DNA fingerprinting and other emerging forensic techniques like cheiloscopy (lip fingerprinting) and 3D imaging and photography will help forensic odontology in the future. DNA can be extracted from various body tissues and fluids like blood, saliva, hair, teeth, and bones for identification. Saliva is a rich source of epithelial cells containing nuclear DNA, which can be collected non-invasively from objects like cups, glasses, or facial hair. 3D imaging allows for facial reconstruction from human skulls to identify remains. Analysis of lip prints and salivary alpha-amylase may also provide clues in forensic investigations. These emerging tools will aid in human identification and solving crimes.

1. FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
- A Peek in the Future

2. DR.VIVEKANAND S. REGE
• BDS(Bom),DBM,PGDHHM,FICCDE(Spor)
Oral Oncology Oral Medicine Cert.(USA),
Member of American Society of Forensic
Odontology
• Hon. Dr. to H.E. The Governor of
MAHARASHTRA
• Hon. Dr. to Brihan Mumbai Police Force

4. Embracing The Future

5. FUTURE TOOLS
• DNA FINGER PRINTING
• CHEILOSCOPY- LIP FINGER PRINTING
• 3 D IMAGING & PHOTOGRAPHY
• FORENSIC PHONETICS
• SALIVARY ALFA AMYLASE IN FORENSIC
PSYCHOLOGY

6. DNA FINGERPRINTING
• 1.DNA FINGER PRINTING - BLOOD
• 2. DNA FINGER PRINTING - SALIVA
• 3. DNA FINGER PRINTING - FACIAL HAIR
• 4.DNA FINGER PRINTING – TOOTH
• 5.DNA FINGER PRINTING- BONE
• 6.DNA FINGER PRINTING – TOUCH
• 7.DNA FINGER PRINTING – SEMEN
In any Body tissue sample, DNA remains the same.
Body fluid samples e.g. Blood,Semen,saliva,Sweat
samples air dried at 37 C stores the DNA foever.

7. DNA FINGERPRINTING-SALIVA
• SALIVA is a rich source of Epithelial cells
• Epithelial cells being Nucleated Cells are a rich source of
DNA.
• Nuclear DNA is preferred due to Lower rate of Mutation
than that in Mitochondrial DNA.
• It is readily available
• It is easy to collect samples
• Non-invasive method
• Probability of obtaining higher even in cases other than
murder- from handkerchief, drinking glass/cup , lipstick,
beer mug…..etc.
• Easily recoverable even from skin

8. Obtaining a buccal swab

9. Method of collecting a Buccal swab

10. Proper Insertion into the Container

11. Sources of Obtaining Salivary samples
from a site of crime/suspect
• 1.Handkerchief (Gents /Ladies)
• 2.Cigarette stub
• 3.drinking Glass , Cup , Saucer ,Mug (anyMaterial)
• 4. Lipstick (Ladies)
• 5.Powder Puff(Ladies)
• 6.Tissue Paper- Mouth wipes/Facial wipes
• 7.Any other material /source coming actively in
contact with saliva.

12. DNA Fingerprinting
• Principle : Lysis of the cell using Lysis Buffers
followed with PCR(Polymerase Chain
Reaction)amplification.
• Samples- ANY Nucleated cells-even if Dead
Hence RBCs, Nerve Cells are useless for this
purpose.
• Protocols: Organic, In-Organic,
Magnetic Bead Based, Liquid Handling System

13. Tissue Sources for DNA samples
• 1.Saliva – Fresh & Dried
• 2.Blood- Fresh & Dried
• 3. Sweat
• 4.Any part of skin
• 5. Hair-hair with root , hair shaft
• 6.Nails- Nail Clippings
• 7.Nasal Secretion

14. Tissue Sources for DNA
samples(Contd.)
• 8.Ear wax
• 9.Dandruff
• 10.Urine
• 11.Faecal Matter
• 12. Pus
• 13.Teeth(fresh/dry-dead tooth with dry Pulp)
• 14.Alveolar Bone
• 15.Touch DNA-only 15 cells r enugh samplng Imp.

15. DNA DOUBLE HELIX

16. STR s- Short Tandem Repeats

17. STR analysis of DNA isolated
from a buccal swab

18. HUMAN IDENTIFICATION DNA

19. Maternal Lineage DNA Test
Are you related to a well-known historical figure? Do
you descend from the first settlers in Europe, before
the beginning of the Ice Age over 20,000 years ago?
Perhaps your ancestors were visitors from nearby
Asia or North Africa? Discover this and more with
the Maternal Lineage DNA Test.

20. L O O K for any FACIAL HAIR
A Rich source of DNA-don’t miss it.

21. CHEILOSCOPY – LIP FINGERPRINTING

22. CHEILOSCOPY – LIP FINGERPRINTING
• The Importance of Lip Prints
• Very few people know that just like
fingerprints, even lip prints can be instrumental in
identifying a person positively. Stand before a
mirror and look at your lips carefully. You would
find that they present several fissures and some
other criss-cross lines. You may be surprised to
know that these fissures and criss-cross lines are
different in different people and at many times
can form a very good basis of identification.

23. Recording the Lip Prints
• Put some lipstick over your lips (don't worry if
you are a male; it won't hurt you!) and then
take their impressions on a clean piece of
white paper. The best way for this would be to
fold a paper and then insert the “hinged”
portion of the folded paper between your lips
and press your lips on to the paper. Then take
the paper out and “unfold” it

24. LIP Prints-LIPSTICK

25. LIP PRINT

26. Classification of Lip prints

27. Lip Prints classification (contd.)

28. SREREOSCOPY-3D IMAGING &
PHOTOGRAPHY
• Stereoscopy (also called stereoscopic or 3-D
imaging) refers to a technique for creating or
enhancing the illusion of depth in an image by
presenting two offset images separately to the
left and right eye of the viewer. Both of these
2-D offset images are then combined in the
brain to give the perception of 3-D depth.

29. • Three strategies have been used to accomplish
this:
1. have the viewer wear eyeglasses to combine
separate images from two offset sources,
2. have the viewer wear eyeglasses to filter offset
images from a single source separated to each
eye,
3.or have the lightsource split the images
directionally into the viewer's eyes (no glasses
required; known as Autostereoscopy).

30. SREREOSCOPY-3D IMAGING &
PHOTOGRAPHY

31. 3D Imaging Priciple
• Before exploring the different techniques available, it is
necessary to understand some of the principles and
terminology in 3D imaging. In two-dimensional (2D)
photographs or radiographs, there are two axes (the
vertical and the horizontal axes), while the Cartesian
coordinates system in 3D images consists of the x-axis
(or the transverse dimension), y-axis (or the vertical
dimension), and the z-axis (the anteroposterior
dimension ‘depth axis’). Figure 1⇓ illustrates the right-
handed xyz coordinate system, which is used in 3D
medical imaging. The x-, y- and z-coordinates define a
space in which multidimensional data are represented
and this space is called the 3D space.

32. 3D Imaging in Facial Reconstruction
• Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has evolved greatly in the last two
decades and has found applications in orthodontics, as well as in
oral and maxillofacial surgery. In 3D medical imaging, a set of
anatomical data is collected using diagnostic imaging equipment,
processed by a computer and then displayed on a 2D monitor to
give the illusion of depth. Depth perception causes the image to
appear in 3D.1
• The applications of 3D imaging in orthodontics include pre- and
post-orthodontic assessment of dentoskeletal relationships and
facial aesthetics, auditing orthodontic outcomes with regard to soft
and hard tissues, 3D treatment planning, and 3D soft and hard
tissue prediction (simulation). Three-dimensionally fabricated
custom-made archwires, archiving 3D facial, skeletal and dental
records for in-treatment planning, research and medico-legal
purposes are also among the benefits of using 3D models in
orthodontics.

35. HUMAN SKULL

36. HUMAN SKULL –
FACE RECONSTRUCTION

37. HUMAN SKULLS- MASS DISASTER

38. HUMAN SKULLS -
MASS IDENTIFICATION

39. Traditional forensic facial
reconstruction
• The purpose of forensic facial reconstruction is to produce an image
from a skull which offers a sufficient likeness of the living individual
that it will facilitate identification of skeletal remains when there are
no other means available. Although facial reconstruction had begun
in the nineteenth century, the method gained notoriety with the work
of Gerasimov (1968), depicted on film in Gorky Park. These
traditional 'plastic' methods (Isçan and Helmer 1993, Snow et al.
1970) use modelling clay or plasticine to build up the depth of tissue
on the skull (or a cast of the skull) to that of a living individual. Tissue
depths are known for 'landmark' sites on the skull; the depths
elsewhere are interpolated between these points (Figure 1) and then
into the interstices (Figure 2). The shape of the eyes, nose and
mouth cannot be confidently predicted and are largely guesswork
(Figure 3). Even for skilled practitioners, plastic reconstructions take
one or two days. The results obtained will differ between
reconstructions and between practitioners

40. Figure 1 Establishment of tissue
depths at landmark sites on the skull
(in white) and the interpolation
between these sites.

41. Figure 2. Interpolation of tissue depths
into the interstices.

42. Figure 3. Completed "plastic"
reconstruction. The shape of the eyes,
nose and mouth are guesswork.

43. Forensic Phonetics
• What is forensic phonetics?
A branch of phonetics
(and forensic Linguistics and forensic science)
concerned with research on and analysis of
aspects of speech that are relevant for the
legal system.

44. ANATOMY OF PHONETICS

45. FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY-
Role of Salivary Alfa Amylase

46. Stress-induced changes in human
salivary alpha-amylase activity—
associations with adrenergic activity
• The salivary enzyme alpha-amylase has been
proposed to indicate stress-reactive bodily changes.
A previous study by the authors revealed marked
increases in salivary alpha-amylase following
psychosocial stress, indicating a stress-dependent
activation of salivary alpha-amylase. Salivary alpha-
amylase has been suggested to reflect
catecholaminergic reactivity.
Our aim was to assess/evaluate a possible
relationship between salivary alpha-amylase and
adrenergic parameters, i.e. catecholamines, as well
as other stress markers.

49. Salivary alpha-amylase is sensitive
to psychosocial stress. Since it does
not seem to be closely related to
other biological stress markers such
as catecholamines and cortisol,
salivary alpha-amylase may be a
useful additional parameter for the
measurement of stress.

50. ADMITTING CRIME- BODY LANGUAGE

51. FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY WINS !

52. “ I am very Grateful to you all ! ”
vsrege @hotmail.com