The document discusses micro-palaeontology, focusing on the study of micro-fossils and their significance in understanding organic evolution and geological strata. It defines fossils, explores types of micro-fossils, particularly foraminifers, and describes their ecological roles and characteristics. The document also covers the classification and reproduction of foraminifers, highlighting their marine habitats and various test structures.

1. Micro-Palaeontology
BY- Mr. Suren N Kamble
P.G. Geology Dept. Deogiri College,
Aurangabad, Maharashtra.

2. Life assemblage
(biocenosis)
Death assemblage
(thanatocenosis)
Total fossil
assemblage
Fossils actually
discovered
Destruction of most soft tissues
Destruction of most hard tissues
Destruction of most fossils

3. Palaeontology = Palaios- Ancient,ontos-life, Logy-Study
(Palaeontology was proposed by the de Blanville & don Waldhelm
in1834)
A fossil is an impression, cast, original material or track of any animal
or plant that is preserved in rock after the original organic material is
transformed or removed.
Fossil - remains or traces of a once-living organism.
“Fossil” (Latin prefix “Fodere” refers to digging/excavation) in its most general
sense refers to any preserved evidence of ancient biological organisms in the
rock record that is obtained through digging/extraction from the host rock.

4. Branches of micro-Palaeontology
Micro-Palaeontolog(Fossils)
Micro-Vertebrate Micro-Invertebrates
Foraminifers Diatoms, Ostracods etc.

5. Types of micro-fossils
Acritarchs
Tasmanitids
Foraminifers
Ostracods
Spores
Pollen
Seeds, Sead-coats, Wood Fragments &
Palynodebris
Sillcoflagellates
Diatoms
Coccoliths
Dinoflagellates
Radiolarians
Tintinnids &
Calpionellids
Conodonts

6. Radiolarian Shells
MICROFOSSILS
Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001
mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, To study the micro-fossils
electronic microscope required.
• Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through
the history
• They classified into two groups:
* Organic walled:- Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate, Spores
and Pollen grains … etc.
* Inorganic walled:- Diatoms, Silicoflagellates,
Ostracods, Conodonts and Foraminifera

7.  AGE DETERMINATION OF FOSSILS
MAKING OF BIOZONATION
PALAEOECOLOGY
PALAEOCURRENT
PETROLEUM DEPOSITS
TO STUDY HYDROTHERMAL ACCUMULATION
TO STUDY CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
IMPORTANCE OF MICRO-
FOSSILS

8. Biostratigraphic units or biozones are intervals of
geological strata that are defined on the basis of their
characteristic fossil taxa.
If one or more specific kind of fossils present in a zone ,
such fossils are known as Zone fossils.
MAKING OF BIOZONATION

11. Foraminifers

12. General Introduction
 foraminifera the name derived from the Latin word i.e. “Forams- Hole
bearers”
 They recognized as Protists(Single celled eukaryotes) by Schultze(1854)
 The foraminifers are the single cell organism
 The shell of foraminifers made up from calcium carbonate (CaCo3) which is
known as Test
 They range in the size from 50-400µm
 Generally they are marine as Planktonic and Benthic.
 Over 50,000 species of foraminifers are recognized both living (10000) and
non living or fossil form (40000)

13. EcologyHabitatGeologic RangeMineralogyType of Protista
photosynthetic/various heterotrophe/carnivorousaquaticSilurian? – RecentorganicDinoflagellates
unknownmarinePrecambrian –RecentorganicAcritarchs
photosyntheticany wetCretaceous– RecentOppaline silicaDiatoms
photosynthetic/various
heterotrophe
marineCretaceous – RecentOppaline silicaSilicoflagellates
various heterotrophe
marineCambrian – RecentOppaline silicaRadiolarians
photosynthetic
marineJurassic – RecentcalciteCalcareous
nannoplankton
various heterotrophe, some with symbionts
marineCambrian – Recentorganic, agglutinated,
calcareous, some
otherBenthic forams
various heterotrophe
marineJurassic – Recentorganic, agglutinated,
calcareous, some
otherPlanktonic forams

14. SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF FORAMINIFERA
 Kingdom :- Protista
 Subkingdom :- Protoctista
 Phylum :- Sarcodina
 Class :-Rhizopoda
 Order :- Foraminiferida
 Suborder :- Textulariina, Fusuliniria,
Miliolina, Rotaliina

15. Environment & Mode of life
 They are marine also get from the Hypersaline
Lagoons, Brackish water lagoons and estuaries.
 Majority of foraminifers are marine benthic either
Sessile, Vagrant or Pelagic
 The planktonic forams are developed first in the Late
Jurassic in the form of minute Globigerina forms &
since then becomes importance constituents of
marine plankton

17. Composition of test
1. Organic walled Test:- Protein secreted matter called Tectin by the sub order Allogromiina. They are
gelatinous, psedochitinous and chitinous, they rarely preserved as fossils
2. Agglutinated test :- These test built by the cementing forein particles called agglutinated test usually
quarts grains, mica flakes, spicules are used. Ex. Psammoshaera parva
3. Siliceous test:- Some miliolids secret a test partly composed of silica but tests entirely made up of
silica are rare
4. Calcareous Tests:- Majority of the foraminifers secret calcareous tests made uo of calcite or aragonite
and may show porcelaneous, microgranular (pseudofibrous), hyaline (glassy) wall structure. Ex.
Miliolina

18. Reproduction & Dimorphism
 Both the sexual and asexual reproduction in the foraminifers
 The alteration between the two generations called as Gamont & Schizont
 Gamont generation produces sexually and Schizont asexually
 We get two different test by this process as an Megalospheric &
microspheric test

21. Unilocular -- a single chamber
Uiserial -- chambers added in a single linear series
Biserial -- chambers added in a double linear series
Triserial -- chambers added in a triple linear series
Planispiral -- chambers added in a coil within a single plane.
The center of the coil is called the umbilicus. The coil may be
either involute (only the chambers of the last coil visible) or
evolute (all chambers visible).
Trochospiral -- chambers added in a coil that forms a spire like
a snail shell. The side on which all chambers are visible
(evolute) is called the spiral side. On the other side only the
final coil is visible (involute) and this is called the umbilical
side.
Milioline -- chambers arranged in a series where each chamber
extends the length of the test, and each successive chamber is
placed at an angle of up to 180 degrees from the previous one.
Fusuline -- a planispiral coil which is elongated along the axis of
coiling. Typically each chamber is subdivided by a complex set of
internal partitions.
Tubular -- a simple hollow tube.
Arborescent -- an erect, branching series of tubes. These forms
may live attached to a solid surface or "rooted" in sediment.
Irregular -- without any definite arrangement of the chambers.
These forms usually live attached to a solid surface.
Most species of foraminifera build shells with multiple chambers (multilocular) but some species build
shells with only a single chamber (unilocular). The most common types of chamber arrangements are:

23. Protoculus
Aperture
Foramen
Chamber
Septum
Foramina Test

24. Aperture
Aperture is the opening of the test other than the pore
of the wall
It is usually situated at the base of the final (last)
chamber
It shows different shape, size and structure in different
test
It is used to intake food, suitably release daughter cells
& to connect pseudopodia to endoplasm

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