanced through the reinforcement of nano-particles. Hybrid nano-composite reinforced with 2.5 wt. % magnesium oxide dominates the hardness as compared to other composites (1.5 and 3.5 wt. % magnesium oxide) The increase in reinforcement particles enhances the impact strength proportionally. The present finding concludes that LM09 hybrid composite having 1.2 wt. % graphite and 2.5 wt. % magnesium oxide can be used for engineering applications.
STRUCTURE PROPERTY CORRELATION OF MODIFIED Al-Mg ALLOYS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICA...sivanagaraju chittelu
Making a new metal for Aerospace applications which is made of many components .Major metals are Aluminium and Magnesium.Checking its structures and properties .
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Wear Behaviour of Mg Alloy Reinforced with Aluminium Oxide and Silicon Carbid...ijsrd.com
Light weight metals like magnesium and its alloys are in more use these days in automotive & aerospace industries. Magnesium based hybrid structures which are combinations of magnesium and another material like Aluminium can offer optimal technical performance due to the favorable strength-weight ratio. Materials with improved tribological properties have become the pre-requisite of advanced engineering design. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) exhibit a unified combination of good tribological properties and high toughness of the interior bulk metal when compared with monolithic materials. Stir processing, a microstructure modification technique, has emerged as one of the processes used for fabrication of MMCs. Commercial cast or wrought type Mg-Al-Zn AZ-series alloys, such as AZ91 9 wt.% Al and 1 wt.% Zn, have been widely used in automobiles or electronic appliances. Tribological performance of the fabricated composite will be investigated using pin-on-disc wear & friction monitor. In this paper, a novel approach of making hybrid preforms with two types of reinforcements, i.e., lowcost and different sized particles, for magnesium-based composites is planned. This paper investigates the wear behavior of magnesium alloy (similar to commercially available AZ91) based metal-matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with Silicon Carbide (SiC) & Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) particulates during dry/wet sliding.
Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Alloy Reinforced...IOSR Journals
Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) with the addition of nano-sized ceramic particles can be of
significance for automobile, aerospace and numerous other applications. The physical and mechanical
characteristics of the light refractory carbides such as SiC, TiC and B4C make them suitable for being used as
reinforcement in aluminium base metal matrix composites This paper presents a technique for an inexpensive
fabrication of bulk lightweight MMNCs with reproducible microstructures and superior properties by use of
ultrasonic nonlinear effects, namely transient cavitation and acoustic streaming; to achieve uniform dispersion
of nano-sized B4C particles in molten aluminum alloy. Nano-sized B4Cp enhanced properties of aluminium
matrix composites, with 1.5%wt of B4C. As compared to the base metal alloy, the mechanical properties
including tensile strength and yield strength of the nanocomposites were improved significantly, while the
ductility of base metal alloy matrix castings was retained. Micro structural study was carried out with an
optical microscope and SEM which validates a good dispersion of nano-sized B4Cp in metal matrix. Mechanical
properties of the as-cast MMNCs have been improved significantly even with a low weight fraction of nanosized
B4C.
The present research work is on bronze alloy metal matrix composite reinforced with fly ash particulate in
weight percentage of 3%, 6% and 9%. The specimens can be produced by Liquid metallurgy technique (Stir casting
method) will be used to produce metal matrix composites using Aluminum Copper alloys as matrix material. The
produced composites will be characterized with respect to mechanical properties and wear properties. Results
obtained from the above investigation, it can be seen that the rate of wear is decreased with increasing bronze and
will be helpful for the end of users in the foundry of automobile and aerospace industries.
final year ece projects in chennai,final year embedded projects in chennai,final year engineering projects in chennai,final year eee projects in bangalore
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Review on Investigation of Tribological Behavior of Nanocoating for Piston ...IJLT EMAS
Nanocoating can help to improve performance and life
of automotive engine by reducing the wear between the engine
components. In this research have selected the proper material
for top piston ring and same material are to be selected for
preparation of pin for tribometer testing and material of cylinder
liner tested and fabricated the same material of tribometer disc.
Nanocoating by electroplated Chromium coating and Chromium
nitride using DLC method by PVD coating was done on
specimen pin and piston ring and this material which was used
tribometer testing.
Depleting fossil fuel resources, economic
competitiveness and environmental concerns has compelled to
explore newer avenues to improve efficiency of automotive
engines. Various techniques have been adapted to achieve this
goal.
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
Effect of Fly Ash Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Zn-22%Al Alloy vi...IOSR Journals
In the present investigation, a Zn-22%Al alloy is used as the matrix material and fly ash as the filler material. The composite is produced using powder metallurgy techniques. The fly ash is added in 2%, 4%, and 6% by wt% to the sintering metal. The composite is tested for hardness, density and tensile strength test. Microstructure examination is done using a high resolution optical microscope to obtain the distribution of fly ash in the Zn-Al matrix. Test results indicate that as fly ash content is increased, there is a considerable increase in hardness and tensile strength but decrease in density.
Synthesis And Characterization of Aluminum –Silicon-Fly Ash Composite By Stir...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- In this work aluminium 7075 as matrix and silicon carbide and fly ash as reinforcements has been used. The %wt of reinforcement are varied to study the difference in aluminium property. Following are the samples are aluminium 7075 as 100%, aluminium 7075 90% + 10% SiC, and aluminium 7075 90% + 10% fly ash. The materials are obtained by stir casting technique. During casting 300 grams of aluminium has been taken as sample 1. 270grams of aluminium has been taken with 30grams of SiC as sample 2. The third sample is the mixture of 270grams of aluminium with 30grams of fly ash. Then the materials are made in the form of cylindrical rod of 30mm diameter and max length of 70mm. The composites are analysed for the mechanical study and the results are obtained based on hardness and the work has been extended to study the micro structure of the specimen by SEM analysis and Chemical Conformation.
Parametric study of surface roughness in turning of az31 b mg alloy under dif...Imran Sarker
A study comprising of different surface roughness parameters of AZ31B Mg alloy was done in this experiment successfully. The study was done by turning AZ31B Mg alloy under varied feed, depth and cooling condition i.e., dry, conventional flood, MQL. Different amount of surface roughness was measured by the service of a roughness tester. The collected data from the turning operation were used to analyze and get desirable results on behalf of low surface roughness. The analysis was done by means of Taguchi method and the following results were shown:
The experimentation shows that, the cutting speed has insignificant impact on the studied surface roughness parameters.
Feed rate has significant influence over the surface roughness parameters. It expressed itself as the most dominant control factor to determine a better surface roughness parameter.
Depth of cut has insignificant influence over the surface roughness parameter and it has less effect on the roughness parameters compared to feed rate.
In cutting condition, MQL emerged as the major cooling condition compared to other two conditions which are dry and flood condition.
The future study can be conducted on the investigation of tool wear and chip morphology in turning of Mg AZ31B alloy under dry, flood and MQL conditions.
The effect of Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the metallurgical and mechani...Dr.M BALA THEJA
The effect of Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of Aluminium 6061-T6 is investigated in the present work
The test castings were solutionized at 525°C for 08 hrs and water quenched to room temperature. One set of samples were subjected to cryogenic treatment at -196°C in Cryo- treatment unit, while the other set is subjected to age hardening at 160°C for durations of 3 hrs, 5hrs and 7hrs. Again cryogenic treated specimens were subjected to age hardening at 165°C for durations of 3hrs, 5 hrs and 7hrs. All the samples were taken for Mechanical properties evaluation.
The total duration of the Cryogenic treatment cycle was 36 hrs, which includes 3hrs of cooling from room temperature to -196°C, 24hrs of holding and 09 hrs of warming to room temperature. The Cryogenic treatment was carried out in a specially designed Cryogenic unit
A Study on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Rei...ijsrd.com
This work deals with fabricating or producing magnesium based metal matrix composite and then studying its mechanical and tribological properties such as microstructure, tensile strength, impact strength and wear behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop magnesium based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir casting technique has been adopted. An Alloy similar to commercially available composition of AZ31 and SiC, Al2O3 has been chosen as matrix and reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of 3% SiC and 1% Al2O3 & 1% SiC and 3% Al2O3 in matrix metal. The result shown that tensile strength, impact strength, wear resistance is good in matrix metal as compared to used weight compositions of SiC and Al2O3 in the composites.
Thermal and Metrological Studies on YTTRIA Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrie...msejjournal
Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs), routinely prepared from Ceramic based compositions (typically
8%Y2O3-ZrO2or 8YSZ) are being engineered to protect the metallic components from degradation in
applications like gas turbines, jet and automotive engines. With a goal of finding improved TBC materials
a wide variety of ceramics are being researched worldwide. Before physically preparing the TBCs of
uncommon compositions in the laboratory, their suitability to perform can be predicted. Limited
accessibility to detailed and realistic information on the influence of newer compositions (other than 8YSZ)
on TBCs warrants methods to obtain this information.
In this paper, 8YSZ TBCs coated onto aluminium substratesare studied for thermal fatigue, thermal barrier
and materials characteristics to determine the reliability of the coating configuration to withstand the
harshness of test conditions under the framework of experiments. Thereafter, the results have been used to
corroboratethe developed simulation model. Results obtained via thermal tests confirm the suitability of the
model and we can predict the thermal barrier effects of TBCs when prepared from materials other than
YSZ.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
More Related Content
Similar to Modelling and Simulation of Composition and Mechanical Properties of High Entropy Magnesium-Based Multi Component Alloy
Fabrication and Study of the Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Alloy Reinforced...IOSR Journals
Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) with the addition of nano-sized ceramic particles can be of
significance for automobile, aerospace and numerous other applications. The physical and mechanical
characteristics of the light refractory carbides such as SiC, TiC and B4C make them suitable for being used as
reinforcement in aluminium base metal matrix composites This paper presents a technique for an inexpensive
fabrication of bulk lightweight MMNCs with reproducible microstructures and superior properties by use of
ultrasonic nonlinear effects, namely transient cavitation and acoustic streaming; to achieve uniform dispersion
of nano-sized B4C particles in molten aluminum alloy. Nano-sized B4Cp enhanced properties of aluminium
matrix composites, with 1.5%wt of B4C. As compared to the base metal alloy, the mechanical properties
including tensile strength and yield strength of the nanocomposites were improved significantly, while the
ductility of base metal alloy matrix castings was retained. Micro structural study was carried out with an
optical microscope and SEM which validates a good dispersion of nano-sized B4Cp in metal matrix. Mechanical
properties of the as-cast MMNCs have been improved significantly even with a low weight fraction of nanosized
B4C.
The present research work is on bronze alloy metal matrix composite reinforced with fly ash particulate in
weight percentage of 3%, 6% and 9%. The specimens can be produced by Liquid metallurgy technique (Stir casting
method) will be used to produce metal matrix composites using Aluminum Copper alloys as matrix material. The
produced composites will be characterized with respect to mechanical properties and wear properties. Results
obtained from the above investigation, it can be seen that the rate of wear is decreased with increasing bronze and
will be helpful for the end of users in the foundry of automobile and aerospace industries.
final year ece projects in chennai,final year embedded projects in chennai,final year engineering projects in chennai,final year eee projects in bangalore
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Review on Investigation of Tribological Behavior of Nanocoating for Piston ...IJLT EMAS
Nanocoating can help to improve performance and life
of automotive engine by reducing the wear between the engine
components. In this research have selected the proper material
for top piston ring and same material are to be selected for
preparation of pin for tribometer testing and material of cylinder
liner tested and fabricated the same material of tribometer disc.
Nanocoating by electroplated Chromium coating and Chromium
nitride using DLC method by PVD coating was done on
specimen pin and piston ring and this material which was used
tribometer testing.
Depleting fossil fuel resources, economic
competitiveness and environmental concerns has compelled to
explore newer avenues to improve efficiency of automotive
engines. Various techniques have been adapted to achieve this
goal.
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
Effect of Fly Ash Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Zn-22%Al Alloy vi...IOSR Journals
In the present investigation, a Zn-22%Al alloy is used as the matrix material and fly ash as the filler material. The composite is produced using powder metallurgy techniques. The fly ash is added in 2%, 4%, and 6% by wt% to the sintering metal. The composite is tested for hardness, density and tensile strength test. Microstructure examination is done using a high resolution optical microscope to obtain the distribution of fly ash in the Zn-Al matrix. Test results indicate that as fly ash content is increased, there is a considerable increase in hardness and tensile strength but decrease in density.
Synthesis And Characterization of Aluminum –Silicon-Fly Ash Composite By Stir...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- In this work aluminium 7075 as matrix and silicon carbide and fly ash as reinforcements has been used. The %wt of reinforcement are varied to study the difference in aluminium property. Following are the samples are aluminium 7075 as 100%, aluminium 7075 90% + 10% SiC, and aluminium 7075 90% + 10% fly ash. The materials are obtained by stir casting technique. During casting 300 grams of aluminium has been taken as sample 1. 270grams of aluminium has been taken with 30grams of SiC as sample 2. The third sample is the mixture of 270grams of aluminium with 30grams of fly ash. Then the materials are made in the form of cylindrical rod of 30mm diameter and max length of 70mm. The composites are analysed for the mechanical study and the results are obtained based on hardness and the work has been extended to study the micro structure of the specimen by SEM analysis and Chemical Conformation.
Parametric study of surface roughness in turning of az31 b mg alloy under dif...Imran Sarker
A study comprising of different surface roughness parameters of AZ31B Mg alloy was done in this experiment successfully. The study was done by turning AZ31B Mg alloy under varied feed, depth and cooling condition i.e., dry, conventional flood, MQL. Different amount of surface roughness was measured by the service of a roughness tester. The collected data from the turning operation were used to analyze and get desirable results on behalf of low surface roughness. The analysis was done by means of Taguchi method and the following results were shown:
The experimentation shows that, the cutting speed has insignificant impact on the studied surface roughness parameters.
Feed rate has significant influence over the surface roughness parameters. It expressed itself as the most dominant control factor to determine a better surface roughness parameter.
Depth of cut has insignificant influence over the surface roughness parameter and it has less effect on the roughness parameters compared to feed rate.
In cutting condition, MQL emerged as the major cooling condition compared to other two conditions which are dry and flood condition.
The future study can be conducted on the investigation of tool wear and chip morphology in turning of Mg AZ31B alloy under dry, flood and MQL conditions.
The effect of Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the metallurgical and mechani...Dr.M BALA THEJA
The effect of Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of Aluminium 6061-T6 is investigated in the present work
The test castings were solutionized at 525°C for 08 hrs and water quenched to room temperature. One set of samples were subjected to cryogenic treatment at -196°C in Cryo- treatment unit, while the other set is subjected to age hardening at 160°C for durations of 3 hrs, 5hrs and 7hrs. Again cryogenic treated specimens were subjected to age hardening at 165°C for durations of 3hrs, 5 hrs and 7hrs. All the samples were taken for Mechanical properties evaluation.
The total duration of the Cryogenic treatment cycle was 36 hrs, which includes 3hrs of cooling from room temperature to -196°C, 24hrs of holding and 09 hrs of warming to room temperature. The Cryogenic treatment was carried out in a specially designed Cryogenic unit
A Study on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Rei...ijsrd.com
This work deals with fabricating or producing magnesium based metal matrix composite and then studying its mechanical and tribological properties such as microstructure, tensile strength, impact strength and wear behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop magnesium based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir casting technique has been adopted. An Alloy similar to commercially available composition of AZ31 and SiC, Al2O3 has been chosen as matrix and reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of 3% SiC and 1% Al2O3 & 1% SiC and 3% Al2O3 in matrix metal. The result shown that tensile strength, impact strength, wear resistance is good in matrix metal as compared to used weight compositions of SiC and Al2O3 in the composites.
Similar to Modelling and Simulation of Composition and Mechanical Properties of High Entropy Magnesium-Based Multi Component Alloy (20)
Thermal and Metrological Studies on YTTRIA Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrie...msejjournal
Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs), routinely prepared from Ceramic based compositions (typically
8%Y2O3-ZrO2or 8YSZ) are being engineered to protect the metallic components from degradation in
applications like gas turbines, jet and automotive engines. With a goal of finding improved TBC materials
a wide variety of ceramics are being researched worldwide. Before physically preparing the TBCs of
uncommon compositions in the laboratory, their suitability to perform can be predicted. Limited
accessibility to detailed and realistic information on the influence of newer compositions (other than 8YSZ)
on TBCs warrants methods to obtain this information.
In this paper, 8YSZ TBCs coated onto aluminium substratesare studied for thermal fatigue, thermal barrier
and materials characteristics to determine the reliability of the coating configuration to withstand the
harshness of test conditions under the framework of experiments. Thereafter, the results have been used to
corroboratethe developed simulation model. Results obtained via thermal tests confirm the suitability of the
model and we can predict the thermal barrier effects of TBCs when prepared from materials other than
YSZ.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
New Experiment System for the Interaction Between Soft Rock and Water : A Cas...msejjournal
The strength of rock strongly depends on the water content especially when the rocks contain clay
materials. The interaction between soft rock and water always threaten the soft rock engineering projects.
For this problem, new sets of laboratory experiment systems are developed to simulate the interaction
between soft rock and water or vapor. In this paper, the principles of experiment systems are introduced
with particular reference to the application on soft rock in Mogao Grottoes, one of the world famous
ancient sites in China. Two kinds of rock samples, the sandstone and muddy sandstone, are obtained by insitu sampling system. Then the laboratory experiments are performed under different environment
conditions. By the specific boundary conditions design, the physical-chemical effect and mechanic effect on
water absorption of rock samples are separated for further mechanism study by the experiment system, and
the different hydrological actions of water and vapor under variable experiment environment are obtained.
The interaction mechanism is discussed with assistant methods, such as SEM (Scanning Electron
Microscope), mercury injection test, X-ray diffraction analysis and etc. With the relation between water
content and soft rock strength, the study may provide guidance and basis for the soft rock engineering in
the future.
International Conference on Embedded Systems and VLSI (EMVL 2023)msejjournal
International Conference on Embedded Systems and VLSI (EMVL 2023) will provide an excellent International forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Embedded Systems.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
Modeling, Analyzing and Safety Aspects of Torsion and Noise Effects on Round ...msejjournal
Each material has its own effect and behavior on external impacts like heat, force, tension, compression,
torsion etc. It is important to study and analyze these behaviors before selecting a material for an
engineering application in the design aspects itself. If predicted values analyzed by both mathematical and
software are available it is easy to get the reliable details in the pre design itself. By this one can ensure the
safety of the component and the system also. In this investigation, the effects of torsional loads on mild steel
round shafts with various diameters and lengths have been analyzed. The additional effects like angle of
rotation, rpm and duration also considered to find the optimum predicted value. The data observed by
various experiments are analyzed by design of experiments especially by response surface methodology.
Minitab software is used for canalization. The data are tabulated and kept for future reference. Noise effect
due to the gradual torsional load performed in the gear box and other rotating components is also studied
for healthy working environment. The nature and characteristics of material also be explained by this noise
analysis.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
On Decreasing of Dimensions of Field-Effect Transistors with Several Sourcesmsejjournal
We analyzed mass and heat transport during manufacturing field-effect heterotransistors with several
sources to decrease their dimensions. Framework the result of manufacturing it is necessary to manufacture
heterostructure with specific configuration. After that it is necessary to dope required areas of the heterostructure by diffusion or ion implantation to manufacture the required type of conductivity (p or n). After
the doping it is necessary to do optimize annealing. We introduce an analytical approach to prognosis mass
and heat transport during technological processes. Using the approach leads to take into account nonlinearity of mass and heat transport and variation in space and time (at one time) physical parameters of these
processes
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Using Advanced Inspection Method (Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic) in Recognitio...msejjournal
In this study, using Harfang Code 32 device, the slag catcher pipelines in one of the South Pars phases
were tested. In radiography method of these lines, no clear defect was observed in radiographic films due
to the high thickness of 40 mm. However, marvelous results were obtained using advanced ultrasonic.
Review and analysis of the results will result in high potential of three-dimensional ultrasonic method in
identifying defects in pipelines with high thicknesses and preventing financial and life-threatening risks
during the use of these refineries in the future.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
RESULTS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE REINFORCED THERM...msejjournal
The double cantilever beam (DCB) is widely used for fracture toughness testing and it has become popular
for opening-mode (mode I) delamination testing of laminated composites. Delamination is a crack that
forms between the adjacent plies of a composite laminate at the brittle polymer resin. This study was
conducted to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the DCB specimen of different fabric
reinforced systems (carbon fibers) with a thermoplastic matrix (EP, PEI), by using the extended finite
element method (X-FEM). It is well known that in fabric reinforced composites fracture mechanisms
include microcracking in front of the crack tip, fiber bridging and multiple cracking, and both contribute
considerably to the high interlaminar fracture toughness measured. That means, the interlaminar fracture
toughness of a composite is not controlled by a single material parameter, but is a result of a complex
interaction of resin, fiber and interface properties.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Flammability Characteristics of Chemical Treated Woven Hemp Fabricmsejjournal
Woven hemp fabric was treated with sodium hydroxide, commercial flame retardant chemical, and
combination of both to increase its fire-retardant properties. Treatments of fire-retardant changed the
properties of woven hemp fabric such as increased its fabric shrinkage and density of fibres which ranges
from 0.67 to 5% and 1.43 to 1.53 g/cm3
respectively. After the treatment, the fire retardancy of the fabric
increased tremendously which was observed by the burning, thermogravimetry and limiting oxygen index
tests. Some of the samples were not burnt when exposed to flame source and the burning rate needed to be
measured under exaggeration of flame at longer time. The limiting oxygen index value increased from 18.6
to 51 after the treatments which explained the scenario happened in the burning tests. Nevertheless, its
mechanical properties decreased slightly that ranges from 18 to 32% and 23 to 39% for warp and weft
respectively compared to untreated fibre.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal ...msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Modelling and Simulation of Composition and Mechanical Properties of High Entropy Magnesium-Based Multi Component Alloy
1. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
DOI:10.5121/msej.2023.10301 1
MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF COMPOSITION
AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH
ENTROPY MAGNESIUM-BASED MULTI
COMPONENT ALLOY
Robert Kennedy Otieno1
, Edward V. Odhong1
and James Mutua2
1
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Multimedia University of
Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and
Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
ABSTRACT
Magnesium alloys are high potential materials for application in the aerospace and automotive industries
due to their lightweight properties. They can help to lower dead weight and fuel consumption to contribute
to sustainability and efficiency. It is possible to achieve high specific strength and high stiffness of the
alloys by varying compositions of alloying elements. Applications of magnesium are limited due to its low
strength and relatively low stiffness. This research focuses on a recipe of multi component alloys of
magnesium with varied percentages of Mg, Al, Cu, Mn and Zn obtained from literature and optimizes the
percentage compositions to obtain for high specific strength and specific stiffness. Relationships among
percentage constituents of the alloy components are examined in Matlab R2022b using multiple linear
regression. Optimization is achieved using genetic algorithm to determine the specific strengths and
stiffness. The resulting optimal alloy component percentages by weight are used for microstructure
simulation of thermodynamic properties, diffusion and phase transformations of proposed alloy is done in
MatCalc software version 6.04. Results show potential for improved mechanical properties resulting from
disordered structure in the high entropy magnesium alloy. Future research should focus on production and
characterization of the proposed alloy.
KEYWORDS
High entropy alloys, multicomponent alloy, specific strength, specific modulus
1. INTRODUCTION
Sustainability of environment and reduction of carbon footprint can be ensured through reduction
of weight in the automotive and aerospace sectors [1]. Currently, there is a shift from using high
density materials to light-weight materials in order to increase payload and also achieve
sustainability goals. However, existing light-weight metals have limited structural applications
due to their low specific strength and undesirable specific stiffness coupled with high production
costs [1]. To address this problem, continuous research efforts now focus on development of new
types of low-cost, low-density alloys of light-weight metals to meet properties required for
various engineering applications.
The main focus of researchers for many years has been to replace iron and steel with aluminum
and magnesium alloys. Current research on light-weight metals focuses more on magnesium than
aluminium because of its lower density [2]. Magnesium has specific gravity of 1.738 and is
2. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
2
known as the lightest structural material and next generation material. However, magnesium
alloys have limited applications in critical engineering due to their low absolute strength, ductility
and creep resistance [2].
Though many magnesium-base alloys have been developed, there is need for alloys with better
strength and stiffness to meet material requirements in automotive and aerospace industries .
Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) and recently developed high entropy alloys (HEAs) of magnesium
are promising and have very high compressive strength and hardness. However, they have poor
ductility and no significant tensile responses for wide applications in the sectors [3]. The new
approach of design of high entropy magnesium alloys with disordered structure achieves high
specific strength and modulus for magnesium alloys containing Al, Cu, Mn and Zn in varied
percentages [4]. For example, magnesium alloy containing Mg-80%wt-Al-10%wt-Cu-5%wt-Mn-
5%wt-Zn-0%wt was found to have yield strength of 228Mpa, ultimate tensile strength of
328MPa and density of 1.68 g/cm3 but had Young’s Modulus of 46.4GPa [5].
Based on previous research, lower densities of high entropy magnesium alloys can be achieved
when percentage of Mg is above 80% by weight and that of copper is lower than 5% . For
example Mg-91.2%wt-Al-8.3%wt-Cu-0%wt-Mn-0.15%wt-Zn-0.35%wt has a density of 1.85
g/cm3, but low yield strength of 145MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 270Mpa [4]. Also, Mg-
95.34%wt-Al-4.4%wt-Cu-0%wt-Mn-0.26%wt-Zn-0%wt has density of 1.79 g/cm3, low yield
strength of 125MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 210MPa. On the other hand, magnesium
alloys with percentage of components higher than 5% have very high ultimate tensile strengths
and yield strengths but are heavier [4]. Examples are Mg-45.6%wt-Al-13.6%wt-Cu-13.6%wt-
Mn-13.6%wt-Zn-13.6%wt that has density of 2.53 g/cm3, yield strength of 265MPa and ultimate
tensile strength of 454MPa and Mg-43%wt-Al-14.25%wt-Cu-14.25%wt-Mn-14.25%wt-Zn-
14.25%wt having density of 2.71 g/cm3, yield strength of 284MPa and ultimate tensile strength
of 486Mpa [4], [6].
The literature reviewed confirm that there has not been established clear component percentages
relating to high specific strength and specific modulus of the studied multicomponent high
entropy alloys of magnesium. Optimal percentage of alloying elements that can help attain high
strength, greater stiffness and low density for aerospace and automobile applications is yet to be
found. This research aims at finding optimal alloying constituent percentages for high
performance multicomponent Mg alloy. The current research improves on [5]. It uses
optimization of percentage compositions of alloying elements and does not restrict itself to near
equal proportions. The approach uses the genetic algorithm with elitism to search for fit offspring
that can achieve high specific strength and stiffness to cross to next generation.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Varying percentage composition of magnesium from 20% to 50% was used by [6] based on the
principle of equiatomic ratio and high entropy of mixing to design microstructure and mechanical
properties. They used induction melting technique followed by casting in a copper mould. The
alloys had densities that ranged from 2.20 g/cm3 to 4.29 g/cm3. Compressive strengths were
found to be between 400MPa and 500MPa at room temperature. However, the densities of these
alloys were high and the percentages of aluminium were above 12% and could raise shrinkage
and porosity as suggested in literature [7]. All the alloys proposed in the research had manganese
content greater than 0.5% by weight therefore resulting into non-optimal alloy properties [8].
Casting technique and solution treatment followed by two-step aging treatment (S-T6) was used
by [9] to propose magnesium alloy of composition by weight of Mg-80%wt-Al-10%wt-Cu-
5%wt-Mn-5%wt-Zn-5%wt. The alloy had yield strength of 228MPa, ultimate tensile strength of
3. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
3
328MPa, Young’s modulus of elasticity (E) of 46.4GPa, density of 1.68 g/cm3 and elongation of
16%. The researchers note that the mechanical properties of their proposed alloy were better than
nearly all other high performance cast magnesium alloys. However, the alloy had low stiffness
despite possessing attractive low density. High Mn content of above 0.5% in the alloy was not
optimal and could cause high degradation rates [8].
Literature review approach was used to study tensile properties of commercial high strength cast
alloys of magnesium [10]. It was found that magnesium alloys that are solution treated and peak
aged (S-T6) such as Mg-91.2%wt-Al-8.3%wt-Cu-0%wt-Mn-0.15%wt-Zn-0.35%wt has density
of 1.8 g/cm3, ultimate tensile strength of 270MPa, yield strength of 145 MPa and low Young’s
Modulus of 47.54Gpa. Another solution treated option of Mg-92.05%wt-Al-5.3%wt-Cu-0%wt-
Mn-0.15%wt-Zn-2.5%wt has density of 1.81 g/cm3, ultimate tensile strength of 232MPa, yield
strength of 122MPa and Young’s Modulus of 102GPa [10]. The study also reviewed high
entropy magnesium alloys produced through die casting (DC) and cast and solution treatment of
the alloys such as AZ63 that had lower specific strength and stiffness compared to S-T6 and DC.
Though this research achieved very high specific strengths, the problem of low stiffness was not
addressed. It is noted that for high specific strength, percentage of Mg should be high, possibly
above 90% by weight as demonstrated in this research. Further, this research only carried out
tests on tensile properties but did not address behaviour under compression.
Magnesium-based multicomponent alloy with alloy composition as Mg-80%wt-Al-5%wt-Cu-
5%wt-Mn-5%wt-Zn-5%wt [5]. The alloy was synthesized using disintegrated melt deposition
(DMD) technique and then subjected it to hot extrusion. The yield strength in tension was
211MPa and ultimate tensile strength was 318MPa. Density of the alloy was 2.15 g/cm3 and
ultimate compressive strength (UCS) was 616MPa. The modulus of elasticity, E, of the alloy was
estimated as 49.35GPa under tension. Though this research achieved higher modulus of elasticity,
it achieves lower strength compared to the alloy proposed in literature [9]. It therefore means
reduction of aluminium from 10% to 5% and addition of zinc resulted into higher stiffness but
slightly lower yield and ultimate tensile strengths.
An extensive literature review on high entropy magnesium alloys with Al, Cu, Mn, Zn and other
alloying elements was carried out to determine properties [4]. They found out that ultra-high
strength, corrosion resistance, good fracture toughness and ductility can be achieved by the alloys
due to unusual combinations of elements. Another important finding in their research was that the
mechanical behaviour of magnesium alloys was strongly affected by chemical ordering. These
findings confirm those of previous researchers [5], [9]. However, the research does not address
the problem of optimization of the alloy properties by changing percentage composition of
alloying elements.
3. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Various approaches have been applied in numerical analysis of composition and mechanical
properties of high entropy alloys. Numerical methods that have been used include modelling and
simulation that are essential in exploring the relationships among the compositions, structures and
properties the alloys. The existing models for predicting mechanical behaviour of the alloys are
reviewed. The methods for simulating the microstructure evolution, deformation mechanisms,
and mechanical behaviour are also reviewed.
Early approaches involved identification of mixtures of elements with potential of producing one
solid solution bulk metallic glasses [11]. In this approach, it was suggested that atoms of different
elements bring about disordered structure of multicomponent alloys. According to the research,
4. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
4
the disordered structure was relized on the basis of the atomic size mismatch. These combinations
could produce high entropy alloys but were not efficient.
Later, thermodynamic approaches of modeling of alloys were proposed. These approaches are
more credible and were based on μ or Ω, [12] electronegativity, valence electron concentration
[13], bulk modulus and interatomic spacing mismatches [14]. It involves predicting
thermodynamic behavior of alloys, and comparing the performance with to show how applicable
they are. The performance of the thermodynamic approaches is difficult to measure since alloys
that do not match database are discarded [15].
Reliance on databases for comparison of alloy properties led to statistics and machine learning
techniques. The techniques combine the predictability of the search and comparison criteria and
are able to produce more robust design ways for new high entropy alloys. The statistical methods
based on Principal Component Analysis (PCAs) were proposed in literature to gather the
maximum variance and to redefine areas with greatest correlations where solid solutions could
occur [16]. The approach was also combined with clustering techniques of data processing that
classify and show trends in databases for predicting properties [14].
More recently, researchers used neural networks (NNs) in combination with an optimization
algorithms like genetic algorithm, to search the optimal alloy compositions. Use of such
computational resources have contributed to exploration of much wider compositional spaces for
high entropy alloys. Use of NNs in commercial alloys has been studied by researchers such as
[17]. For example, density and solid solution hardening effects of high entropy alloys was
predicted using multiobjective optimization to enhance mechanical properties [18]. Use of multi-
objective optimization technique is necessary because some parameters and properties may be
working in opposite directions [15], [18]. One challenge of the multiobjective technique is
finding equilibrium to obtain high entropy alloy with interesting combination of properties since
some may have inverse relationships [14]. observe that machine learning has demerit of high
computational cost for each criteria and that the models are required to be small, to help provide
predictions within reasonable time frame.
The use of CALPHAD and computational thermodynamics has been adopted to provide direct
calculation of the Gibbs free energy for phase stability. The approach relies on databases as well
as available data to researchers. The approaches have good prediction accuracy and have already
been applied to successfully produce new high entropy alloys with good stability, including
magnesium alloys [19], [20], [20], [21]. The issue of vacancies that is a problem with this kind of
prediction can be addressed to take care of transformations due to diffusion.
The current research uses a combination of multiobjective optimization and CALPHAD
approaches. Optimization of percentage compositions of alloying elements is based on
evolutionary computation and is not restricted itself to near equal proportions. The approach lets
the genetic algorithm search for fit offspring using elitism within limits of alloying element
compositions in literature.
3.1. Modelling Alloy Compositions and Mechanical Properties
Linear regression is applicable in establishing the mathematical relationship between density,
yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus (E).The relationship can be
established through log-linear regression model. We find relationship between natural log of E
and that of yield strength (YS) as shown in Equation 1.
𝑙𝑛𝑌𝑆 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 ln 𝐸 + 𝜀 (1)
Where,
5. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
5
𝛽0= The regression constant;
𝛽1= Beta coefficient of log of E;
𝜀= Error term
Equation 1 becomes as shown in Equation 2
𝑌𝑆 = 𝑒𝛽0𝐸𝛽1 (2)
We replace 𝑒𝛽0 with𝑘1 and 𝛽1 with 𝑡𝑎𝑢1 as follows
𝑌𝑆 = 𝑘1𝐸𝑡𝑎𝑢1 (3)
The log-linear relationship between density and Young’s modulus can be found as shown in
Equation 4.
ln 𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 𝛽0𝐸 + 𝛽𝐸ln 𝐸 + 𝜀
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 𝑒𝛽0𝐸 ∗ 𝐸𝛽𝐸 (4)
Where,
𝛽0𝐸= Regression constant for E.
𝛽𝐸= Beta coefficient of ln E
𝜀= Error term
We replace 𝑒𝛽0𝐸 with𝑘2 and 𝛽𝐸 with 𝑡𝑎𝑢2 as follows
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 𝑘2 ∗ 𝐸𝑡𝑎𝑢2 (5)
Therefore we express Young’s modulus as shown in Equation 6.
𝐸 = (
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
𝑘2
)
1
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
(6)
Yield strength is found by substituting Equation 6 into Equation 3 as shown in Equation 7.
𝑌𝑆 = 𝑘1 (
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
𝑘2
)
𝑡𝑎𝑢1
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
(7)
The relationship between ln UTS and ln E using loglinear regression is given by Equation 8
ln 𝑈𝑇𝑆 = 𝛽0𝑈𝑇𝑆 + 𝛽𝑈𝑇𝑆 ln 𝐸 + 𝜀
𝑈𝑇𝑆 = 𝑒𝛽0𝑈𝑇𝑆
∗ 𝐸𝛽𝑈𝑇𝑆 (8)
Which becomes:
𝑈𝑇𝑆 = 𝑘3 ∗ 𝐸𝑡𝑎𝑢3 (9)
And substituting for E we have Equation 10.
𝑈𝑇𝑆 = 𝑘3 ∗ (
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
𝑘2
)
𝑡𝑎𝑢3
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
(10)
Where,
𝑘3 = 𝑒𝛽0𝑈𝑇𝑆;
𝛽0𝑈𝑇𝑆= Regression constant for UTS
𝛽𝑈𝑇𝑆 = 𝑡𝑎𝑢3= Beta coefficient of E
Specific modulus becomes:
𝑈𝑇𝑆
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
=
𝑘3
𝑘2
𝑡𝑎𝑢3
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
∗ (𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦)
(
𝑡𝑎𝑢3
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
−1)
(11)
Optimal values of density, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and stiffness are obtained from
the optimal values of percentages generated from the objective functions. The specific strength at
yield,
𝑌𝑆
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
,
𝑈𝑇𝑆
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
and specific modulus
𝐸
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
become the objective functions for genetic
algorithm implementation of multibojective optimization in Matlab R2022b. The aim is to
maximize each as shown in Equation 12.
6. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
6
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒
{
𝑌𝑆
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
=
𝑘1
(𝑘2)
𝑡𝑎𝑢1
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
(𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦)
(
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
𝑡𝑎𝑢1
−1)
𝑈𝑇𝑆
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
=
𝑘3
𝑘2
𝑡𝑎𝑢3
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
∗ (𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦)
(
𝑡𝑎𝑢3
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
−1)
𝐸
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
= (
1
𝑘2
)
1
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
∗ (𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦)
(
1
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
−1)
(12)
Density is expressed as shown in Equation 13. Density of Mg is 𝜌𝑀𝑔 = 1.738 g/cm3
, of Al is
𝜌𝐴𝑙 = 2.7 g/cm3
, Cu is 𝜌𝐶𝑢 = 8.96 g/cm3
, Mn is 𝜌𝑀𝑛 = 7.26 g/cm3
and Zn is 𝜌𝑍𝑛 = 7.133
g/cm3
. Masses of the components will be 𝑚𝑀𝑔, 𝑚𝐴𝑙, 𝑚𝐶𝑢, 𝑚𝑀𝑛 and 𝑚𝑍𝑛 for magnesium,
aluminium, copper, manganese and zinc. Density estimation is done using alloy formula based on
density of components.
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦 =
𝑚
𝑣
(13)
Where,
𝑚=mass of alloy in grams; 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑀𝑔 + 𝑚𝐴𝑙 + 𝑚𝐶𝑢 + 𝑚𝑀𝑛 + 𝑚𝑍𝑛
𝑣=volume of alloy, cm3
,.
But 𝑣 is the sum of volumes of the components of the alloy. Meaning volume of magnesium,
𝑣𝑀𝑔 =
𝑚𝑀𝑔
𝜌𝑀𝑔
, aluminium, 𝑣𝐴𝑙 =
𝑚𝐴𝑙
𝜌𝐴𝑙
, copper, 𝑣𝐶𝑢 =
𝑚𝐶𝑢
𝜌𝐶𝑢
, manganese, 𝑣𝑀𝑛 =
𝑚𝑀𝑛
𝜌𝑀𝑛
and 𝑣𝑍𝑛 =
𝑚𝑍𝑛
𝜌𝑍𝑛
.
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦 =
𝑚
𝑣𝑀𝑔 + 𝑣𝐴𝑙 + 𝑣𝐶𝑢 + 𝑣𝑀𝑛 + 𝑣𝑍𝑛
=
𝑚
(
𝑚𝑀𝑔
𝜌𝑀𝑔
+
𝑚𝐴𝑙
𝜌𝐴𝑙
+
𝑚𝐶𝑢
𝜌𝐶𝑢
+
𝑚𝑀𝑛
𝜌𝑀𝑛
+
𝑚𝑍𝑛
𝜌𝑍𝑛
)
(14)
Since the density of magnesium is the lowest of the alloy components, low optimal density is
found by establishing the highest amount of magnesium that can provide optimal strength and
stiffness. Mass of alloying element divided by alloy mass gives percentage composition of each
alloying element. Percentage composition by weight of the components is 𝑝𝑀𝑔, 𝑝𝐴𝑙, 𝑝𝐶𝑢, 𝑝𝑀𝑛
and 𝑝𝑍𝑛 for magnesium, aluminium, copper, manganese and zinc. Alloy density is therefore
expressed in terms of percentage composition as shown in Equation 15.
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦 =
1
(
𝑝𝑀𝑔
𝜌𝑀𝑔
+
𝑝𝐴𝑙
𝜌𝐴𝑙
+
𝑝𝐶𝑢
𝜌𝐶𝑢
+
𝑝𝑀𝑛
𝜌𝑀𝑛
+
𝑝𝑍𝑛
𝜌𝑍𝑛
)
(15)
Substituting for alloy density in Equation 12, we have objective functions as presented in
Equation 16. Percentage composition is therefore varied to maximize specific strengths and
modulus.
7. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
7
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒
{
𝑌𝑆
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
=
𝑘1
(𝑘2)
𝑡𝑎𝑢1
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
(
𝑝𝑀𝑔
𝜌𝑀𝑔
+
𝑝𝐴𝑙
𝜌𝐴𝑙
+
𝑝𝐶𝑢
𝜌𝐶𝑢
+
𝑝𝑀𝑛
𝜌𝑀𝑛
+
𝑝𝑍𝑛
𝜌𝑍𝑛
)
(1−
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
𝑡𝑎𝑢1
)
𝑈𝑇𝑆
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
=
𝑘3
𝑘2
𝑡𝑎𝑢3
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
∗ (
𝑝𝑀𝑔
𝜌𝑀𝑔
+
𝑝𝐴𝑙
𝜌𝐴𝑙
+
𝑝𝐶𝑢
𝜌𝐶𝑢
+
𝑝𝑀𝑛
𝜌𝑀𝑛
+
𝑝𝑍𝑛
𝜌𝑍𝑛
)
(1−
𝑡𝑎𝑢3
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
)
𝐸
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
= (
1
𝑘2
)
1
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
∗ (
𝑝𝑀𝑔
𝜌𝑀𝑔
+
𝑝𝐴𝑙
𝜌𝐴𝑙
+
𝑝𝐶𝑢
𝜌𝐶𝑢
+
𝑝𝑀𝑛
𝜌𝑀𝑛
+
𝑝𝑍𝑛
𝜌𝑍𝑛
)
(1−
1
𝑡𝑎𝑢2
)
(16)
In this research, genetic algorithm iterations are set at 600 generations. Population size is set to
500 and elitism at 25. Offspring in each iteration replaces some individuals from the population.
Elitism means that the most fit 25 individuals are guaranteed placement in the next generation.
Cross-over probability is set at 0.8 and mutation set at 0.1, which are defaults for genetic
algorithm. Crossover probability refers to the selection probability of an individual from a
generation. Search domain for genetic is set as Mg, Al, Cu, Mn and Zn and lower and upper
bound defined based on percentages that give better properties.
For aluminium, the genetic algorith searches within limits of 5-8% and for zinc it is in the range
of 0.5-2% so that total composition of Al and Zn does not exceeds 10% as recommended in
literature to achieve high specific strength, corrosion resistance and address the problem of
porosity at alloy freezing point [7], [22]. Manganese is within the limits of 0.15 and 0.5% that is
found to be optimal for ensuring corrosion resistance when it forms aluminium-manganese
phases that address the issue of impurities becoming cathodes [8][23]. Composition of copper is
optimized between the ranges of 0.1 and 0.5% to help in enhancing strength, solderability,
plateability and modulus of elasticity of the alloy [7], [24]. Copper will also enhance fluidity of
magnesium alloys during alloy preparation process [24]. Table 1 illustrates lower and upper
bounds for the elements and density.
Table 1. Lower and upper bounds of composition of alloying elements
Mg
(wt%)
Al
(wt%)
Cu
(wt%)
Mn
(wt%) Zn (wt%)
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦
g/cm3
Lower bound 80 8 0.1 0.15 0.5 1.74
Upper bound 94.25 9 0.5 0.5 2 2.15
Data for optimization in Matlab is as shown in Table 2. There are five variables, three nonlinear
inequality constraints and one nonlinear equality constraint. Options for creation is uniform,
crossover is intermediate, selection function is tournament and mutation function is on positive
basis.
8. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
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Table 2. Data for optimization of composition and mechanical properties
Mg
(wt%)
Al
(wt%)
Cu
(wt%)
Mn
(wt%)
Zn
(wt%)
Density
(g/cm3
)
UTS
(MPa)
Yield
(MPa)
E*
(GPa)
Method
used
Method used and
Source Citation
91.2 8.3 0 0.15 0.35 1.8 270 145 47.54 S-T6 [10], [25]
91.2 8.3 0 0.15 0.35 1.8 270 90 35.51 S-T4 [10], [25]
91.2 8.3 0 0.15 0.35 1.8 230 150 49.18 DC [10], [25]
92.05 5.3 0 0.15 2.5 1.81 254 94 101 S-T4 [10], [25]
92.05 5.3 0 0.15 2.5 1.81 232 122 102 S-T6 [10], [25]
92.1 0 2.4 0 5.5 1.85 210 125 104 S-T6 [10], [25]
92.9 6.5 0 0.6 0 1.79 225 130 100 DC [10], [25]
93 6 0 0 1 1.78 260 129 99.5 DC [10], [25]
95.34 4.4 0 0.26 0 1.77 210 125 99 DC [10], [25]
20 20 20 20 20 4.3 717 450 150 IM [6]
45 13.75 13.75 13.75 13.75 2.71 486 284 151 IM [6]
45.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 2.53 454 265 141 IM [6]
50 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 2.2 394 230 123 IM [6]
80 10 5 5 0 1.68 328 228 46.4 S-T6 [9]
80 5 5 5 5 2.15 318 211 49.35 DMD [5]
*Where E was not stated by authors, the researcher estimated from stress-strain curves in the respective
publications; DC i– idie icasting, iIM-induction imelting, iDMD-Disintegrated imelt ideposition, iS-T4
isolution iheat itreatment ifollowed iby itempering, iS-T6 isolution iheat itreatment ifollowed iby
iquenching iand iprecipitation ihardening
3.2. Simulation of Thermodynamic and Phase Transformations
MatCalc version 6.04 software is used to simulate the thermodynamics, diffusion and phase
transformations of the alloy. Equilibrium and precipitate kinetics which consist of the stages of
heat treatment is determined for the alloy. The software uses classical nucleation theory in
calculating growth and coarseness of alloy precipitates as side products of the Svoboda–Fischer–
Fratzl–Kozeschnik (SFFK) model [26]. The model is based on Onsager’s extremum principle and
accounts for the energy dissipated from diffusion in the matrix, diffusion in the precipitates and
that in the moving interfaces[26], [27]. Moreover, interfacial energies are calculated
automatically based on generalized broken-bond model [28].
Chemical composition of the alloy is defined in terms of percentage of alloying elements Mg, Al,
Cu, Mn and Zn by weight based on output of simulation in the genetic algorithm from Matlab
R2022b. Precipitate phases are chosen from the alloying elements. The phases include MgZn,
MgZn2, Mg2Zn11, Mg2Cu, MgCu2, MnAl, MnAl2 Mn5Al8 and Mg17Al12, CuMg1 and
CuMg0 co-clusters. Precipitation kinetic simulations requires additional input parameters that
include microstructural information and nucleation settings. The parameters for kinetic
simulation include heat treatment and definition of grain sizes and dislocation density. Formation
of alloy is done at 1300oC and normalization at 400oC for a period of one hour for.
9. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
9
Precipitation domains are set in MatCalc version 6.04 to trap solutes of Mg, Al, Cu, Mn and Zn
and trapping enthalpy is defined. Thermo-mechanical treatments are defined and include melt
deposition at 1300oC set as segment-start-temperature and cooling of the alloy to temperature of
400oC as segment-end-temperature after about 20 minutes. The resulting temperature gradient is
-0.75oC per second. This is followed by homogenization at the same temperature of 400oC that is
done for one hour to ensure uniform particle sizes and composition. After homogenization, the
alloy is quenched to room temperature of 25oC with temperature gradient of -100oC per second
to improve strength and then maintained at room temperature for 30 minutes. The alloy is
reheated to 400oC during hot-rolling process for about 10 minutes and kept at that temperature
for about 15 minutes during rolling. It is then quenched to 25oC for one hour at cooling rate of of
-100oC per second. After that, natural aging in air occurs on the alloy for seven days.
Precipitation simulation is set to capture changes in temperature, number density, phase fractions
and mean radii of precipitates. Number density, phase fractions and precipitate mean radii are
known to affect coarsening behaviour of alloys and influence strength [29], [30].
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
ANOVA is carried out as one of exploratory data analysis to find whether variation of
compositions significantly influence density, UTS, YS and E. Results of ANOVA in Table 3
show that variations of columns and rows of data were significant at α=0.05. This means that
changes in percentage composition of the alloys as well as alloying elements are significant.
Interactions are insignificant meaning that there are no significant differences among groups
across different alloy compositions.
Table 3. Results of ANOVA on data
Source SS df MS F Prob>F
Columns 744578.9 3 248193 34.51 0
Rows 62152.4 2 31076.2 4.32 0.0208
Interactions 57912.9 6 9652.1 1.34 0.2643
Error 258904.2 36 7191.8
Total 1123548.4 47
Variation between yield strength and density of the alloy is shown in Figure 1. The regression
line of the variation is green. Non-parametric mean is represented by dashed red line while the
degree of spread or variance is indicated using blue line. The ellipses show regions within 90%
and 95% confidence. The smaller ellipse confirm that it is possible to vary density from 1.75 to
2.5 g/cm3
as yield strength increases from 174MPa to 260MPa within 95% confidence interval.
At 90% confidence, with the larger ellipse, it is possible to achieve yield strength of between
220MPa and 324MPa. The box-plots in each of the Figures 1 and 2 indicate mean values of
strengths and density.
10. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
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Figure 1. Variation of yield strength and density
Figure 2 illustrates that as density of the alloy varies from 1.75 to 2.5 g/cm3
, it is possible to have
alloy of ultimate tensile strength with the range of 242MPa to 424MPa within the 95%
confidence interval and 305MPa to 530MPa within 90% confidence interval.
Figure 2. Variation of ultimate tensile strength and density
Figure 3 illustrates that as density of the alloy varies from 1.75 to 2.5 g/cm3
, it is possible to have
alloy of Young’s Modulus within the range of 55.55GPa to 72.45GPa within the 95% confidence
interval and 66.72GPa to 95.09GPa within 90% confidence interval.
11. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
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Figure 3. Graph of Variation of Young’s Modulus with density
Results of optimization using constrained multi-objective optimization in Matlab R2022b show
that the alloying elements have these percentage compositions by weight: 89.429% for
magnesium, 8.159% for aluminium, 0.344% for copper, 0.255% for manganese and 1.814% for
zinc. Optimal specific strength is 142.6045kPam3/kg for yield strength, 282.7679 kPam3/kg for
ultimate tensile strength and specific modulus is 80.0959 MPam3/kg. Optimal density is obtained
as1.8247 g/cm3
.
Results of multi-objective optimization are that optimal value of yield strength is 260.21MPa,
optimal ultimate tensile strength is 515.96MPa and optimal value of Young’s Modulus is
146.15GPa. Results of optimal yield strength are within the 95% confidence limit predicted in
plots in Figure 1 and those of ultimate tensile strength are within the 90% confidence limit
predicted in Figure 2.
Figure 4 illustrates heat treatment in MatCalc version 6.04. The simulation is performed from
temperature of 400oC to room temperature followed by hot rolling and quenching back to room
temperature. Mechanical properties depend on heat treatment. Quenching is important in
preserving the suitable properties and fine grains to enhance strengthening [31].
12. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
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Figure 4. Heat treatment of the alloy
Figure 5 illustrates variation of number density with time in hours. Number density of CuMg1
and CuMg0 co-clusters are about 7.9916 × 1022
m-3
and 5.3213 × 1022
m-3
, respectively,
during the process and zero during hot rolling since co-clusters disappear when temperatures rise
to 400o
C. After hot rolling, a number of precipitates occur as temperatures reduce from 400o
C to
room temperature. gamma Al12Mg17 with number density of 4.5861 × 1015
m-3
, AlCuZn_T
precipitate with number density of 2.0448 × 1018
m-3
and AlCu_Eta precipitates has number
density ranging from 6.84688 × 1012
𝑚-3
between 182 and 250 hours and 1.7623 × 1011
m-3
after 250 hours. MgAlCuZn_T precipitates maintain number density of 1.7623 × 1011
m-3
after
hot rolling. The number densities of the precipitates decrease with thermal exposure during heat
treatment then stabilizes as a result of isothermal aging processes at room temperature. This
corroborates findings of [29 ]who studied coarsening behaviour in phases of Ni-Al binary model
and found that number density and phase fraction of gamma phases decrease with the increase in
thermal exposure.
Figure 5. Variation of number density with time
13. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
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Figure 6 illustrates variation of phase fractions with time. The highest phase fraction is illustrated
by CuMg1 co-clusters at 0.007 before and after hot rolling. Stable phase fraction of CuMg0 co-
clusters is 1.9358 × 10−4
. The co-clusters represent parent sites for precipitation. Presence co-
clusters indicates strengthening effect that is the main strengthening mechanism in the alloy that
contributes to high specific strengths and modulus. This finding confirms that there is direct
relationship between strength and the amount of co-clusters formed [32].
Figure 6. Variations of phase fractions with time
Mean radius of precipitates formed are shown in Figure 7. Mean radius of gamma Al12Mg17
precipitates is stable at 28.14nm before hot rolling and rises to 4µm during hot rolling then
stabilizes at 27.628nm after hot rolling. Mean radius of AlCuZn_T precipitates at 20.959nm after
hot rolling while that of CuMg1 co-clusters are stable at 3.26nm. All the other precipitates have
mean radius of less than 3.26nm. From Figures 6 and 7, the graphs show that precipitate mean
radius of phases decreases with increasing phase fractions and vice versa, which corroborates
findings in literature [30].
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Figure 7. Variations of mean radius with time
.
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this research, we applied constrained multi-objective optimization to design magnesium alloys
with improved mechanical properties for aerospace and vehicle applications. We used a genetic
algorithm to optimize the composition and microstructure of the alloys, subject to various
constraints such as density, ductility, and corrosion resistance. We compared our optimized alloys
with equiatomic magnesium alloys, which have been widely studied in the literature. We found
that our optimized alloys have higher specific strengths and specific modulus than the equiatomic
alloys, meaning that they can withstand higher loads and deformations per unit mass. This is
beneficial for reducing the weight and fuel consumption of aerospace and vehicle components.
Our results demonstrate that constrained multi-objective optimization is a powerful tool for
designing magnesium alloys with superior performance.
The results show that the optimal value of yield strength was 260.21 MPa, the optimal ultimate
tensile strength was 515.96 MPa and the optimal value of Young's modulus was 146.15 GPa with
the following alloy composition by weight: 89.429% for magnesium, 8.159% for aluminium,
0.344% for copper, 0.255% for manganese and 1.814% for zinc. The optimal alloy composition
had a low density of 1.79 g/cm3
and a high specific strength of 288.22 MPa/g/cm3
. The
microstructure simulation suggests that the optimal alloy has a fine-grained structure with
uniform distribution of intermetallic phases. The optimal alloy composition can be used for
lightweight and high-performance applications in aerospace and automotive industries.
The results of simulation show that non-isothermal treatments cause precipitation strengthening
as a result of microstructural and strength evolutions through variation of mean radii and number
density of precipitates. Aging at room temperature allows further precipitation. The highest phase
fraction is of CuMg1 co-clusters at 0.007 followed by that of CuMg0 co-clusters at
0.00019358.The high specific strength and stiffness is believed to result from the fine and dense
distribution of CuMg1 and CuMg0co-clusters that act as effective obstacles to dislocation
motion.
15. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ),Vol. 10, No.1/2/3, September 2023
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Possible applications of the proposed high entropy alloy of magnesium in the automotive industry
include light engine blocks, power transmission cases, vehicle steering wheels, instrumentation
panels, seat frames and wheels. We suggest that the proposed alloy can be used in various
structural and non-structural aerospace vehicle components such as brackets, housings, covers,
frames, and connectors. It is believed that the alloy has good electrical conductivity and
electromagnetic shielding characteristics, that are useful aerospace electronics. Further research
and development are needed to produce the alloy and test the properties and compare with these
results of simulation.
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