dealing with the proper handling, examination & evaluation of dental evidences and with the proper presentation of dental findings in the interest of justice.
Here's an introduction to the field of Forensic Odontology; role and scope. A summary of the type of cases where the expertise of an odontologist is required. Special emphasis is given on the dental profiling.
Whenever there is a crime, the culprit leaves some type of evidence. Bitemark is a very peculiar and main evidence for a Forensic Odontologist who studies and tells whether the mark is superficial or cutaneous
This presentation is on forensic odontology, also known as forensic dentistry. It encompasses the role and scope of dentistry in identification of individuals in mass disasters.
The branch of dentistry which – in the interests of justice – deals with the proper handling and examination of dental evidence and with the proper evaluation and presentation of dental findings. - Keiser Neilsen - 1970
dealing with the proper handling, examination & evaluation of dental evidences and with the proper presentation of dental findings in the interest of justice.
Here's an introduction to the field of Forensic Odontology; role and scope. A summary of the type of cases where the expertise of an odontologist is required. Special emphasis is given on the dental profiling.
Whenever there is a crime, the culprit leaves some type of evidence. Bitemark is a very peculiar and main evidence for a Forensic Odontologist who studies and tells whether the mark is superficial or cutaneous
This presentation is on forensic odontology, also known as forensic dentistry. It encompasses the role and scope of dentistry in identification of individuals in mass disasters.
The branch of dentistry which – in the interests of justice – deals with the proper handling and examination of dental evidence and with the proper evaluation and presentation of dental findings. - Keiser Neilsen - 1970
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Forensic dentistry is the complete evaluation and examination of dental evidence to aid in administration of criminal as well as civil justice.
Medicolegal significance of teeth, bite marks, dental development ( from neonates to adults and changes at old age )
Used for identification, racial significance in mass disasters, mutilated bodies, DNA analysis, toxicological analysis in cases of poisoning.
Age estimation in civil cases, solving discrepancy of age for athletes playing sports for national and international academy.
various others importance too.
orthodontic epidemiological indices
Occlusal Feature Index (Poulton & Aaronson, 1961)
Index of Tooth Position (Massler & Frankel, 1951)
Malalignment Index (Van Kirk & Pennel, 1959)
The Bjork Method (1964)
Summers’ Occlusal Index (1971)
The FDI method (Baume et al, 1973)
Little’s Irregularity Index (1975)
Handicapping Labio-lingual Deviation index (HLD) (Draker, 1960, 1967)
Swedish Medical Board Index (SMHB 1966; Linder Aronson, 1974, 1976)
Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) (Cons et al, 1986)
Index of Orthodontic treatment Need (IOTN) (Brook & Shaw, 1989)
Index of Complexity, Outcome & Need (ICON) (Daniel & Richmond, 2000)
Peer Assessment Rating Index (PAR) (Richmond et al, 1992)
"Certainly going back to Sherlock Holmes we have a tradition of forensic science featured in detective stories.”- Jeffrey Deaver.
With time, forensic dentistry have come along, shaking hands with forensic science and gradually taking an important position in the field of forensic science.
Forensic odontology is the branch of dentistry which, in the interest of justice, deals with the proper handling and examination of dental evidence, and with the proper evaluation and presentation of dental findings. Forensic odontologists delve into: identifying unknown human remains, victim’s identification in mass disaster, electing the picture of life style and diet of skeletal remains at forensic and archaeological sites, assessing sex of skeletal remains, age estimation of both living and deceased, analysis and identification of bite marks at crime scenes.
It is the branch of science that applies dental knowledge in civil and criminal investigations. Along with other healthcare providers, dentists encounter cases of injuries which could be non-accidental. Detection, interpretation and management are important from a legal and humanitarian point of view. Dentists should be aware of the legal impact those cases have, and should refer them to the appropriate authorities for suitable action.
Today we consider forensic odontology to be a specialised and reliable method of identification of the deceased, particularly in multiple fatality incidents. Forensic Odontology has established itself as an important, often indispensable, in medicolegal cases, in particular for identification of the dead.
Forensic Odontology is defined as that branch of dentistry which, in the interest of justice, deals with the proper handling and examination of dental evidence with proper evaluation and presentation of dental findings.
Forensic Odontology - A Science within a Scienceasclepiuspdfs
Forensic odontology, a branch of forensic sciences, uses the skill of the dentist in personal identification during mass calamities, gender assault, and child abuse. Its role in the judiciary is of much importance by providing the required information, which will help the legal authorities to recognize negligence, malpractice, abuse, and identification of unknown individuals. The applications of forensic odontology in crime investigations include the identification of teeth that are used as weapons may provide information regarding the identity of the biter. Forensic odontology employs various methods that play a major role in the identification of individuals who cannot be identified individually or by other means.
this seminar consist of INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
DEFINITION & CLASSIFICATION
ETIOLOGY
HISTOGENESIS OF DENTAL CARIES
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF DENTAL CARIES
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
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2. INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC.
DENTAL IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES.
1. COMPARATIVE DENTAL IDENTIFICATION.
IDENTIFICATION IN DISASTERS.
IDENTIFICATION FROM DENTAL DNA.
IDENTIFICATION FROM PALATAL RUGAE .
2.DENTAL PROFILING.
IDENTIFYING ETHNIC ORIGIN FROM TEETH.
SEX DIFFERENTIATION.
BY CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY &
DIMENSIONS.
BY TOOTH SIZE.
BY DNA ANALYSIS.
3. The word FORENSIC is derived from the latin
word forensis ,which means “before the
forum”.
Forensic odontology is defined by Federation
Dentaire Internationale ( FDI ) as ‘that branch
of dentistry which , in the interest of justice,
deals with the proper handling and
examination of dental evidence , and with the
proper evaluation and presentation of dental
findings’ .
Role of forensic Odontology :
1. Record preparation :the correct handling and
examination ,the proper preparation of
dental evidence in both civil and criminal
legal procedures .
4. 2. Identification: Personal identification,
either individually or in content of mass
disaster.
3. Bite mark investigation: Identification of
criminal cases where the bite marks are
involved and the interpretation of bite
marks.
4. Human abuse: recognition of domestic and
child abuse.
5.Legal aspect of dental traumatology.
6.Others: forensic odontology also deals with
age assessment of patient & comparison &
identification of lip print.
5. Forensic odontology is concerned with the
identification of both living and deceased
person.
ISSUES OF DEATH INVESTIGATION
1. Cause of death :The Sequence which initiated
the death of person like physical, chemical
injury or disease of person.
2. Mechanism of death: the pathological process
which result in death.
3. Mode or manner of death: whether it is
natural, accidental, suicidal or homicide.
4. Undetermined death: the manner of death is
not established due to decomposition,
dismemberment or post-mortem destruction
remains by insect or fetal animals.
6. There are two forms of dental identification :
1. Comparative dental identification .
2. Dental profiling .
1.COMPARATIVE DENTAL IDENTIFICATION :
The circumstances of death may give adequate
information of possible identity of decedent.
It is conventional method of Postmortem dental
identification & include 4 steps :
1.Oral autopsy.
2.Obtaining dental records.
3.Comparing post & Antemortem dental data.
4.Writing a report &drawing conclusion.
7. It is also known as post-mortem examination ,
involves examining the deceased usually with
dissection to expose the organs to determine
the cause of death.
Oral examination is ideally an essential part of
the Postmortem examination.
Forensic dentist who conduct oral autopsy
should have adequate knowledge about
common Postmortem findings such as rigor
mortis ,livor mortis, decomposition &
Postmortem artefacts
8. 2.OBTAINING DENTAL RECORDS :
• Dental records contain information of treatment
undergone & dental status of a person during
his/her lifetime & constitute the ante-mortem
dental data .
3.COMPARING POST &
ANTEMORTEM DENTAL DATA :
Following postmortem examination &
transcription of antemortem data,the two
odontograms are compared .
Featured evaluated include tooth morphology &
associated bony structures pathology & dental
restorations .
9. 1.Positive identification –this indicated the ante &
post-mortem dental data match each other .
It includes post & ante-mortem radiographs.
2. Probable identification :there is high level of
concordance between two sets of data but may lack
radiographic support .
3. Possible identification :the post &ante mortem data
are in agreement but the available information is
insufficient , usually in terms of quality.
4.Insufficient information :the available ante &
postmortem is minimal/insufficient to drive a
conclusion on identity of deceased.
5.Excludes identification: the data is clearly
inconsistent.
10.
11. TOOTH PRINTS are pattern formed by the
enamel rod ends at the crown surface of
tooth .
Manjunath & co-workers recorded the
enamel rod end pattern using acetate peel
technique.
12.
13. Disaster refers to natural calamities such as earth
quake ,floods & tsunami & accidental, man-made
events such as air plane clashes or terrorist
attacks – that result in multiple human fatalities.
DENTAL SECTION :
Forensic dentists are part of a team of
identification specialist that include
anthropologists & finger print experts , to name a
few:
The division of odontology section are in 3
subsections
1.Postmortem unit.
2.Antemortem unit.
3.Comparison & identification unit.
14. The conventional method of dental identification
described thus far requires one base element
that may not always be readily available –DENTAL
RECORDS.
Pretty & sweet state that TEETH are an excellent
source of DNA
Potsh & co workers successfully extracted DNA
from the pulp of teeth recovered from
decomposed & burned bodies , as well as victims
of air crashes.
Techniques: Polymerase chain reaction allows
amplification of highly degraded DNA.
Types of DNA :pretty & sweet have pointed out
use of 2types of DNA.
1. Genomic or nuclear DNA : located in nucleus
of cells & commonly used in forensic cases .
2.mitochondrial DNA :present in Mitochondria of
cells.
15. Sweet & Hildebrand- method known as
cryogenic grinding for extraction of DNA.
Major drawback of cryogenic grinding is that
the tooth needs to be completely crushed .
Since then....
Trivedi & coworkers have sugessted a less
destructive method for DNA isolation . This
involve accessing the root canals through an
opening similar to that made during RCT .
16. This is a useful method of identifying
edentulous individuals.
Palatal rugae are ridges on the anterior part
of the palatal mucosa on each side of mid-
palatine raphae , behind the incissive papilla.
CLASSIFICATION of palatal rugae :-lysel
quoted & he measured rugae in straight
line,from their origin on the medial side to
terminus on the lateral and divided them into
3 types:
1.Primary Rugae (more than 5mm).
2.Secondary Rugae (3-5mm).
3.Fragmentary Rugae (less than 3mm).
17. Analysis of rugae pattern :
Thomas & van wyk manually traced rugae
patterns from ante mortem & post mortem
dentures onto clear acetate (transparent
plastic sheets)
Limson & julion developed a computer
software program which makes use of
principal commonly employed in fingerprint
analysis( 97% accuracy)
22. It includes triad of information :
ETHNIC ORIGIN
SEX AGE
DETERMINATION DETERMINATION
23. 1.GENETIC & ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON
TEETH :
Teeth have proven to be significant in the study
of human variation.
Dental features used to describe population
differences are broadly categorized as METRIC
(Tooth size ) & NON METRIC ( Tooth shape)traits.
METRIC TRAITS are based on measurements.
• Townsend cities numerous studies which indicate
metric triats as being considerably influenced by
intraoral environment factors (e.g., missing
lateral incisor )cause compensatory increase in
central incisor.
24. Non metric traits defined in terms of presence
& absence of a particular feature of a tooth.
Shoveling : it refers to the presence of mesial
& distal marginal ridge on the lingual surfaces
of the maxillary & mandibular anterior teeth.
Carabelli‘s trait : the carabelli’s cusp, or
tubercle of carabelli ,is a cingular derivative
expressed on the mesiolingual /mesiopalatal
cusp of maxillary molar. In Indians , it is
reported to be present in 26% of the
population.
Three cusped maxillary second molar : the
distopalatal cusp of maxillary molars is usually
retained on the first molar , but tensed to be
reduced size or absent on the second
molar.(34%)
25. Wingling :it is an indirect crown trait.it is
characterized by the bilateral labial rotation of
the distal margins of maxillary central incisor.
The Incisal edge of the central incisor taken
together, appears ‘V’ shaped from the occlusal
aspect (16% of Indians ).
Cusp 5: This is characterized by the presence
of occlusal tubercles on the distal marginal
ridge of maxillary molar(S),particularly first
molar .(75% of indians)
Cusp 6 : an additional cusp between distal &
distolingual cusp of mandibular molar
(S),particularly the first molar ,is referred to as
cusp 6.(57% of indians)
26. Cusp 7 : an additional cusp expressed between the
lingual cusps of mandibular molar(S) ,particularly
first molar .(21% of Indians)
Mandibular groove pattern : occlusal groove
pattern on the mandibular molars , particularly
the second molar , is the result of varying modes
of cusp contact at the central fossa.
• When the mesiolingual & distobuccal cusp are in
contact ,the resultant groove pattern is referred
to as ‘Y’ groove.
• When the mesiobuccal & distolingual cusp are in
contact at the central fossa , the groove pattern is
known as ‘X’ groove.
• When all major cusps are in contact at the central
fossa , the groove pattern takes the form of a ‘+’
sign.
• Four cusped mandibular molars : conventionally
,the mandibular first molar is considered to have
5cusps while the second molar is regarded as
having four.
27.
28.
29.
30. Assessing the sex, of unknown human
skeletal remains in the second step in the
triad of building a dental profile. Sex can be
assessed based on data from morphology of
skull & mandible ,tooth measurement and by
analysis of DNA from teeth.
31. SKULL FEATURES MALE FEMALE
SIZE/ARCHITECTURE BIG/RUGGED SMALL/SMOOTH
FRONTAL&PARIETAL
EMINENCE
SMALL LARGE
FOREHEAD SLOPING VERTICAL
SUPRAORBITAL
RIDGES
MEDIUM TO LARGE SMALL TO MEDIUM
GLABELLA MODERATE TO
MARKED CURVE
FLIGHT OR SLIGHT CURVE
ORBITS SQUARED,LOW,
ROUNDED MARGINS
ROUNDED,HIGH,SHARP
MARGINS.
NASAL APERTURE HIGH, THIN
MARGINS
LOWER,WIDER ROUNDED
MARGINS
ZYGOMATIC ARCH EXTENDS DOES NOT
OCCIPETAL MUSCLE LINES
MARKED
MUSCLE LINES NOT MARKED
MASTOID PROCESS MEDIUM TO LARGE SMALL TO MEDIUM
OCCIPETAL CONDYES LARGE SMALL
32. SKULL FEATURES MALE FEMALE
GLENOID FOSSA DEEP SHALLOW
FORAMEN MAGNUM LARGE & LONG SMALL & ROUND
PALATE LARGE, U SHAPED SMALLER
,PARABOLIC
MANDIBULAR
FEATURES:
GENERAL
LARGE ,BROAD
ADSCENDING RAMUS
SMALL, NARROW
ASCENDING RAMUS
CONDYLES LARGE SMALL
SHAPE OF CHIN SQUARE ROUNDED/ POINTED
GONIAL ANGLE LESS OBTUSE
,FLARES
MORE OBTUSE,DOES
NOT FLARE
BODY HEIGHT HIGH SYMPHYSIS LOW SYMPHYSIS
35. Forensic DNA analysis for sex determination can give
highly accurate results.
Sevagani and co workers state “Amelogenin” is one
of the major matrix protein secreted by the
Ameloblasts of the enamel.
The amelogenin gene, coding for a highly conserved
protein ,is located on the “X” &“Y” chromosomes in
humans.
The two alleles are similar for the exonic sequence
but differ in intronic sequences.
Thus the females have two identical amelogenin
genes (XX). Males have two non identical genes ( XY )
Preparing DNA from teeth by ultrasonication &
subsequent PCR amplification, these authors
obtained 100% success.