1. The document discusses the foundations of group behavior, including definitions of groups, stages of group development, group properties, and techniques for group decision making. 2. It defines groups as consisting of two or more individuals who interact and are interdependent to achieve objectives. Groups are classified as formal or informal. 3. The stages of group development are forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Group properties include roles, norms, cohesiveness, size, and status. 4. Techniques for group decision making presented include brainstorming, nominal group techniques, electronic meetings, and interacting groups.

1. Foundations of Group Behavior
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Maryam Imtiaz
Aftab Muhib
Hira Khan
Nayab Jahanzeb
Kainat Rehman
Sidra Jan

2. Contents
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Stages of Group Development
Group Properties
Group Decision Making
Group Decision-Making Techniques
Conclusion
Defining Group

3. What is Group?
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Stephen P. Robins:
“Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent,
who have come together to achieve particular objectives”

4. What is Group?
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Fred Luthans says:
If a group exists in an organization, its members:
1. Are motivated to join
2. Perceive the group as a unified unit of interacting people
3. Contribute in various amounts to the group processes (that is, some
people contribute more time or energy to the group than do others)
4. Reach agreements and have disagreements through various forms of
interaction

5. Classification of Groups
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Formal Group:
“A designated work group
defined by the organization’s
structure”
Example:
Six members crew making up
an airline flight.
Informal Group:
“A group that is neither
formally structured nor
organizationally determined;
appears in response to the need
for social contact”
Example:
Three students who regularly
go to school together.

6. Sub Classification of Groups
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1. Command Group
2. Task Group
3. Interest Group
4. Friendship Group

7. Forming
Storming
Stages Of Group Development
Norming
Adjourning
Performin
g
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8. Group Properties
Roles Norms
CohesivenessSize
Status
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9. Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness,
Performance Norms And Productivity:
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High
productivity
Moderate
productivity
Low
productivity
Moderate to
low
productivity
PerformanceNorms
Cohesiveness
High
High
Low
Low

10. Group Decision Making
 What Is Decision?
 What Is Decision Making?
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11. Group Decision Making
Broad Representation
More Ideas Generated
Evaluation Of Options
Coordination
Quality Decision
Time Consuming
Level of Trust
Dominated Personalities
Capabilities of Members
Ambiguous
Responsibility
Strengths & Weaknesses of Group Decisions:
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12. Group Think & Group Shift
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Group Think:
 Imposing unpopular view
 Opposing Popular view
Group Shift:
 Exaggerating less important view
 Avoiding more important view
How to minimize Group Think?
Monitor Group Size
Impartiality of Leader
Seeking View From Each Member

13. Group Decision-Making Techniques
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Interacting
Groups
Brainstorming
Nominal
Group
Techniques
Electronic
Meeting

14. Evaluating Group Effectiveness
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Effectiveness Criteria Interacting Brainstorming Nominal Electronic
No. & of Quality of Ideas Low Moderate High High
Money Costs Low Low Low High
speed Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate
Commitment to solution High Not applicable Moderate Moderate
Group Cohesiveness High High Moderate Low
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15. Conclusion
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Illustration of Group by
(CEO of Continental Airline)
“ We are like a wristwatch-lots of different parts, but the whole has value only
when we all work together. It has no value when any part fails.”
Gordon Bethune

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In other words group is all about Teamwork.

17. Passionate Icons 17

18. Forming
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Forming
Characteristics
Members tend to
be:
• Tentative
• Polite
• Having little
conflicts
Activities
Team needs to
• Identify its
purpose
• Group processes
• Develop group
norms

19. Storming
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Storming
Characteristics
Members tend to:
• Exhibit increased
conflict
• Less conformity
• “Jockeying” for
power.
Activities
Members need to
learn
• How to resolve
conflict
• Clarify their
roles
• Power
• Structure

20. Norming
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Norming
Characteristics
Demonstrate an:
• Improved ability
to complete tasks
• Solve problems
• Resolve conflict.
Activities
Members must
• Exhibit good
behaviors
• Mutual trust
• Motivation
• Open
communication

21. Performing
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Performin
g
Characteristics
• Energetic
• Creative
• Participative
• Motivated
• Show high levels
of loyalty
• Group decision-
making.
Activities
• Self-directing in
development of
plans
• Strategy to meet
their goals
• Carry out work

22. Adjourning
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Adjourning
Characteristics
• Purpose achieved
• Ready to move on to new
things
• A positive feeling about the
group achievement.

23. Group Properties - Roles
A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to
someone occupying a given position in a social unit.
 Role identity
 Role perception
 Role expectation
 Role Conflict
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24. Group Properties - Status
A socially defined position or rank given to groups
or group members by others.
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Group Norms
Group interaction
Status Equity
Group Member
Status

25. Group Properties - Status
Status Characteristics Theory
1. The Power a person wields over others
2. A person’s ability to contribute to a group’s goals
3. An individual’s personal Characteristics
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26. Group Properties - Norms
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared
by the group’s members.
Classes of Norms
Performance Norms
Appearance Norms
Social Arrangement
Norms
Allocation of Resources
Norms
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27. Group Properties - Size
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The size of a group affects the group’s overall behavior.
 Social Loafing:
The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when
working collectively than when working individually.
Other Conclusions:
• Odd number groups do
better than even.
• Groups of 7 or 9 perform
better overall than larger or
smaller groups.

28. Group Properties - Cohesiveness
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Degree to which group members are attracted to each other
and are motivated to stay in the group.
 Suggestions to Encourage Group Cohesiveness:
Stimulate competition
Make the
group smaller
Encourage
agreement
Increase
interaction
Increase the
status
Isolate the
group
Give rewards

29. Command Group
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“A group composed of the individuals who report directly to a
given manager.”
Example:
An army officer and his subordinate soldiers form a command
group.

30. Task Group
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“Task group Represents those working together to complete a
job task.”
Example:
A panel of employers to conduct interviews for the new
post

31. Interest Group
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“Those working together to attain a specific objective with
which each is concerned.”
Example:
Employees who band together to support a peer who
has been fired.

32. Friendship Group
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“Those brought together because they share one or more
common characteristics.”
Example:
Groups based on similar age, heritage etc.

33. Electronic Meeting
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34. Nominal Group Techniques
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35. Brainstorming
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36. Interacting Groups
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