The document summarizes various mechanisms of polymerization, including chain-growth polymerization, step-growth polymerization, radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, Ziegler-Natta catalysis, ring-opening polymerization, and the polymerization of cyclic ethers, cyclic amides, and siloxanes. It discusses reaction initiation, mechanisms, applications, and stereochemistry for different polymerization methods.
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by linking many smaller units, or monomers, through covalent bonds. Natural substances like proteins and synthetic polymers are examples of macromolecules. Monomers undergo polymerization to form macromolecules by linking together through addition or condensation reactions. Polymers can be classified in different ways such as natural vs synthetic, organic vs inorganic, thermoplastic vs thermosetting, and linear, branched or cross-linked based on their molecular structure. The process of polymerization and properties of polymers depend on factors like the type of monomers, reaction conditions and molecular architecture.
Polymerization process or synthesis by Dr. Salma Amirsalmaamir2
The document summarizes different types of polymerization processes for inorganic polymers:
1) Step-growth polymerization involves monomers reacting through condensation reactions to form linear polymers through the removal of small molecules like water.
2) Chain-growth polymerization uses initiators and involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps to grow polymer chains from unsaturated monomers. Many metal-containing polymers are synthesized this way.
3) Ring-opening polymerization uses cyclic monomers that open to elongate a growing polymer chain through cationic, anionic, or radical mechanisms. A wide range of heteroatom-containing cyclic monomers can be used.
The document summarizes various mechanisms of polymerization, including chain-growth polymerization, step-growth polymerization, radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, Ziegler-Natta catalysis, ring-opening polymerization, and the polymerization of cyclic ethers, cyclic amides, and siloxanes. It discusses reaction initiation, mechanisms, applications, and stereochemistry for different polymerization methods.
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by linking many smaller units, or monomers, through covalent bonds. Natural substances like proteins and synthetic polymers are examples of macromolecules. Monomers undergo polymerization to form macromolecules by linking together through addition or condensation reactions. Polymers can be classified in different ways such as natural vs synthetic, organic vs inorganic, thermoplastic vs thermosetting, and linear, branched or cross-linked based on their molecular structure. The process of polymerization and properties of polymers depend on factors like the type of monomers, reaction conditions and molecular architecture.
Polymerization process or synthesis by Dr. Salma Amirsalmaamir2
The document summarizes different types of polymerization processes for inorganic polymers:
1) Step-growth polymerization involves monomers reacting through condensation reactions to form linear polymers through the removal of small molecules like water.
2) Chain-growth polymerization uses initiators and involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps to grow polymer chains from unsaturated monomers. Many metal-containing polymers are synthesized this way.
3) Ring-opening polymerization uses cyclic monomers that open to elongate a growing polymer chain through cationic, anionic, or radical mechanisms. A wide range of heteroatom-containing cyclic monomers can be used.
The Claisen rearrangement is a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement that converts an allyl vinyl ether to an unsaturated carbonyl compound. It requires temperatures above 100°C unless a catalyst like diphenyl ether is used. The aromatic Claisen rearrangement follows a similar mechanism but also involves rearomatization through enolization, unless the ortho position is blocked, in which case a Cope rearrangement must occur first. This reaction attaches the carbon to the benzene ring in a vinylic rather than allylic fashion, producing the para isomer if the ortho position is blocked by an alkyl group.
Nitroxide mediated polymerization is a controlled radical polymerization technique that uses stable nitroxide radicals. It allows high control over polymer architecture and properties. The principle involves reversible trapping of propagating radicals by nitroxide to form alkoxyamines. This prevents irreversible radical termination. Nitroxide mediated polymerization can be used to synthesize homopolymers, random/block copolymers, and functionalized polymers with applications in coatings, adhesives, and biomaterials.
The Wittig reaction involves reacting an aldehyde or ketone with a triphenylphosphonium ylide to form an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide. The reaction proceeds through betaine and oxaphosphetane intermediates. The stereochemistry of the product can be controlled by the reactants and conditions. Similar reactions are the Horner and Horner-Emmons-Wadsworth reactions, which use different reagents. The Wittig reaction is one of the main methods for synthesizing alkenes from carbonyl compounds.
Michael addition reaction involves the conjugate addition of a nucleophile to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. It proceeds through a reversible 1,2-addition of the nucleophile to the β-carbon, which can then undergo irreversible proton elimination to form the more stable thermodynamic enolate product by removing the π-bond of the C=C. This reaction is useful for forming C-C bonds and natural products, with examples given of its application in multi-step syntheses using further carbonyl reactions like aldol condensation.
Pyrazine is a six-membered heterocyclic compound derived from benzene by replacing two CH groups with nitrogen atoms. It occurs naturally in some compounds like pteridine, phenazine, and folic acid. Pyrazine is aromatic and weakly basic due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the second nitrogen atom. It undergoes electrophilic addition and substitution reactions at the nitrogen atoms as well as nucleophilic substitution. Some methods to synthesize pyrazine derivatives involve the reduction and oxidation of alpha-nitroso/nitro/azide ketones, condensation of alpha-diketones with diamines followed by oxidation, and epoxide ring opening with ethylenediam
Medicinal application of organometallic compoundsALIRAZA2498
This document discusses platinum-based drugs used for cancer therapy. It provides a history of platinum complexes starting with cisplatin in 1844. Key platinum complexes discussed are cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. The document outlines advantages such as charge variations and apoptosis induction, and disadvantages like kidney damage and neurotoxicity. It also discusses future updates to complexes and market availability of platinum drugs. In conclusion, cisplatin can target cancer cells without toxic side effects, and modifying complexes may lead to less ototoxicity while maintaining anti-cancer activity.
The document summarizes various oxidation reactions and their mechanisms and applications. It discusses Dakin oxidation, Oppenauer oxidation, Moffatt oxidation, Parikh-Doering oxidation, Jones oxidation, Corey-Kim oxidation, Wacker-Tsuji oxidation, Criegee oxidation, Hass-Bender oxidation, and Lindgren-Pinnick oxidation. These reactions allow the conversion of alcohols to carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones, and in some cases carboxylic acids, using oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, DMSO, chromic acid, NCS, and sodium chlorite. The summarized reactions find applications in organic synthesis and production of pharmaceuticals, flavors,
This document discusses carbanions, which are negatively charged carbon-containing species. It describes the structure of carbanions as sp3 hybridized and tetrahedral. Carbanions are stabilized by several factors, including inductive and resonance effects. The stability increases with increased s-character of the carbon atom and delocalization of the negative charge. Carbanions are nucleophilic and can be formed through deprotonation, decarboxylation, metal reduction, or addition to multiple bonds. They have applications in reactions like aldol condensation, Michael addition, Grignard reagents, and the Perkin reaction.
The document discusses the Michael addition reaction, which involves the nucleophilic addition of a carbanion to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. It provides the definition, mechanism, examples including the synthesis of warfarin, and applications such as asymmetric Michael reactions. The mechanism involves deprotonation of the carbonyl compound by a base to form an enolate ion, which adds to the Michael acceptor to form a new carbon-carbon bond via 1,4-addition.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
The document discusses ionic liquids as green solvents for organic transformations. It covers topics such as green chemistry principles, the structure and properties of ionic liquids that make them suitable green solvent replacements. Ionic liquids have applications in various organic reactions as solvents, allowing for higher yields, selectivity and easier product separation compared to conventional organic solvents. Examples of reactions discussed include Diels-Alder, Heck, hydrogenation and ring-opening reactions. Different types of ionic liquids are also summarized, including functionalized and deep eutectic solvents.
This document provides an overview of reactions of alkenes, including electrophilic addition, hydration, oxymercuration-demercuration, hydroboration-oxidation, and other reactions. It discusses the mechanisms and stereochemistry of these reactions. Key points covered include Markovnikov's rule for electrophilic addition and hydration reactions, the use of mercury compounds and borane to achieve anti-Markovnikov addition, and examples of applying these reactions in synthesis problems.
Coupling reaction involves the joining of two chemical species with the help of a metal catalyst.
An important type of coupling reaction is the reaction of an organic halide with an organometallic compound which facilitates the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond.
This document provides information on SN1 and SN2 reactions, including definitions, mechanisms, kinetics, stereochemistry, reactivity, and comparisons. SN2 reactions are bimolecular, follow second-order kinetics, and result in complete stereochemical inversion. SN1 reactions are unimolecular, follow first-order kinetics, and result in racemization plus inversion through a carbocation intermediate. Key differences between the two include their order of kinetics, effects on stereochemistry, and choice of nucleophile.
Carbanions are carbon atoms with a negative charge that are formed through various mechanisms. They can be classified based on their formation method such as through heterocyclic cleavage, proton abstraction using a base, decarboxylation, addition of a nucleophile to an alkene, or formation of an organometallic compound. Carbanion stability depends on factors like the electronegativity of the carbon, inductive effects, resonance effects, and attachment to sulfur or phosphorus. Aromatic carbanions and those with electron-withdrawing groups are particularly stable due to resonance delocalization. Carbanions have applications in reactions like the Perkin reaction, Claisen condensation, benzoin condensation,
A reaction intermediate or an intermediate is a molecular entity that is formed from the reactants (or preceding intermediates) and reacts further to give the directly observed products of a chemical reaction.
The document introduces the Heck reaction, which is a coupling reaction where a metal catalyst aids in coupling two hydrocarbon fragments. Specifically, the Heck reaction involves converting a terminal alkene to an internal alkene. Richard Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in 2010 for their work developing palladium-catalyzed C-C cross coupling reactions, including the Heck reaction. The mechanism of the Heck reaction involves oxidative addition, insertion, β-H elimination, and reductive elimination steps.
This document provides an overview of heterogeneous catalysis. It defines heterogeneous catalysis as a reaction where the catalyst is in a different phase than the reactants. It describes the typical components of a heterogeneous catalyst and methods for catalyst preparation including impregnation and physical mixing. It also outlines steps for catalyst characterization and the catalytic cycle. Common industrial reactions facilitated by heterogeneous catalysts are discussed such as alkylation, isomerization, hydrogenation, oxidation and halogenation.
This document provides an overview of homogeneous catalysis and biocatalysis. It discusses various homogeneous catalysts including Wilkinson's catalyst, Ziegler-Natta catalysts, and catalysts used in hydrogenation and hydroformylation reactions. It also discusses the use of enzymes in organic synthesis, including hydrolysis reactions and the synthesis of tartaric acids. Finally, it covers immobilized enzymes and various methods for enzyme immobilization.
This document discusses relative humidity and temperature and their effects on collections. It begins by explaining that relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the total amount the air can hold at a given temperature. Changes in relative humidity and temperature can damage collections, especially fluctuations. Extremes can still stabilize collections if they adjust, but changes are more harmful. The document recommends understanding these concepts and taking steps to minimize harmful fluctuations and protect collections.
This document discusses relative humidity and temperature and their effects on collections. It begins by explaining that relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the total amount the air can hold at a given temperature. Changes in relative humidity and temperature can damage collections, especially fluctuations. Extremes can still stabilize collections if they adjust, but changes are more harmful. The document provides tips for minimizing damage by understanding and controlling humidity and temperature levels.
The Claisen rearrangement is a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement that converts an allyl vinyl ether to an unsaturated carbonyl compound. It requires temperatures above 100°C unless a catalyst like diphenyl ether is used. The aromatic Claisen rearrangement follows a similar mechanism but also involves rearomatization through enolization, unless the ortho position is blocked, in which case a Cope rearrangement must occur first. This reaction attaches the carbon to the benzene ring in a vinylic rather than allylic fashion, producing the para isomer if the ortho position is blocked by an alkyl group.
Nitroxide mediated polymerization is a controlled radical polymerization technique that uses stable nitroxide radicals. It allows high control over polymer architecture and properties. The principle involves reversible trapping of propagating radicals by nitroxide to form alkoxyamines. This prevents irreversible radical termination. Nitroxide mediated polymerization can be used to synthesize homopolymers, random/block copolymers, and functionalized polymers with applications in coatings, adhesives, and biomaterials.
The Wittig reaction involves reacting an aldehyde or ketone with a triphenylphosphonium ylide to form an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide. The reaction proceeds through betaine and oxaphosphetane intermediates. The stereochemistry of the product can be controlled by the reactants and conditions. Similar reactions are the Horner and Horner-Emmons-Wadsworth reactions, which use different reagents. The Wittig reaction is one of the main methods for synthesizing alkenes from carbonyl compounds.
Michael addition reaction involves the conjugate addition of a nucleophile to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. It proceeds through a reversible 1,2-addition of the nucleophile to the β-carbon, which can then undergo irreversible proton elimination to form the more stable thermodynamic enolate product by removing the π-bond of the C=C. This reaction is useful for forming C-C bonds and natural products, with examples given of its application in multi-step syntheses using further carbonyl reactions like aldol condensation.
Pyrazine is a six-membered heterocyclic compound derived from benzene by replacing two CH groups with nitrogen atoms. It occurs naturally in some compounds like pteridine, phenazine, and folic acid. Pyrazine is aromatic and weakly basic due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the second nitrogen atom. It undergoes electrophilic addition and substitution reactions at the nitrogen atoms as well as nucleophilic substitution. Some methods to synthesize pyrazine derivatives involve the reduction and oxidation of alpha-nitroso/nitro/azide ketones, condensation of alpha-diketones with diamines followed by oxidation, and epoxide ring opening with ethylenediam
Medicinal application of organometallic compoundsALIRAZA2498
This document discusses platinum-based drugs used for cancer therapy. It provides a history of platinum complexes starting with cisplatin in 1844. Key platinum complexes discussed are cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. The document outlines advantages such as charge variations and apoptosis induction, and disadvantages like kidney damage and neurotoxicity. It also discusses future updates to complexes and market availability of platinum drugs. In conclusion, cisplatin can target cancer cells without toxic side effects, and modifying complexes may lead to less ototoxicity while maintaining anti-cancer activity.
The document summarizes various oxidation reactions and their mechanisms and applications. It discusses Dakin oxidation, Oppenauer oxidation, Moffatt oxidation, Parikh-Doering oxidation, Jones oxidation, Corey-Kim oxidation, Wacker-Tsuji oxidation, Criegee oxidation, Hass-Bender oxidation, and Lindgren-Pinnick oxidation. These reactions allow the conversion of alcohols to carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones, and in some cases carboxylic acids, using oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, DMSO, chromic acid, NCS, and sodium chlorite. The summarized reactions find applications in organic synthesis and production of pharmaceuticals, flavors,
This document discusses carbanions, which are negatively charged carbon-containing species. It describes the structure of carbanions as sp3 hybridized and tetrahedral. Carbanions are stabilized by several factors, including inductive and resonance effects. The stability increases with increased s-character of the carbon atom and delocalization of the negative charge. Carbanions are nucleophilic and can be formed through deprotonation, decarboxylation, metal reduction, or addition to multiple bonds. They have applications in reactions like aldol condensation, Michael addition, Grignard reagents, and the Perkin reaction.
The document discusses the Michael addition reaction, which involves the nucleophilic addition of a carbanion to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. It provides the definition, mechanism, examples including the synthesis of warfarin, and applications such as asymmetric Michael reactions. The mechanism involves deprotonation of the carbonyl compound by a base to form an enolate ion, which adds to the Michael acceptor to form a new carbon-carbon bond via 1,4-addition.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
The document discusses ionic liquids as green solvents for organic transformations. It covers topics such as green chemistry principles, the structure and properties of ionic liquids that make them suitable green solvent replacements. Ionic liquids have applications in various organic reactions as solvents, allowing for higher yields, selectivity and easier product separation compared to conventional organic solvents. Examples of reactions discussed include Diels-Alder, Heck, hydrogenation and ring-opening reactions. Different types of ionic liquids are also summarized, including functionalized and deep eutectic solvents.
This document provides an overview of reactions of alkenes, including electrophilic addition, hydration, oxymercuration-demercuration, hydroboration-oxidation, and other reactions. It discusses the mechanisms and stereochemistry of these reactions. Key points covered include Markovnikov's rule for electrophilic addition and hydration reactions, the use of mercury compounds and borane to achieve anti-Markovnikov addition, and examples of applying these reactions in synthesis problems.
Coupling reaction involves the joining of two chemical species with the help of a metal catalyst.
An important type of coupling reaction is the reaction of an organic halide with an organometallic compound which facilitates the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond.
This document provides information on SN1 and SN2 reactions, including definitions, mechanisms, kinetics, stereochemistry, reactivity, and comparisons. SN2 reactions are bimolecular, follow second-order kinetics, and result in complete stereochemical inversion. SN1 reactions are unimolecular, follow first-order kinetics, and result in racemization plus inversion through a carbocation intermediate. Key differences between the two include their order of kinetics, effects on stereochemistry, and choice of nucleophile.
Carbanions are carbon atoms with a negative charge that are formed through various mechanisms. They can be classified based on their formation method such as through heterocyclic cleavage, proton abstraction using a base, decarboxylation, addition of a nucleophile to an alkene, or formation of an organometallic compound. Carbanion stability depends on factors like the electronegativity of the carbon, inductive effects, resonance effects, and attachment to sulfur or phosphorus. Aromatic carbanions and those with electron-withdrawing groups are particularly stable due to resonance delocalization. Carbanions have applications in reactions like the Perkin reaction, Claisen condensation, benzoin condensation,
A reaction intermediate or an intermediate is a molecular entity that is formed from the reactants (or preceding intermediates) and reacts further to give the directly observed products of a chemical reaction.
The document introduces the Heck reaction, which is a coupling reaction where a metal catalyst aids in coupling two hydrocarbon fragments. Specifically, the Heck reaction involves converting a terminal alkene to an internal alkene. Richard Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in 2010 for their work developing palladium-catalyzed C-C cross coupling reactions, including the Heck reaction. The mechanism of the Heck reaction involves oxidative addition, insertion, β-H elimination, and reductive elimination steps.
This document provides an overview of heterogeneous catalysis. It defines heterogeneous catalysis as a reaction where the catalyst is in a different phase than the reactants. It describes the typical components of a heterogeneous catalyst and methods for catalyst preparation including impregnation and physical mixing. It also outlines steps for catalyst characterization and the catalytic cycle. Common industrial reactions facilitated by heterogeneous catalysts are discussed such as alkylation, isomerization, hydrogenation, oxidation and halogenation.
This document provides an overview of homogeneous catalysis and biocatalysis. It discusses various homogeneous catalysts including Wilkinson's catalyst, Ziegler-Natta catalysts, and catalysts used in hydrogenation and hydroformylation reactions. It also discusses the use of enzymes in organic synthesis, including hydrolysis reactions and the synthesis of tartaric acids. Finally, it covers immobilized enzymes and various methods for enzyme immobilization.
This document discusses relative humidity and temperature and their effects on collections. It begins by explaining that relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the total amount the air can hold at a given temperature. Changes in relative humidity and temperature can damage collections, especially fluctuations. Extremes can still stabilize collections if they adjust, but changes are more harmful. The document recommends understanding these concepts and taking steps to minimize harmful fluctuations and protect collections.
This document discusses relative humidity and temperature and their effects on collections. It begins by explaining that relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the total amount the air can hold at a given temperature. Changes in relative humidity and temperature can damage collections, especially fluctuations. Extremes can still stabilize collections if they adjust, but changes are more harmful. The document provides tips for minimizing damage by understanding and controlling humidity and temperature levels.
The document discusses release coats, which are coatings that allow easy removal of adhesives or other materials when desired. It describes different types of release coats including their chemical composition, methods of application, and curing processes. Key details include that silicone and non-silicone release coats exist, with non-silicone types including polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, and fluoropolymers. The document also discusses factors that influence release coat performance such as coat weight and drying temperature.
Release coating special additive product selection guideXin Zheng
This document provides a product selection guide for release coatings and special additives from Mayzo Inc. It includes a table listing various product forms including liquids and powders. The table specifies the solubility, substrate compatibility, and chemical composition of each product. A second table lists special additive products and their compatibility with various polymers and rubbers. The guide provides application guidelines and characteristics for selecting the appropriate release coating or additive for different manufacturing applications.