This document summarizes various types of natural resources. It discusses renewable resources like forests and wildlife that can regenerate, as well as non-renewable resources like fossil fuels that cannot be replenished. It also provides examples of specific natural resources like forests, water, minerals, and land. It describes the importance and uses of these resources, as well as threats to them like overexploitation, deforestation, and degradation.
All the things we use and consume are obtained from natural resources. Due to the increase in population, industrialization, and urbanization, the demand for natural resources is increasing and their availability is limited. So there is a need for proper management of natural resources
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies: Natural Resources, Renewab...Time Pharmaceutical P.Ltd
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies,Ranjit Justice
Natural Resources, Renewable and non-renewable resources, Natural resources and associated problems, a) Forest resources; b) Water resources; c) Mineral resources; d)Energy resources; e) Land resources Ecosystems: Concept of an ecosystem and Structure and function of an co system. Environmental hazards: Hazards based on Air, Water, Soil and Radioisotopes.
Natural Resources
Renewable Resources
Non-renewable Resources
Difference between Renewable & Non-renewable Resources
Natural Resources & associated problems
Role of individual in conservation of natural resource
Water Resources
Use of Water Resources
Over-utilization of surface & ground water
Problems due to overuse of Surface & Ground water
Mineral Resources
Types of Mineral Resources
Uses of Mineral Resources
Associated problems with Mineral Resources
Environmental problems due to extracting & using Mineral Resources
All the things we use and consume are obtained from natural resources. Due to the increase in population, industrialization, and urbanization, the demand for natural resources is increasing and their availability is limited. So there is a need for proper management of natural resources
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies: Natural Resources, Renewab...Time Pharmaceutical P.Ltd
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies,Ranjit Justice
Natural Resources, Renewable and non-renewable resources, Natural resources and associated problems, a) Forest resources; b) Water resources; c) Mineral resources; d)Energy resources; e) Land resources Ecosystems: Concept of an ecosystem and Structure and function of an co system. Environmental hazards: Hazards based on Air, Water, Soil and Radioisotopes.
Natural Resources
Renewable Resources
Non-renewable Resources
Difference between Renewable & Non-renewable Resources
Natural Resources & associated problems
Role of individual in conservation of natural resource
Water Resources
Use of Water Resources
Over-utilization of surface & ground water
Problems due to overuse of Surface & Ground water
Mineral Resources
Types of Mineral Resources
Uses of Mineral Resources
Associated problems with Mineral Resources
Environmental problems due to extracting & using Mineral Resources
Air Based Hazards, M.pharm, sem 2,Bhumi Suratiya,.pptxBhumiSuratiya
Air Based Hazard, M.Pharm, Sem 2,Bhumi Suratiya, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. Source of air based hazard, types of air based hazard, air circulation maintenance for sterile and non sterile area . Application of air circulation, HEPA filter, clean area classification.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF ENVIRONMENTNisha Kalayil
The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies
1. Natural Resources
2. Renewable and non-renewable resources:
3. Natural resources and associated problems
a) Forest resources;
b) Water resources;
c) Mineral resources;
d) Food resources;
e) Energy resources;
f) Land resources
4. Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources.
Natural Resources
Renewable and non-renewable resources
Forest Resources
Water Resources
Mineral Resources
Food Resources
Energy Resources
Land Resources
Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources
Multidisciplinary nature of enviromental studies.pptx by Jeel DobariyaJeelDobariya2
Welcome to a comprehensive exploration of the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies! In this engaging PowerPoint presentation, we delve into the interconnectedness of various disciplines and their contributions to our understanding of the environment.
Discover how fields such as ecology, sociology, economics, geography, and more intersect and collaborate to address complex environmental challenges. we uncover the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in promoting sustainable solutions.
By attending this presentation, you will gain insights into the multidimensional aspects of environmental studies and how collaboration across disciplines can lead to more effective environmental solutions.
Tags:
Environmental Studies, Multidisciplinary Approach, Sociology, Economics, Geography, Sustainability, Interconnectedness, Environmental Challenges, Technological Innovations, Ecosystem Services, Environmental Conservation.
Key Topics Covered:
Ecological Perspectives: Uncover the intricate relationships between organisms, ecosystems, and the environment.
Social Dimensions: Examine the social and cultural influences on environmental attitudes and behaviors.
Economic Considerations: Explore the economic impacts of environmental degradation and the value of ecosystem services.
Policy and Governance: Understand the role of policies, laws, and international agreements in shaping environmental management.
Technological Innovations: Learn about cutting-edge technologies and their applications in environmental conservation and mitigation.
Mineral Resources
Types of Mineral Resources
Uses of Mineral Resources
Associated problems with Mineral Resources
Environmental problems due to extracting & using Mineral Resources
Forest Resources
Importance of Forest Resources
Associated Problems of Forests
Deforestation
Causes of Deforestation
Effects of Deforestation
Timber Extraction
Effects of Timber Extraction
Mining
Effects of Mining
References
Resources and its classification, Natural Resources and associated problems, forest resources, water resources, mineral resources, energy resources, soil resources, ecosystem.
Air Based Hazards, M.pharm, sem 2,Bhumi Suratiya,.pptxBhumiSuratiya
Air Based Hazard, M.Pharm, Sem 2,Bhumi Suratiya, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. Source of air based hazard, types of air based hazard, air circulation maintenance for sterile and non sterile area . Application of air circulation, HEPA filter, clean area classification.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF ENVIRONMENTNisha Kalayil
The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies
1. Natural Resources
2. Renewable and non-renewable resources:
3. Natural resources and associated problems
a) Forest resources;
b) Water resources;
c) Mineral resources;
d) Food resources;
e) Energy resources;
f) Land resources
4. Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources.
Natural Resources
Renewable and non-renewable resources
Forest Resources
Water Resources
Mineral Resources
Food Resources
Energy Resources
Land Resources
Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources
Multidisciplinary nature of enviromental studies.pptx by Jeel DobariyaJeelDobariya2
Welcome to a comprehensive exploration of the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies! In this engaging PowerPoint presentation, we delve into the interconnectedness of various disciplines and their contributions to our understanding of the environment.
Discover how fields such as ecology, sociology, economics, geography, and more intersect and collaborate to address complex environmental challenges. we uncover the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in promoting sustainable solutions.
By attending this presentation, you will gain insights into the multidimensional aspects of environmental studies and how collaboration across disciplines can lead to more effective environmental solutions.
Tags:
Environmental Studies, Multidisciplinary Approach, Sociology, Economics, Geography, Sustainability, Interconnectedness, Environmental Challenges, Technological Innovations, Ecosystem Services, Environmental Conservation.
Key Topics Covered:
Ecological Perspectives: Uncover the intricate relationships between organisms, ecosystems, and the environment.
Social Dimensions: Examine the social and cultural influences on environmental attitudes and behaviors.
Economic Considerations: Explore the economic impacts of environmental degradation and the value of ecosystem services.
Policy and Governance: Understand the role of policies, laws, and international agreements in shaping environmental management.
Technological Innovations: Learn about cutting-edge technologies and their applications in environmental conservation and mitigation.
Mineral Resources
Types of Mineral Resources
Uses of Mineral Resources
Associated problems with Mineral Resources
Environmental problems due to extracting & using Mineral Resources
Forest Resources
Importance of Forest Resources
Associated Problems of Forests
Deforestation
Causes of Deforestation
Effects of Deforestation
Timber Extraction
Effects of Timber Extraction
Mining
Effects of Mining
References
Resources and its classification, Natural Resources and associated problems, forest resources, water resources, mineral resources, energy resources, soil resources, ecosystem.
Types of natural resources, natural resource conservation, Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources, Equitable use of
resources for sustainable lifestyles. 2. Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, Land resources: soil
erosion and desertification. 3. Natural Resources: Forest resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies. Timber
extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people. 4. Natural Resources: Water resources: Use and over-utilization of
surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams-benefits and problems. 5. Natural Resources: Mineral resources:
Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case studies. 6. Natural Resources: Food
resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, Food resources effects of modern agriculture, fertilizerpesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies. 7. Natural Resources: Energy resources: Growing energy needs, Energy
L T P/S SW FW TOTAL
CREDIT
UNITS
2 - - 4 0 4
resources renewable and non-renewable energy sources, Energy resources use of alternate energy sources, case studies. 8. Role of
individual in conservation of natural resources 9. Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles.
This is a PowerPoint Presentation based on Chapter-2, NCERT Geography book (Resources and Development) of Class 8. It consists of descriptions, importance and many characteristics related to land, landslides, soil, weathering, methods of soil conservation, water, natural vegetation, wildlife, ecosystem and much more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Natural Resources
1. Presented by
Manikandan V,
2061050002
M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance),
Department of Pharmacy,
Annamalai University.
Submitted to
Dr. G. Sivakamasundari, M. Pharm., Ph. D.,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Pharmacy,
Annamalai University.
2. Life on this planet earth depends on a variety of goods and
services provided by the nature, which are known as Natural
Resources.
Any stock or reserve that can be drawn from nature is a Natural
Resource
Natural Resources of two Types:
• Renewable Resources- they are in exhaustive and can be
regenerated in a given span of time. E.g. Forests, wildlife,
wind, biomass, tidal, hydro energies etc.
• Non-Renewable Resources- they are exhaustive and
cannot be regenerated. E.g. Fossil fuels- coal, petroleum,
minerals, etc.
4. Forests is green blanket covering the Earth
About 1/3rd of the world’s land area is forested
which includes closed as well as open forests.
But the forest cover is depleting. Greatest losses
have occurred in Tropical Asia, where one third
of the forest is destroyed.
Current Forest area of India: 24.1% (FSI report
2013)
5. Sr.No Commercial Uses Ecological Uses
1. Wood: timber Regulates water cycle
2. Firewood Produces Oxygen
3. Pulpwood Absorbs Pollutants
4. Food items Act as a sink of CO2 (Reduce
Global Warming)
5. Gums, resins Driving Energy flow and Nutrient
Cycling
6. Fibres, canes, fodder Habitat for wildlife
7. Medicines and drugs Conservation of Soil
8. Worth: Rs.30,000/year by one
typical tree
Worth:1,00,000/year by typical tree
6. Over – Exploitation: Rapid & Excessive use of
forest to meet human demands
Deforestation: clearance or clearing is the
removal of a forest or stand of trees where the
land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.
7. Due to wood cutting & large scale logging for
raw material
Deforestation due to road construction
Forest clearing to convert it to Agricultural Land
to meet food demands
Encroachment of Forests
Heavy grazing
Mining activities
Hydropower projects
8. Fuel Requirement
Raw material for industries
Shifting cultivation
Development projects –dams
Growing food needs
Overgrazing
Forest fires
9.
10. Existence of Species is affected- Natural Habitat
Biodiversity is lost
Hydrological cycle affected
Soil erosion
In hilly areas – Landslides
Increase in Carbon levels…….Global
Warming………
11.
12. Advantages Disadvantages
Checks Floods, famine Loss of Forest area
Generate Electricity Large land under submergence
Reduce water & power shortage Relocation of many tribal, communities,
people, farmers.
Provide Irrigation water to low areas Local Riots, abuse
Promote fisheries Flash Floods
Employment Seismic changes
Siltation & Sedimentation Problem
Micro-Climate Change
Breeding of Vector & Spread of disease
Society now moving towards construction of small dams or mini- hydal projects.
13. Water is known as LIFE
Nearly 80% of body composition
Water is a chemical substance, a liquid at ambient
conditions, often co-exists on earth with its solid state i.e
ice, and gaseous state i.e water vapor or steam.
Properties:
• Universal solvent- so it can be nutrient carrier,
• High surface tension- so it can rise easily at great heights,
• Anomalous expansion- it freezes, it expands instead of
contacting.
14. World oceans cover about 3/4th of earth’s surface.
Fresh water constitutes a very small proportion of this enormous quantity.
About 2.7 % of the total water available on the earth is fresh water of which
about 79 % lies frozen in polar regions and another 20% is present as
ground water.
The rest is available in lakes, rivers, atmosphere, moisture, soil and vegetation
15. Sr.No Uses
1. Agriculture-
2. Drinking
3. Washing
4. Transportation
5. Chemical uses
6. Fire Extinguish
7. Recreation
8. Water Industry
9. Food Processing
10. Industrial Application
18. Water which percolates or infiltrates down in the
ground
Huge source of fresh water.
Layer of sediment or rock that is highly permeable
and contains water is an AQUIFER
• Confined- Which are sandwiched between two
impermeable layers of Rock/Sediments, Recharged
where it intersects the land surface and
• Unconfined aquifers- which are overlaid by permeable
earth materials, recharged by water seeping down form
surface.
19. Subsidence
• When groundwater withdrawal is more than its recharge
rate, the sediments in the aquifer get compacted, a
phenomenon known as “groundwater subsidence”.
Lower of Water Table
• Mining of water is done extensively in arid & semi-arid
regions, which leads to lowering of water table.
Water Logging
• When irrigation is done with Brackish water, water table
level increases leading to logging
Water Pollution
• Discharge and dumping of waste in water resources
20. Heavy Rainfall causes floods in low-lying areas
coastal areas.
Prolonged downpour cause overflow of rivers,
lakes leading to floods.
Anthropogenic Activities- Deforestation,
overgrazing, mining, rapid industrialization.
It is very regular feature in some North Eastern
Parts of India & Bangladesh
21.
22. When annual rainfall is below normal and less
than evaporation, drought conditions are
created.
Meteorological Phenomenon
Anthropogenic Causes:Grazing, deforestation,
mining.
Leads to desertification
Proper crop plantation is a
remedial measure.
23. Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic,
crystalline solids having a definite chemical
composition & characteristics properties.
Composition of Mineral:
• Silicon, oxygen, iron, magnesium, calcium, aluminium,
etc.
• Some common minerals like quartz, feldspar, biotite,
dolomite, calcite, laterite, etc.
24. Minerals classified based on their properties are
of two types:
• Metallic
• Non-Metallic
Minerals are also classified as :
• Critical – Essential for economy of Nation
e.g. Iron, Aluminium, Gold, Copper, etc.
• Strategic – Essential for defence of Country
e.g. Manganese, Cobalt, Platinum, Chromium, etc.
25.
26. Sr.
No
Mineral Uses
1. Aluminium Packaging food items, transportation, utensils, electronics
2. Chromium For making high strength steel alloys, textile/tanning ind.
3. Copper Electric & Electronic Goods, building, construction, vessels
4. Iron Heavy machinery, steel production, transportation means
5. Lead Gasoline, car batteries, paints, ammunition
6. Manganese Making high strength, heat resistance steel alloys
7. Gold Ornaments, medical use, use in aerospace
8. Silver Jewellery, photography, electronics
9. Nickel Batteries
10. Platinum Automobiles, catalytic convertors, jewellery, medical use
27. Sr.
No
Mineral Uses
1. Silicate Sand & gravel for construction, bricks, paving, etc
2. Limestone Used for concrete, building stone, used in agriculture for
neutralizing acid soils, used in cement industry.
3. Gypsum Used in plaster wall-board, in agriculture
4. Potash,
phosphorite
Used in fertilizers
5. Sulphur
pyrites
Used in medicine, car battery, industry
28. Mining
Surface- shallow
Deposits
Open – Pit Mining –
Machines dig holes
Dredging-chained
buckets & draglines are
used
Strip Mining
Ore is stripped by using
bulldozers, power
shovels& stripping
wheels
Sub-surface- deep
deposits
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. Devegetation and defacing of landscape
Subsidence of land
Ground water contamination
Air pollution
Surface water pollution
Occupational health hazards
35. Reduce, reuse, recycle
New and improved mining technologies
MICROBIAL LEACHING TECHNIQUE
Restoration of mined lands
Revegetation and stabilization.
36. The most important natural resource, upon which all
human activity is based since time immemorial, is land.
Land resource is our basic resource.
Throughout history, we have drawn most of our
sustenance and much of our fuel, clothing and shelter
from the land.
It is useful to us as a source of food, as a place to live,
work and play. It is a productive economic factor in
agriculture, forestry, grazing, fishing and mining.
It is considered as a foundation of social prestige and is
the basis of wealth and political power.
37. Out of the total land area, as many as 175 million hectares suffer
from degradation.
Land degradation is caused largely by soil erosion, but also by
water logging and excessive salinity.
Most serious threat deforestation.
The exponentially growing population ----immense pressure
The high degree of degradation of existing land resources, the
changing climate and increasing diversion of land from
agricultural to non-agricultural uses have aggravated the problem.
The productivity of land has suffered to a great extent, beyond
repair
India, being a large agrarian society, has, therefore, an enormous
task to meet the growing demands for food, fuel, fiber together
with environmental security for its people in the coming years.
39. Means wearing of soil
Defined as “the movement of soil components,
especially surface-litter and top soil from one
place to another.”
It leads to loss of fertile soil layer
40. Two types of Soil Erosion:
• Normal or geologic Erosion: Removal of top soil by
natural processes- physical, biological & hydrological
activities
• Accelerated Erosion : mainly caused by anthropogenic
activities like overgrazing, deforestation, mining.
Two factors :
• Climatic Agents- Water & wind
• Biotic Agents- Excessive grazing, deforestation, mining.
41. Sheet Erosion: Uniform removal of thin layer of soil
from large surface area.
Rill Erosion: Due to rainfall finger like grooves or rills
are formed, it is called rill erosion
Gully Erosion: it is prominent in heavy rainfall, where
deeper cavities or gullies are formed of U /V shaped.
Slip Erosion: this occurs due to heavy rainfall on slopes
of hills & mountains
Stream bank Erosion :in rainy season, when fast
running streams take a turn in some direction, they cut
the soil and make caves in the banks.
42. Saltation: This occurs due to direct pressure of
stormy wind and the soil particles of 1-1.5 mm
diameter move up in vertical direction.
Suspension: Here fine soil particles (less than 1
mm dia) which are suspended in air are picked
and taken away to distant places.
Surface Creep: Here larger particles (5-10 mm
dia) creep over the soil surface along with wind.
44. Tillage is the agricultural preparation of the soil by
mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging,
stirring, and overturning.
Examples of human-powered tilling methods using hand
tools include shoveling, picking, mattock work, hoeing, and
raking.
Examples of draft-animal-powered or mechanized work
include ploughing, etc
45. On gentle slopes horizontal rows of plants
Helps slow down run off
46. Done on steep slopes
Extremely efficient to prevent run off.
Good in high rainfall areas
47. Alternate strips of crops with grasses or
grass legume mixture
Run off is retained by strip cover
Also helps nitrogen fixing
48. Alley Cropping is planting rows of trees at wide spacing with a
companion crop grown in the alleyways between the rows. Alley
cropping can diversify farm income, improve crop production
and provide protection and conservation benefits to crops.
49. It is a plantation
usually made up of one
or more rows of trees
or shrubs planted in
such a manner as to
provide shelter from
the wind and to protect
soil from erosion. They
are commonly planted
around the edges of
fields on farms.
50. Result of excessive irrigation
Pore spaces filled with water
Roots cannot breath
Make continuous column with water
When evaporates leaves behind a white crust of
salt
Extremely high sodium quantity.
Precious LAND RESOURCE IS WASTED
51. In this huge masses of land slide down
destroying anything in its path.
Various developmental activities like large dams,
reservoirs, construction of roads etc require
large scale deforestation.
This increases chances of landslides
52. Process of conversion of productive land to arid or
semi arid lands
10-25% drop in productivity in moderate desertification
More than 50% in serious desertification
Creates gullies or sand dunes
Leads to depletion of ground water, salinization
Causes are deforestation, overgrazing and mining
Areas include Saharan Africa, Middle East, Western
Asia, parts of central and south America.
Domino effect