This document discusses several techniques used to prepare and analyze fossils, including thin sectioning, peeling, transferring, maceration, x-ray imaging, and microtoming. It explains that thin sectioning involves slicing rock or other samples very thin for microscopic study. Peeling and transferring techniques are used to stabilize and prepare fossil specimens for analysis. Maceration uses acids to separate fossilized plant parts. X-rays and microtoming can also be used to image internal fossil structures at the microscopic level. The document also briefly discusses how fossils provide evidence of evolution by showing changes in life over time.

1. BY MEHWISH MANZOOR

5.  Rapid burial and lack
of oxygen
Hard body parts such
as skeletal bones or exoskeletons

10.  Ground Thin Section Technique
 Peel Technique
 Transfer Technique
 Maceration Technique
 X- ray Technique
 Microtome Technique

11.  Thin section is a laboratory preparation of a
rock mineral soil pottery bones or even metal
sample for use with a polarizing petrographic
microscope electron microscope and electron
micro probe.

12.  Microscopic study of anatomically preserved
plant remains in a carbonate coal ball this
technique transfers thin sections of the
fossilized plant material to clear cellulose
acetate sheets .Successive peels can be used to
prepare serial section.

13.  The transfer technique is a technique to
stabilize & prepare fossils by partially
embedding them in plastic resins in order to
preserve the position of the preserved fossil
once all of the rock matrix is subsequently
removed .

14.  The material is then washed thoroughly with
water so that the acid is completely removed
.Hydrofluoric acid is used for cleaning thus
separated cuticularized parts of the fossil
material.

16.  Highly sensitive celluloid films are used to
obtain x-ray photographs of the fossil
specimens

17.  Microtome is a method for the preparation of
thin sections for material such as bones ,
minerals & teeth and alternative to
electropolishing and ion milling .Microtome
section can be made thin enough to section a
human hair across its breadth with section
thickness between 50 nm and 100 micro meter.

18.  Fossils are important evidence for evolution
because they show that life on earth was once
different from found on earth today.
 By studying fossils , scientists can learn how
much organisms have changed as life
developed on earth .
 There are gaps in the fossil record because
many early forms of life were soft-bodied ,
which means that they have left few traces
behind.

20.  Examination of fossils over earth history shows
the evolution of life through time .
 Because fossils show a continuous change
through time and no fossils disappear &
reappear later, they can be used to give relative
ages of fossil-bearing strata .
 Strata bearing the same fossil assemblage can
be correlated .
 Fossil indicate environment of deposition .
 Fossils can constitute most of a rock.

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