This document contains a table of contents and introduction to an English grammar e-book from Espresso English. The e-book covers basic grammar topics like the present simple, past simple, articles, possessives and more. Each grammar point has examples and exercises. The e-book is meant for beginner English learners and is available for free online or via PDF download from the Espresso English website.
How to Learn English Grammar at Spoken English Classes in BangaloreAvinashi Singh
How to learn English grammar at spoken English classes in Bangalore is the key question for students here as they start learning spoken English fluency. If they give attention to grammar, the fluency gets a beating. On the other hand if they focus on fluency more, the grammatical structure of their sentences goes awry. It becomes a challenge for them to integrate the two in one single whole that takes care of their grammar as effectively as it does to their fluency in one single go.
It's not only fluency that the students have to take care of, along with taking care of their grammatical structures; but it's also the pronunciation, the accent, the stage fright that they are a victim to, the body language, the voice training and the most effective content to speak. They are not able to hold them all in one single basket and one gets neglected at the cost of the other.
What's the way out? How to integrate English grammar with spoken English fluency taking care of the pronunciation, the accent, the stage fright, the body language, the voice training and the most effective content to speak along by the students who have just started taking their lessons? How to structure the English expressions correctly as it comes to using nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions in them? How to combine words to form different kinds of phrases including noun phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, preposition phrases, and determiner phrases?
What the students get confused the most with is the use of the tense structures in their sentences that they frame. Next in complexity come the right usage of prepositions and the clause structures in complex sentences.
What we have done here in our spoken English classes in Bangalore to simplify the concern regarding how to learn English grammar without tears is that we make grammar as the very content of a fluent English conversation among the students. As they discuss about grammar among themselves or with their facilitator, they are right then and there corrected by anyone among the rest of the participants or by the facilitator without losing the thread of fluency in between the discussion. And the interesting procedure rectifying grammar keeps going on and on without disturbing the flow of the discussion in any way at all.
It becomes a game for the learners to enjoy rather than a strenuous exercise to stress about by them while speaking their content out of their mind in the open. It also takes care of their stage fright springing out of their wrong grammar usage; since by the very design of the playful content of the grammar discussion, they ARE supposed to make mistakes which provide further content for the other participants to carry it along.
This innovation has proved to be a game changer as far as the novice students' concern regarding how to learn English grammar at spoken English classes in Bangalore is concerned.
Video for templates: https://youtu.be/K1AnEw2a7-o
As kids become readers they evolve from sounding out each letter of a word to sounding out letter patterns in words. This is a video for parents who are supporting/ teaching their kids reading at home.
How to Learn English Grammar at Spoken English Classes in BangaloreAvinashi Singh
How to learn English grammar at spoken English classes in Bangalore is the key question for students here as they start learning spoken English fluency. If they give attention to grammar, the fluency gets a beating. On the other hand if they focus on fluency more, the grammatical structure of their sentences goes awry. It becomes a challenge for them to integrate the two in one single whole that takes care of their grammar as effectively as it does to their fluency in one single go.
It's not only fluency that the students have to take care of, along with taking care of their grammatical structures; but it's also the pronunciation, the accent, the stage fright that they are a victim to, the body language, the voice training and the most effective content to speak. They are not able to hold them all in one single basket and one gets neglected at the cost of the other.
What's the way out? How to integrate English grammar with spoken English fluency taking care of the pronunciation, the accent, the stage fright, the body language, the voice training and the most effective content to speak along by the students who have just started taking their lessons? How to structure the English expressions correctly as it comes to using nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions in them? How to combine words to form different kinds of phrases including noun phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, preposition phrases, and determiner phrases?
What the students get confused the most with is the use of the tense structures in their sentences that they frame. Next in complexity come the right usage of prepositions and the clause structures in complex sentences.
What we have done here in our spoken English classes in Bangalore to simplify the concern regarding how to learn English grammar without tears is that we make grammar as the very content of a fluent English conversation among the students. As they discuss about grammar among themselves or with their facilitator, they are right then and there corrected by anyone among the rest of the participants or by the facilitator without losing the thread of fluency in between the discussion. And the interesting procedure rectifying grammar keeps going on and on without disturbing the flow of the discussion in any way at all.
It becomes a game for the learners to enjoy rather than a strenuous exercise to stress about by them while speaking their content out of their mind in the open. It also takes care of their stage fright springing out of their wrong grammar usage; since by the very design of the playful content of the grammar discussion, they ARE supposed to make mistakes which provide further content for the other participants to carry it along.
This innovation has proved to be a game changer as far as the novice students' concern regarding how to learn English grammar at spoken English classes in Bangalore is concerned.
Video for templates: https://youtu.be/K1AnEw2a7-o
As kids become readers they evolve from sounding out each letter of a word to sounding out letter patterns in words. This is a video for parents who are supporting/ teaching their kids reading at home.
Free English Lesson
https://curious.com/jsaenz/simple-past-statements-with-be/in/intermediate-english-for-esl-students?ref=Q86D15FCP30
Hi , My name is Joe, I'm a native English teacher from the United States. Nowadays English is an enabling tool that will help you compete globally. If you would like to become fluent in this language; I can help you reach your language goals via private one on one English lessons on the internet.
I'm a respected Online English Teacher. I have been teaching English for 10 years and online since 2012
If you are interested in receiving one on one private English lessons with me ( The first class is absolutely free ) : Fill out this form with your information so that I can contact you:
Link To Form: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1eLr-YQwPV9TAS-WuZIVJZ3ytHsHoOEHOOi2EDnnOK5g/viewform
This PPT teaches the names of some common and some less common sports. It is intended for use by ESL teachers with students in the pre-intermediate range. For more advanced learners, use it to spur descriptions of the sports. Check out http://www.davidteaching.blogspot.com and http://www.ted-ielts.com for more great ESL and IELTS resources.
Free English Lesson
https://curious.com/jsaenz/simple-past-statements-with-be/in/intermediate-english-for-esl-students?ref=Q86D15FCP30
Hi , My name is Joe, I'm a native English teacher from the United States. Nowadays English is an enabling tool that will help you compete globally. If you would like to become fluent in this language; I can help you reach your language goals via private one on one English lessons on the internet.
I'm a respected Online English Teacher. I have been teaching English for 10 years and online since 2012
If you are interested in receiving one on one private English lessons with me ( The first class is absolutely free ) : Fill out this form with your information so that I can contact you:
Link To Form: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1eLr-YQwPV9TAS-WuZIVJZ3ytHsHoOEHOOi2EDnnOK5g/viewform
This PPT teaches the names of some common and some less common sports. It is intended for use by ESL teachers with students in the pre-intermediate range. For more advanced learners, use it to spur descriptions of the sports. Check out http://www.davidteaching.blogspot.com and http://www.ted-ielts.com for more great ESL and IELTS resources.
One Thousand English Grammar Phrases with Russian Explanation from Larisa Sch...Bill Green
Our English Grammar Phrase Book contains one thousand commonly used phrases. We hope you find it useful with your language learning goals. Learning English at the very basic levels is all about literal definitions of words in the English language. Remember that when we first learn English, we learn the literal definitions to help build basic language structures.
This book has been developed for English language learners at the Pre-Intermediate or A-2 Level and above. That said, anyone can learn phrases easily with a few basic rules. Remember that the literal definitions of words individually, is much different than words used in phrases. Often, it’s better to forget what you know about a word alone. Learn the phrase and it’s usage as a new word. Often a phrase can be compared to an individual word.
After learning the basics in English, now it’s time to learn phrases. Study a little bit everyday. Start at the beginning of this book and ask a friend to help with dialogue. Working with a friend or teacher is the best way to learn and speak English. Also remember that many phrases have other meanings that must be used in the proper context.
Shayna, is an English teacher at EspressoEnglish.net. She asked me to upload her work on slide share to help other teachers. It is a very useful English grammar resource.
Present simple affirmative, negative, questions - Present continuous affirmative, negative, questions
Adapted from Elementary Language Practice by M Vince
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Table of Contents
Present Simple: To Be…………………………………………………………………… 4
Possessives…………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Articles: A, An, The ……………………………………………………………………… 7
This, That, These, Those……………………………………………………………… 8
Present Simple……………………………………………………………………………… 10
Can / Can't / Have to / Don't Have to………………………………………… 14
Prepositions: In, At, On………………………………………………………………… 15
Past Simple: To Be………………………………………………………………………… 17
Past Simple: Regular Verbs…………………………………………………………… 18
Past Simple: Irregular Verbs………………………………………………………… 20
There is / There are……………………………………………………………………… 22
Present Continuous………………………………………………………………………… 23
Present Simple or Continuous……………………………………………………… 26
Countable and Uncountable………………………………………………………… 27
Future with Going To…………………………………………………………………… 29
Comparative Adjectives………………………………………………………………… 31
Superlative Adjectives…………………………………………………………………… 34
Adverbs…………………………………………………………………………………………… 36
Present Perfect: Verb be…………………………………………………………………38
Present Perfect: Other Verbs………………………………………………………… 40
Present Perfect or Past Simple……………………………………………………… 42
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www.espressoenglish.net
Welcome!
Espresso English has fun, fast online English
lessons every week! The lessons include reading,
listening, vocabulary, grammar, and practice exercises. If
you have a question, you can contact the teacher.
This book teaches beginner-level grammar topics with
links to grammar exercises on the website. Espresso
English will publish intermediate and advanced level
grammar books in the future – so sign up for the e-mails
to get news about books, courses, and other products.
This Grammar e-Book is free – so please share it with
your friends. I hope you enjoy it!
- Shayna Oliveira
EspressoEnglish.net
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Present Simple: Be
Positive:
I am I’m from Japan.
you / we / they are you’re / we’re / they’re from Brazil.
he / she / it is he’s / she’s / it’s from India.
Negative:
I am not I’m not married.
you / we / they
are not
You’re not / You aren’t
We’re not / We aren’t
They’re not / They aren’t
happy.
he / she / it
is not
He isn’t / He’s not
She isn’t / She’s not
It isn’t / It’s not
a student.
Question:
Am I beautiful?
Are you / we / they a teacher?
Is he / she / it tall?
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Present Simple: Be
Name:
I’m Joanna.
He’s Paulo.
They’re Aki and Yuta.
Country / Nationality:
I’m from the U.S. I’m American.
My husband is from Italy. He’s Italian.
She’s not Korean, she’s Vietnamese.
Are they from Australia?
Age:
I’m 27 years old.
How old are you?
She’s 15.
My mother is 65 years old.
Emotions:
I’m sad.
She’s excited.
You’re angry.
We’re happy.
Jobs:
I’m not a student. I’m a teacher.
Are you a doctor?
He’s a journalist.
They’re artists.
Grammar Exercise: Present Simple: Be
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Possessives
NOUN POSSESSIVE EXAMPLE
I my My name is Sandra.
you your What’s your name?
he his His name is John.
she her Her computer is fast.
it its My car is old, so its engine isn’t powerful.
we our Our apartment is in the city center.
they their My parents sold their house.
Mary Mary’s Mary’s phone number is 555-4321.
Joe Joe’s Joe’s favorite color is green.
the boy the boy’s The boy’s clothes are dirty.
friends friends’ My friends’ names are Patrick and Gloria.
cat cat’s My cat’s name is Ginger.
country country’s My country’s flag is red, white, and blue.
Don’t confuse its (possessive) with it’s (contraction for “it is”)!
The cat ate it’s food
The cat ate its food.
Its illegal for a 17-year-old to buy alcohol.
It’s illegal for a 17-year-old to buy alcohol.
Grammar Exercise: Possessives
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Articles: A, An, The
I’m going to eat an apple. I’m going to eat the red apple.
a / an general
(one of
many)
I want to buy a car.
He’s eating an apple.
Do you have a bike?
She is an old woman.
I’m reading a book.
the specific
(one
specific)
Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
The new Chinese restaurant is very good.
We like the blue car.
The girl in the red dress is beautiful.
I’m reading the new book by J.K. Rowling.
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Articles: A, An, The
Use “an” if the word starts with the sound of a, e, i, o, u:
an apple
an egg
an ice cream shop
an open door
an umbrella
an hour
Use “a” if the word starts with the sound of any other letter.
Do not use “the” with countries or cities:
I live in the China.
I live in China.
Do not use “the” with things in general:
She likes the pizza.
She likes pizza.
She likes the pizza from Tony’s Restaurant. (specific)
Grammar Exercise: A, An, The
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This, That, These, Those
This 1 thing – near
That 1 thing – far
These 2+ things – near
Those 2+ things – far
This apple is green. That apple is red.
These books are new. Those books are old.
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Present Simple: Positive
Use the present simple for things that happen regularly or things
that are generally true.
I / you / we / they work
he / she / it works
Examples:
I work in a bank.
He works at the university.
We work every day.
My sister works at the hospital.
Special Case #1
For verbs that end in consonant + –y, we remove the –y and
add –ies:
I study English at school.
Dana studies English at school.
Bill studys English at school
Other verbs like this include: cry, try, fly, carry
Special Case #2
For verbs that end in -o, -sh, -s, -ss, -ch, -x, we add -es.
They go to English class on Wednesday.
She goes to cooking class on Saturday.
She gos to cooking class on Saturday.
Other verbs like this include: watch, kiss, teach, fix
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Present Simple: Negative
Use the present simple negative for things that are not generally
true.
I / you / we / they don’t like
he / she / it doesn't like
Examples:
I don't like coffee.
John doesn't like pizza.
John and David don't like milk.
My mother doesn't like to travel.
Common Errors
1) In the present simple negative, do not add -s:
Martha doesn't likes to dance.
Martha doesn't like to dance.
2) Other common errors:
Pete no like bananas.
Pete not like bananas.
Pete doesn’t like bananas.
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Present Simple: Questions
Use present simple questions to ask about things that happen
regularly or things that are generally true.
Do I / you / we / they live in a city?
Does he / she / it live in a city?
Examples:
Do you live in Brazil?
Does Adam live in England?
Do they live in a big house?
Does she live near the beach?
Common Errors
1) In questions, don't use -s:
Does she lives close to the beach?
Does she live close to the beach?
2) Don’t forget DO or DOES:
Clara live in a big city?
Does Clara live in a big city?
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Present Simple: Answering
Yes/No Questions
Do you have a dog?
Yes, I do. / No, I don't
Do I look fat in these jeans?
No, you don’t!
Does John speak Italian?
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
Does she like rock music?
Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
Do we watch too much TV?
Yes, we do. / No, we don’t.
Do they understand English?
Yes, they do. / No, they don't.
Grammar Exercises:
Present Simple Positive
Present Simple Negative
Present Simple Questions
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Can / Can’t / Must / Mustn’t
Have to / Don’t have to
Can It’s OK
Can’t / Mustn’t It’s not OK
Have to / Must It’s necessary / obligatory
Don’t have to
Doesn’t have to
It’s not necessary / obligatory
(it’s optional)
(must / mustn’t are more formal)
You can ride your bike here. You can’t smoke here.
You mustn’t smoke here.
You have to stop here. You don’t have to pay
You must stop here. for the food.
FREE
FOOD!
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Prepositions: In, At, On
TIME PLACE
IN
Months
In January
In October
Seasons
In the summer
In the spring
Years
In 2004
In 1986
Periods of the day
In the morning
In the evening
(exception: at night)
Cities and countries
In Tokyo
In Japan
Rooms and buildings
In the kitchen
In the supermarket
Closed spaces
In the car
In a park
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Grammar Exercise: Prepositions: In, On, At
TIME PLACE
ON
Dates and days
On Monday
On February 14th
Transportation
On the bus
On a bike
(exception: in a car)
Surfaces
On the table
On the wall
TIME PLACE
AT
Times
At 6:00
At half past three
At noon
Contexts / Events
At school
At work
At a party
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Past Simple: To Be
Positive:
I / he / she / it was born in 1982.
you / we / they were born in 1982.
Negative:
I / he / she / it was not (wasn’t) born in Europe.
you / we / they were not (weren’t) born in Europe.
Questions:
Was I / he / she / it a famous artist?
Were you / we / they a famous artist?
Grammar Exercise: Past Simple: To Be
Common words used to talk about the past:
Yesterday
Last Sunday / last week / last month /
last November / last year
1 hour ago / 5 days ago / 3 months ago / 10 years ago
When I was a child… / When we were in college…
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Past Simple: Regular Verbs
Positive:
I / you / he / she / it / we / they worked yesterday
Negative:
I / you / he / she / it / we / they didn’t work yesterday
Question:
Did I / you / he / she / it /
we / they
work yesterday?
How to form the past simple for regular verbs:
Verb Past Spelling
listen
play
listened
played
Add -ed
like
decide
liked
decided
Add -d
stop stopped One vowel + one consonant =
double the final consonant and
add -ed
study
try
studied
tried
One consonant + y
-ied
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Past Simple: Regular Verbs
Examples:
I talked with my mother last night.
We enjoyed the party on Saturday.
She finished the test early.
He didn’t listen to the teacher’s instructions.
They didn’t want to join us for coffee.
Jill didn’t stay in a hotel last summer.
Did you watch the news yesterday?
Did they remember to turn off the lights?
What time did your father arrive?
Grammar Exercise: Past Simple Regular Verbs
In past simple negative and questions, do not add -ed:
Mary didn’t liked the movie.
Mary didn’t like the movie.
Did you studied for the test?
Did you study for the test?
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Past Simple: Irregular Verbs
Infinitive Positive Negative
be was / were wasn’t / weren’t
buy bought didn’t buy
can could couldn’t
eat ate didn’t eat
get got didn’t get
go went didn’t go
have had didn’t have
leave left didn’t leave
make made didn’t make
meet met didn’t meet
say said didn’t say
see saw didn’t see
take took didn’t take
think thought didn’t think
understand understood didn’t understand
wear wore didn’t wear
write wrote didn’t write
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Past Simple: Irregular Verbs
Examples:
Where were you last month?
I was in France.
What did your sister buy at the mall?
She bought new shoes.
What time did he eat breakfast today?
He ate breakfast at 6:00 AM.
When did you get married?
We got married in July.
Why did she go to London?
She went to London to study English.
Did you have any pets when you were a child?
Yes, I had a dog.
When did he leave the meeting?
He left the meeting an hour before it finished
What did you make for dinner?
I made some vegetable soup.
When did you meet your best friend?
I met my best friend 20 years ago.
What did the teacher say?
The teacher said that she loved our class.
Did you see Brad at the football game?
No, but we saw Peter and Henry.
What did he wear to the wedding?
He wore a suit.
Did he write a new book last year?
No, he only wrote a few magazine articles.
Grammar Exercise: Past Simple – Irregular Verbs
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There is / There are
Singular Plural
(+) There’s a pillow on the sofa. There are two pillows on the bed.
(-) There isn’t a mirror in the
bathroom.
There aren’t any windows in the
bedroom.
(?) Is there a table?
Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.
Are there any chairs?
Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.
There’s a pillow on the sofa. There are two pillows on the bed.
Is there a table? Yes, there is. Are there any chairs?
No, there aren’t.
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Present Continuous: Positive
Present continuous is for things happening now, at the moment.
I am watching
you / we / they are watching
he / she / it is watching
Examples:
I am watching TV right now.
He is studying at the moment.
It is raining today.
We are thinking about you.
They are playing baseball.
Some verbs are never used in the present continuous:
like, want, need, believe.
I’m believing in God.
I believe in God.
She’s wanting a soda.
She wants a soda.
It’s very common to use contractions:
I'm watching TV right now.
He's studying at the moment.
It's raining today.
We're thinking about you.
They're playing baseball.
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Present Continuous: Negative
I am not
(I’m not)
listening
you / we / they are not
(aren’t)
listening
he / she / it is not
(isn’t)
listening
Examples:
I am not working at the moment.
She is not wearing a hat today.
You are not listening to the teacher.
Pete and Jan are not watching TV.
There are two ways to use contractions:
She’s not wearing a hat today.
She isn’t wearing a hat today.
You’re not listening to the teacher.
You aren’t listening to the teacher.
Both forms are OK!
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Present Continuous: Questions
Am I working?
Are you / we / they working?
Is he / she / it working?
Examples:
Are you writing a letter?
Is Pedro sleeping right now?
Are the children playing a game or reading a book?
Is the computer working?
Grammar Exercises:
Present Continuous Positive
Present Continuous Negative
Present Continuous Questions
You can put a question word at the beginning:
What are you doing?
I’m writing an e-mail.
Where is Sarah going?
She’s going to the store.
Who are they talking to?
They’re talking to the teacher.
Why is he running?
Because he’s late for work.
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Present Simple or Continuous?
Present simple for things that happen in general or regularly.
Present continuous for things happening now, at the moment, or
current/temporary projects.
Present Simple Present Continuous
I work from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM
every day.
I’m currently working on a new
project.
Mark studies English every
Tuesday night.
Mark is studying the present
continuous this week.
We usually go to Europe in the
summer.
Right now, we’re going to the
supermarket.
They always talk to their boss in
the morning.
It’s 9:00 AM. They’re talking to
him now.
Does it usually rain in the winter? No, but it’s raining at the
moment. Take an umbrella.
Grammar Exercises: Present Simple or Present Continuous?
Words that are often used with the present simple or continuous:
With present simple: always, usually, often, sometimes,
never, every (day/night/Monday/summer/year)
With present continuous: now, right now, at the moment,
currently, this week/month/year, today
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Countable and Uncountable
Countable nouns are things we can count – for example, cats:
My brother has a cat.
My sister has two cats.
My friend has three cats.
Other examples of countable nouns:
Things - book, table, computer, banana, shirt, television, house.
People - man, woman, child, friend, sister, uncle, teacher, boss.
Uncountable nouns are words that we can’t count, or can’t divide
into separate parts:
Liquids and some foods - water, butter, rice, flour, milk
Ideas and concepts - love, fun, work, money, peace, safety
Information - advice, information, news, knowledge
Categories - music, furniture, equipment, jewelry, meat
Countable Uncountable
dollar / dollars
song / songs
table / tables
bottle / bottles
report / reports
job / jobs
money
music
furniture
wine, water
information
work
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Countable and Uncountable
Grammar Exercise: Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Don’t add -s to make uncountable nouns plural:
I need some informations about the course.
I need some information about the course.
You can use other words to help quantify uncountable nouns:
She bought three bottles of wine and five boxes of rice.
He gave me two pieces of advice: eat less and exercise more.
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Future with Going To
Use “going to” to talk about future plans and predictions.
She’s going to have a baby It’s going to rain soon.
next month.
Positive:
Full Form Contracted Form
I am
You are
He / she / it is
We are
They are
I’m
You’re
He’s / She’s / It’s
We’re
They’re
going to take a test
tomorrow.
In fast spoken English, “going to” often sounds like gonna:
“We’re gonna take a test tomorrow.”
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Future with Going To
Negative:
Full Form Contracted
Form 1
Contracted
Form 2
I am not
You are not
He / she is not
It is not
We are not
They are not
I’m not
You’re not
He’s / She’s not
It’s not
We’re not
They’re not
---
You aren’t
He / she isn’t
It isn’t
We aren’t
They aren’t
going to
take a test
tomorrow.
Question:
Am
Are
Is
Are
Are
I
you
he / she / it
we
they
going to take a test tomorrow?
Grammar Exercise: Future with “Going to”
Don’t forget “am/is/are”!
I going to buy some new shoes next week.
I’m going to buy some new shoes next week.
She not going to watch TV.
She’s not going to watch TV.
They going to get married in June.
They’re going to get married in June.
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Comparative Adjectives
Use comparatives to compare two things:
Phil is older than Ben.
Ben is younger than Phil.
For One-Syllable Words
Add –er
Tall
Old
Fast
Long
New
Taller
Older
Faster
Longer
Newer
My new car is faster than my old car.
I'm older than my brother.
Traveling by bike takes longer than traveling by motorcycle.
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Comparative Adjectives
For Words that end in a vowel + consonant
Double the last consonant and add –er
Big
Hot
Thin
Bigger
Hotter
Thinner
An elephant is bigger than a cat.
Brazil is hotter than Sweden.
My sister is thinner than me.
For Words that end in consonant + y
Remove -y and add -ier.
Easy
Happy
Busy
Easier
Happier
Busier
Reading English is easier than listening.
Maria is happier than Dave.
People today are busier than in the past.
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Comparative Adjectives
For Words with 3+ syllables
Add “more” before the adjective:
Expensive
Popular
Interesting
More expensive
More popular
More interesting
A car is more expensive than a computer.
Michael Jackson's music is more popular than country music.
Watching a movie is more interesting than studying grammar.
Adjectives with Irregular Comparatives
Good
Bad
Far
Better
Worse
Farther
Eating fruit is better for your health than eating hamburgers.
Cancer is worse than the flu.
One mile is farther than one kilometer.
Grammar Exercise: Comparative Adjectives
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Superlative Adjectives
Use superlatives to compare three or more things:
Jim is the oldest person in the family.
Kelly is the youngest person in the family.
Adjective Superlative
Old
Big
Easy
Friendly
Beautiful
Expensive
Good
Bad
Far
the oldest
the biggest
the easiest
the friendliest
the most beautiful
the most expensive
the best
the worst
the farthest
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Superlative Adjectives
Examples:
My grandmother is the oldest person in my family.
Russia is the biggest country in the world.
This is the easiest test I've ever taken.
Barry is the friendliest guy in the class.
Donna is the most beautiful woman I've ever seen.
The most expensive shoes in the world cost 1.5 million dollars.
I like all sports, but I like soccer the best.
Picking up garbage was the worst job I've ever had.
Australia is the farthest I've ever traveled.
Grammar Exercise: Superlative Adjectives
Superlatives are often used with the present perfect + ever:
This is the best sushi I've ever eaten.
What's the most expensive car you've ever driven?
The longest book I've ever read was 500 pages.
Jan is the friendliest person I've ever met.
Don’t forget “the”!
I read newest lesson from Espresso English.
I read the newest lesson from Espresso English.
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Adverbs
Use adjectives to describe nouns (things or people).
Use adverbs to describe verbs (how a person does something):
That was a terrible game. (adjective – describes “game”)
The team played terribly. (adverb – describes “played”)
Common adverbs:
Adjective Adverb
slow
quiet
bad
beautiful
dangerous
careful
easy
healthy
good
fast
hard
slowly
quietly
badly
beautifully
dangerously
carefully
easily
healthily
well
fast
hard
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Adverbs
Examples:
My grandfather drives slowly, but I drive fast.
The teacher spoke so quietly that I couldn’t hear her.
I can read English well, but I speak badly.
Evan lives dangerously. He loves radical sports.
We wrote the letter carefully so as not to make a mistake.
I opened the jar easily.
Soccer players need to eat healthily to stay in good shape.
Janet works very hard. She arrives at work early and leaves late.
Grammar Exercise: Adjective or Adverb?
Adjectives go before the noun. Adverbs usually go after the verb:
Ruth is a quiet person. (“quiet” describes “person”)
Ruth speaks quietly. (“quietly” describes “speaks”)
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Present Perfect: Verb be
Use the present perfect in two situations:
1)To talk about experiences in the past, when we don’t know
or don’t say exactly when the experience happened.
Examples:
Have you been to Italy?
Yes, I’ve been there three times.
Have you been to Rio de Janeiro?
No, I haven’t. I don’t like hot weather.
Has Diana been to a rock concert?
Yes, many times!
Has your brother been to a big sports event?
No, he hasn’t. He hates sports.
2)To talk about an action or state that started in the past
and continues to the present.
Examples:
How long have you been married?
I’ve been married for five years.
How long has John been a teacher?
He’s been a teacher since last January.
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Present Perfect: Verb be
Positive
Full Form Short Form
I have
You have
We have
They have
I’ve
You’ve
We’ve
They’ve
been to Paris.
He / she / it has He’s / she’s / it’s been to Paris.
Negative
Full Form Short Form
I have not
You have not
We have not
They have not
I haven’t
You haven’t
We haven’t
They haven’t
been to Paris.
He / she / it has not He / she / it hasn’t been to Paris.
Question
Auxiliary Verb Subject
Have I / you / we / they been to Paris?
Has he / she / it been to Paris?
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Present Perfect: Other Verbs
Regular verbs
Verb Past Participle Example
travel
watch
pass
try
stop
traveled
watched
passed
tried
stopped
I’ve traveled to 15 countries in my life.
She hasn’t watched the movie yet.
We’ve passed our English test.
Have you tried restarting the computer?
They’ve recently stopped smoking.
Irregular verbs
Verb Past Past Participle
break
buy
do
eat
get
give
go
know
leave
make
meet
see
take
tell
think
write
broke
bought
did
ate
got
gave
went
knew
left
made
met
saw
took
told
thought
wrote
broken
bought
done
eaten
gotten
given
gone
known
left
made
met
seen
taken
told
thought
written
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Present Perfect: Other Verbs
Examples:
I can’t find my car keys. Have you seen them?
No, I haven’t. Sorry.
We’ve written more than 100 e-mails in the past week.
My cousin has met a lot of famous people in her life.
Have you ever broken a bone?
Yes, I have.
Has she ever eaten Vietnamese food?
No, she hasn’t.
Have you ever thought about moving to another country?
We’ve thought about it, but we haven’t told our kids.
The teacher hasn’t given us any homework yet.
Camilo has made a lot of mistakes in his life.
Have you ever gotten lost while driving?
No, I haven’t – but my mother has!
Kristin has never taken singing classes.
Grammar Exercise: Present Perfect
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Present Perfect or Past Simple
Use the present perfect to talk about a general experience in the
past. Use the past simple to talk about a specific moment in the past.
“Have you seen the new Mission Impossible film?”
“Yes, I have.”
“When did you see it?”
“I saw it last week.”
Use the present perfect for “unspecified” time:
I’ve seen the new Mission Impossible film.
|-------------------?--------------|------------------------------------|
past present future
Use the past simple for “specified” time:
I saw the new Mission Impossible film last week.
|-------------------------|-------|------------------------------------|
past last week present future
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Present Perfect or Past Simple
Use the present perfect to talk about an action that started in the
past and continues to the present. Use the past simple to talk about
an action that started and finished in the past.
Use the present perfect for “unfinished” time:
“I’ve lived in Brazil for three years.” (and I live in Brazil now)
|----------------|>>>>>>>>>>|------------------------------------|
past 3 years ago present future
Use the past simple for “finished” time:
“I lived in Brazil for three years.” (and I don’t live in Brazil now)
|-------|>>>>>>>>>>|--------|-----------------------------------|
past period of 3 years present future
Grammar Exercise: Present Perfect or Past Simple?
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The End!
Thanks for reading
Did you like this grammar e-book?
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About the teacher
My name is Shayna. I’m from the United
States, and I currently live in Brazil, where
I work as an English teacher and
translator. I have a CELTA certification to
teach English to adults, and I really enjoy
helping my students communicate better.
I am 27 years old and married, and in my free time I like
to read, write, play soccer, go hiking, and do capoeira. I
also love to travel and learn about different countries and
cultures – please write to me and tell me where you are
from. I hope you enjoy Espresso English!