This document discusses the conservation and management of wildlife. It covers the need for wildlife conservation due to its role in ecosystems and as an aesthetic and economic resource. Major threats to wildlife include habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation, as well as direct persecution by humans through hunting and pollution. Effective wildlife conservation requires protecting habitats, research, legislation, education, and establishing protected areas. Wildlife management aims to protect threatened species and ecosystems through various approaches.

1. CONSERVATION AND
MANAGEMENT OF WILD LIFE
GOVT.ISLAMIA GRADUATE COLLEGE CIVIL LINES, LAHORE
MAJOR: BS.ZOOLOGY
Roll No: 538 (035975)
Semester: 6th
Session: 2019-23
Subject: Wild Life
Topic: Management And Conservation of Wild Life
Submitted To: Prof. Iftikhar Sab
Submitted by: Muhammad Shahzad
DATED: 08-09-2022

2. CONSERVATION AND
MANAGEMENT OF WILD LIFE
• Nature has boomed us with a large number
of natural resources which have made our
life prosperous in different ways.
• The study of ecology reveals that there
exists an ecological balance between the
organisms (plants, animals and man) and
their physical environment.
• Of all organisms, Man being dominant and
intelligent has modified this environment
more extensively than any other organism.

3. • Today not only earth is in his control, the
outer space is also not untouched.
• Natural resources are being consumed at his
own sweet will.
• Flora and fauna are being controlled.
• Thousands of toxic chemicals unknown to
nature before are poured into the soil, air and
water.
• The pressure of rapidly increasing human
population is so great that he is exploiting
natural resources at an alarming rate and in
doing so he is adversely damaging the
environment.

4. • Due to his greedy exploitation of natural
resources, ecological malpractices, and
shortsightedness he is confronted today with
a number of serious environmental problems.
• These include desertification of land due to
deforestation and erosion and consequently
mass destruction of fauna and flora;
fragmentation of natural habitats; flooding;
accumulation of waste and toxic substances
in his surroundings; pesticides
contamination; radioisotopes accumulations;
spread of infectious diseases; energy crisis;
depletion of natural resources, and many
others.

5. • If some conservancy and management
measures of natural resources are not
applied, there may arise uncontrollable
ecological hazards which may wipe out the
human race.
• The environmental problems are generally
classified into two categories:
• 1. Resource management and conservation
• 2. Environmental pollution.

6. • Resources are all those requirements of an
organism, population or an ecosystem which
help in accumulation of energy by their
increased availability.
• The natural resources include all the land,
mineral, water, vegetation, wildlife, and
sceneries', all of which remain useful to
human society in one way or the other.
• Natural resources are mainly of two types:

7. • a) the biological resources also called as
‘renewable resources' as they can grow in
quantity through reproduction and utilization
of simple substances. These include fish,
poultry, cattles, forests, soil, wood, crops etc.
• b) the physical resources also called as 'non
renewable resources' as they are available in
limited amounts and once consumed can not
be replaced or that can only be replaced over
a very long periods of time. These include
fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum gas etc),
metallic ores (such as, iron, copper, zinc,
nickel etc.), minerals and their salts.

8. • Conservation is one of the most significant
application of ecology.
• According to Webster's Dictionary,
conservation 'is the act or process of
conserving or controlled use and systematic
protection of natural resources as forests,
wildlife, water ways'.
• In essence, conservation is not mere
preservation or hoarding of resources for
immediate use but such prudent use by the
present generation that their benefits could
equally be shared by the future generations.

9. • In simple words, conservation refer to the
scientific utilization of the resource by
maintaining a sustained yield and also the quality
of the resource.
• From the aesthetic viewpoint, conservation
includes also the maintenance of National parks,
wilderness areas, historic sites and wildlife.

10. WILDLIFE CONSERVAIION
• 'Wildlife' may be defined as those animals
and plants that normally live in natural or
'wild' condition and are not domesticated or
cultivated respectively.
• The term wildlife" in general is largely used
with reference to mammals, birds, and
reptiles only (of having value as food, sport,
fur, skin, plumage etc.).
• It is rather unfair that animals such as
invertebrates, fishes, and amphibians that
are often 'wild' are excluded from the wildlife
category.

11. Necessity for the conservation of Wildlife:
• The conservation of wildlife is necessary
because of the following reasons:
• i) Wildlife is an integral part of an ecosystem.
It helps in maintaining the 'balance of
nature', the destruction of carnivores, like
lions, tigers, jackals would only increase the
number of herbivores which may eat up most
of the vegetation or may help in spread of
disease .

12. • ii) Wildlife has an excellent aesthetic value. The
richness, variety and fascination of life on this planet
diminish with every species that disappear. When a
wild species becomes extinct, everyone of us suffers
an aesthetic loss. Humans have no right to
exterminate what God has created .
• iii) The wildlife, if properly conserved and managed,
can be used commercially to earn more foreign
exchange, if linked with tourism.
• iv) The wild flora and fauna are a rich source of genes
which can be used in breeding new forms of plants
and animals for characters like disease-resistance,
faster rate of growth, higher yield and other ecological
amplitudes. Thus preservation and conservation of
wildlife is important as a genetic resource.

13. • v) The conservation of wildlife helps many
naturalists and biologists to study
morphology, physiology, reproductive biology,
ecology, behaviour etc. of wild animals under
natural surroundings.
• vi) The wildlife provides best means of sport
and recreation.
• vii) The wildlife is a cultural asset and has
deep rooted effect on art, sculpture, literature
and religion.

14. Causes of Depletion of Wildlife
• The major factors responsible for decline or
extermination of wildlife include Persecution by
man, Destruction of natural habitats and
Pollution.
• a) Persecution by human beings: The main
reasons of persecution are
• i) Hunting and shooting of wild animals for fun
and amusement or for trophies.
• ii) Illegal or legal hunting for food (i.e. for their
delicious meat).
• iii) Illegal killing or poaching for skin, fur, tusks,
oil, plumage, decoration (as stuffed preparation)

15. • iv) Absurd killing by farmers or herdsman
living in the near vicinity of jungle of
predatory animals (like tigers, lions, jackals,
wolves) which are accused of killing their
domestic animals or livestock.
• v) Trapping of animal so as to keep them as
pets.
• vi) Animals like monkeys, rabbits etc. are
trapped live and sold to those who need for
medicinal experiments.
• vii) In many countries, animals such as
monkeys, bears, parrots are caught alive,
domesticated and trained for public shows
in the streets or in big animal circuses.

16. • b) Loss of habitats: The primary cause of
decline of wildlife is the degradation or
complete loss of natural habitats.
• Like other living species, wild animals also
need food, shelter, clean water etc. within a
territory.
• If these are denied they will gradually
diminish.
• Ironically, today most of the natural habitats
of wild animals and plants are being
destroyed by man's activities.

17. • i) Forests are being cut ruthlessly today all over
the world for agricultural needs, river valley
projects, industrial purposes, and for the
construction of roads, railways, dams, buildings
etc. It has been estimated that every year 40
million acres of forests are destroyed.
• This deforestation has resulted into fragmentation
of natural habitats and reduction in area for free
movement of wild animals.
• The destruction of wild plants of forests for fuel,
timber, fodder and other uses has not only
deprived wild animals of shelter but their most
palatable food.
• Overgrazing is another serious hazard afflicting
our pastures, forests and mountains.

18. • Overexploitation of range lands by livestock
grazing has resulted in more and more
denuded hills and valleys, thus snatching
away food and shelter from wild herbivores.
• iii) Wetlands are being drained for cultivation
and building of roads etc. Wetlands are
vegetated with various emergent marsh
plants and shrubs.
• They are the prime habitats for water fowls
and semi aquatic vertebrates.
• They serve as an excellent refuge for a
number of migratory birds that feed and breed
there.

19. • C) Pollution of various kinds have adversely
affected wild animals.
• i) There has been considerable damage to bird
life by DDT and other insecticide 'spraying,
especially when heavy concentrated
applications have been used.
• Bird populations, specially 'birds of prey' have
been significantly reduced through DDT
poisoning. Researches have shown that
majority of birds due to direct or indirect
uptake of insecticides produce eggs with
fragile shells which easily breakaway when
mother sits on it for incubation.

20. • Moreover, the elimination of insects from any
piece of land is bound to affect the
insectivorous birds living there.
• ii) Millions of oceanic birds are killed every
year all over the world by oil spillage from oil
tankers in the sea.
• iii) Noise pollution by different transporting
media like heavy trucks, buses, rails,
aeroplanes have adversely affected the wild
life.
• Wild animals are shy of human presence and
hence the greater movement of men through
their habitats have upset their feeding,
hormonal and reproductive behaviour.

21. • iv) Today our rivers, estuaries and shallow
offshore areas have become the waste bin
for million of tones of waste products from
human activities. The aquatic resources are
becoming increasingly polluted by industrial
waste, domestic sewage and oil spillage.
• Due to water pollution the biota has been
seriously affected. Stocks of fishes have
declined and animals like oysters, mussels
have become unfit for human consumption.
• Beside the above referred factors, various
natural calamities such as floods,
hurricanes, tornadoes, drought, fire,
epidemics etc. have also caused great
destruction of wildlife.

22. Modes of wildlife conservation
• Following are important measures needed to preserve
wildlife.
• 1. Study of Habitat: A thorough understanding of
habitat, which the species under consideration needs,
is essential for the preservation of wildlife.
• 2. Preservation of Habitat: All necessary measures
should be taken to preserve and protect natural
habitats from degradation and fragmentation.
• Ruthless cutting of trees, uprooting of plants, removal
of hedges and grazing by livestock should not be
allowed in the protected area.
• Wetlands should be protected from systematic
drainage.
• Pollution of various kinds must be checked.

23. • 3. Improvement of Habitats: Effective steps
should be taken for the improvement and
development of habitats.
• Habitats may be improved by raising plantation of
nourishing fodder grasses and trees.
• By law, the establishment of factories and human
settlements should not be allowed in nearby area.
4. Wild Life Census: In order to implement various
protective laws, an accurate idea about the
population density of various species is
essential.
Therefore, periodic and regular counts of various
species, particularly of endangered species
should be recorded.

24. • 5. Wildlife Research: Basic scientific data is a
pre-requisite for all kind of management
programmes including wildlife. The research
studies should be aimed at
• (a) to find out the status of each and every wild
species
• (b) food and feeding habits and their place in
food chain
• (c) biotic and abiotic stresses
• (d) carrying capacity of various habitats
• (e) to determine rut seasons of ungulates, their
litter size and possible causes of mortalities

25. • (f) to understand the biology and behaviour of
important species
• (g) to determine the ecological requirements of
individual species.
• 6. Wildlife Legislation: Strict laws should be
enforced for the protection of wild animals and
plants and heavy penalties should be awarded to
those who violate it. Protective laws must operate
to prevent a population getting too large as well
as too small.
• When populations are small, hunting should be
restricted and if large be increased. Hunting of
critically endangered species should be
completely banned.
• No person shall trade, import or export wild
animals. Any market for wildlife products, parts of
trophies should be banned.

26. • 7. Wildlife Veterinary : Veterinary services
should be made available to take care of wild
animals. To keep wildlife free from
communicable diseases from other domestic
animals, the livestock within 5km of
protected area are required immunization
against communicable diseases.
• 8. Wildlife Education: The science of wildlife
is developing rapidly at the present time. It is
high time that it must be introduced at all
levels of educational system. A chapter on
wildlife be introduced at primary or
secondary level.

27. • Wildlife as a subject may be offered at
graduate and postgraduate level. Short term
courses may be designed for wildlife
management staff, game wardens, forest
officers etc. Seminars, symposia, and
popular lectures on the management and
conservation of wildlife should be arranged
in colleges and universities.
• 9. Wildlife Consciousness Among Public:
It will only be possible to conserve wildlife
effectively when the public as a whole
becomes a determined guardian everywhere.
• Hence effective measures should be taken to
raise public opinion and consciousness
about wildlife.

28. • This can be achieved by" measures such as,
brochures, pamphlets and small booklets
should be prepared in national and regional
languages so as to apprise people with the
advantages of wildlife
• popular radio and T.V. programmes on
wildlife should be produced,
• public should be educated through video
lectures, slide shows and field trips.
• 10. Wildlife protected Areas:
National parks and sanctuaries should be
established for the protection of rare and
threatened wild species.

29. • 11. Involvement of International Agencies:
Efforts should be made to seek financial and
technical assistance from International
agencies like WWF and others for the
establishment of protected areas and
research studies.
• Joint collaborative research programmes
should be initiated with the neighboring
countries who share the same ecosystem.

30. • 12. Wildlife Awards:
• Award programmes should be initiated
for outstanding performance in the field
of wildlife research and management to
encourage personnel in the field.
• Persons rendering assistance in the
detection of wildlife offenses may be
given cash awards or certificates of
appreciation.

31. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
• Wildlife management which is an important
branch of conservation, is mainly concerned
with the protection, preservation, Perpetuation
and Judicious control of rare species of plants
and animals in their natural habitats.
• Of the three general approaches adapted
towards wildlife management

32. • Wildlife management includes following
fundamental approaches.
• 1. Enaction of wildlife Acts so as to prevent
hunting of certain rare wildlife species.
• 2. Establishment of sanctuaries and game
reserves, in order to provide protection to
a species of plant and animals of rare
nature.

33. • 3. Most commonly an assemblage of species
is protected. For example, wetlands serve as
refuge, and nesting areas for a variety of
migratory water fowls.
• Similarly, high alpine areas often protect a
very diverse forms of plants and associated
fauna.
• The management of assemblage protection
is designed to provide maximum cover and
food supply for the migratory birds and to
provide refuge from hunting.

34. • 4. Habitat preservation which are large and
diverse enough to protect whole sets of
ecosystems' are often designated as National
Parks.
• 5. Endangered species are often helped to
survive by breeding them in captivity. Hawaiin
Goose, Branta sandvisensis. In 1990, this bird
was almost extinct. Then a few were brought to
Wildfowl Trust Centre in England.
• They bred successfully in captivity, and it was
not long before, there were more Hawaiin geese
at this Centre than in the whole of the Hawaiin
Islands. In 1996, some of these were released in
Hawaii where their numbers are now increasing.

35. • 6. It is important to set up a microcomputer
based National Wildlife Data Base to
integrate informations on the conservation
status of species, habitat types,
biogeographical regions, administrative units
and specific protected areas.