This document discusses forest ecosystems. A forest ecosystem is a biological community consisting of interacting plants, animals, microorganisms, and their physical environment within a forest. Forest ecosystems contain biotic factors like plants, animals, and microbes, as well as abiotic factors such as soil, water, and sunlight. The main layers in a forest are the canopy, understory, and forest floor. Some major types of forests discussed are deciduous forests, rainforests, coastal forests, coniferous forests, broadleaf forests, thorn forests, and mangrove forests. Forests provide important ecosystem services like water regulation and carbon absorption, but are threatened by deforestation and habitat degradation. Conservation of forest ecosystems requires sustainable use

1. FOREST ECOSYSTEM
BY: HAMZA SHAMS
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2. Ecosystem & forest-ecosystem
 An ecosystem is a biological community of
interacting organisms and their physical
environment.
 A forest ecosystem is a terrestrial unit of living
organisms (plants, animals and microorganisms), all
interacting among themselves and with the
environment (soil, climate, water and light) in which
they live.
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3. Factors of forest ecosystem
Biotic (living)
 Includes plants, animals, micro-
organisms (producers, consumers,
decomposers)
Abiotic (non-living)
 Rocks, mountain, soil, sunlight,
water, air..
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4. Forests food web..
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5. Generally..
 Has three main layers:
 canopy
 Understory
 forest floor
 In rainforests, coniferous,
coastal, mangrove
forests.
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6. Types of forests
 Generally we have;
1. Deciduous forests
2. Rainforests
1. Tropical rain forests
2. Temperate rain forests
3. Coastal forests
4. Coniferous forests
5. Broad leaves forests
6. Thorn forests
7. Mangrove forestsforest ecosystem
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7. Deciduous forests
 Trees here have large, flat leaves that drop off in the fall and new leaves grow
in spring.
 These grow in places with hot, wet summers and cool, dry winters.
 Light can penetrate easily onto the forest floor.
 Trees include oak, maple, teak and hickory etc.
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8. A glance on deciduous forests
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9. RAINFORESTS
Trees are very tall and leaves are always green.
Ample amount of rain occurs.
Tropical rainforests
 located near the equator.
 One third of the world's tropical rainforests
are in Brazil.
 located in Southeast Asia and the Pacific
Islands (25% of the world's tropical
rainforests) and West Africa (18%).
Temperate rainforests
 found along some coasts in
temperate zones.
 largest temperate rainforests are
found on the Pacific coast of North
America.
 Norway, Japan, New Zealand, and
southern Australia
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10. Continued
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11. Coastal forests
 • Grows in places where
there is lots of rain.
 • Temperature is not too
hot or too cold, just cool.
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12. Eastern hemlock & beech tree
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13. Coniferous forests
 Grow in the Himalayan mountain region
 Temperature is low.
 Have tall trees with needle-like leaves and downward sloping branches so that
the snow can slip off the branches.
 Have cones instead of seeds and are called gymnosperms
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14. Different plants in coniferous forests
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15. A glance of coniferous
forest..
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16. Broad leaves
forests
Broad leaved forests have large
leaves of various shapes and have
several types.
Examples are Silver birch, Ulmus
glabra etc
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17. Trees and shrubs found in broad leaves forests..
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18. Thorn forests
• are found in the semi- arid regions.
• Trees are scattered and are surrounded
by open grassy areas.
• can conserve water.
• Have long and fibrous roots to reach
water at great depths.
• reduce loss of water – some species have
small leaves and some have thick waxy
leaves.
• have thorns – protect plants from
herbivores.
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19. Flora and fauna of thorn forests..
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20. Mangrove forests
• grow along the coast especially in
the river deltas.
• are able to grow in a mix and
saline and fresh water, in muddy
areas.
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21. Flora and fauna of mangrove forests..
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22. Forests map of Pakistan..
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23. Uses of forests
ecosystem
Fruits, flowers, food,
medicines, wood, fodder etc
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24. Services of forest
ecosystem
• Control flow of water
• Watershed protection
• Help increase ground Water level
• Prevent soil erosion
• Control temperature
• Absorb CO2
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25. Threats to forest
ecosystems
• Deforestation
• Poaching
• Overexploitation of
resources
• Development activities
(mining, dams)
• Changing land use
patterns
• Fragmentation
• Habitat degradation
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26. CONSERVATION OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
 Use resources carefully
 Alternate source of energy for fuel wood
 Afforestation
 NP and Wildlife Sanctuaries
 Control population
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27. BE A PART TO KEEP THE BALANCE OF
FORESTS ECOSYSTEM..
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