The document summarizes research on the evolution of community forestry and decentralization of forest management in Babati District, Tanzania. It finds that over time, different forest management regimes have emerged in the area due to a combination of bureaucratic and socially embedded drivers of change. Centralization, deconcentration, devolution, and privatization processes have led to the development of state forest management, joint forest management, community-based forest management, and traditional forest management in the same area. However, traditional forest management regimes are gradually declining in importance.

1. Mount Kilimanjaro is in Tanzania It is the highest Mountain In Africa (5,895m asl)

12. 3.0 Study area and Methodology 3.1 Study area

14. 4. 0Results 4.1 Evolution of community forestry in Babati Period Forest management regimes 1. Period of socially embedded institutions Traditional forest management (TFM) 2. Period of centralized state policy State forestry with reservation initiated, Traditional forest management in areas outside forest reserves adopted, social forestry in reserved forests, Private tree planting among few people started 3. Period of ujamaa villagelization Community forestry through communal farm trees planting and private tree planting. Private farm trees promoted. Community forestry extended in natural forests. 4. Period of political and Bureaucratic decentralization CBFM in village forests reserves (VFR) initiated, TFM in VFR adopted. Joint forest management initiated in Babati. Some traditional forests gradually disappearing.

18. 4.4 Pathways of FMR change and forest management regimes

19. 5. Discussion: Relationship between: processes, drivers and pathways of FMR change with resulting forest management regimes Change processes Driver Pathways Regime Centralization Bureaucratic Exogenous National reserves, (Government plantations) Deconcentration Bureaucratic Exogenous JFM Devolution Bureaucratic, Socially embedded Endogenous, Exogenous CBFM Privatisation Bureaucratic Exogenous, Private forest mngt. (Farm trees) Socially embedded Socially embedded Endogenous Traditional forest management

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