The document discusses the evolution of programming languages from machine language to high-level languages like C++ and Java. It provides an example of a simple "Hello World" program in C++ and explains what each part of the code is doing. It also discusses some basic concepts in programming like data types, variables, operators, and control flow statements.

1. Jayesh Joy Meher Anand

2. The Hardware Programming – Making hardware perform an action in a desired way Digital circuits are binary, they can understand only 0 and 1 Modern day processors are made from transistors, millions of them Work in time of the order of 10 -9 seconds

3. Evolution of Programming Languages Machine language – consists of 0s and 1s only Very hard to read and debug Time consuming Low level language Platform dependent

4. Evolution (contd...) Assembly language – consists of mnemonics and opcodes Ex:- MOV A,B Better readability but not sufficient Hard to debug but better than machine code Low level language Platform dependent

5. Evolution (contd...) High level languages – English-like constructs, definitions, declarations. Easier to read, debug and maintain Ex- C, C++, C#, Java etc. Platform independent

6. The Hello World Program #include<iostream> using namespace std; //This is my first program int main()‏ { cout<<”Hello, World!”<<endl; return 0; }

7. Explanation Program execution starts from main(), also known as PROGRAM ENTRY POINT cout<< prints the text following it on to the screen endl is equivalent to the Enter key on the keyboard. Starts off at the next line, the next time. Blindly include the blue parts in the code for now

8. Data Programs can take in data, operate on it and give an output Data is stored in variables. Each variable is of a certain “Data Type” Primitive (or standard) data types – Integers (int)‏ floating point (real) numbers (float)‏ Characters (char)‏

9. Declarations Tell the machine that you want to create a variable of a particular data type Assign a name to a particular variable Assign a value to it and start using it Example declaration – Declare an integer variable with the name 'apples' and assign a value 40 to it int no_of_apples; no_of_apples=40;

10. Input Take in data from the user (keyboard) while the program is running cin>> operator instructs machine to take in input from user

11. Example program Example 1

12. Operators Basic Arithmetic: +, -, /, *, % Can be used for operations on int & float values. Bitwise: & (and) , | (or) , ^ (xor)‏ Relational and Logical: <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=, && (and) , || (or) , ! (not)‏ Sign: -, + Increment and Decrement: ++, --

13. Hierarchy of Operators () [] ! ~ ++ -- + - (all are unary operators)‏ * / % + - << >> < <= > >= == !=

14. Hierarchy of Operators (contd.) & ^ | && || ?: = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= ,

15. Control flow The following statements are used to control the order in which statements are executed: Selection statements: if, if else, switch Iterative Loops: while, do while, for

16. Selection Statements Used to choose which statements to execute based on certain conditions Example 2 Example 3 Example 4

17. Flow Chart Yes No Entry Exit number>=0 Take input into number Print on screen “number is non-negative”

18. Iterative Loops Perform repetitive tasks If we want to perform certain tasks for a certain number of times or until a certain condition is met. Three types of loops are used: while (example 5) do while (example 6) for (example 7)

19. Nested Loops Example 8