In these presentation we will discuss about what is facial reconstruction , how many types of methods in this technique and also we will discuss some facial landmarks through which this technique is done.

1. FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION
FORENSIC BIOLOGY
PRESENTED TO :- PRESENTED BY :-
PROF. SIDDHI SOHANI MA’AM SANT SINGH THAKUR
M.Sc. 2ST SEMESTER

2. CONTENT
 Preface
 Forensic facial reconstruction
 History
 Things to remember during reconstruction
 Landmarks of facial reconstruction
 Facial reconstruction technique
 Limitation of facial reconstruction
 Forensic importance

3. PREFACE
 Facial reconstruction is a method used in the forensic field when a crime involves unidentified skeleton {skull}
remains.
 Facial reconstruction is usually performed by a Sculptor who is an expert in facial anatomy.

4. FORENSIC FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION
 Forensic facial reconstruction is also known as forensic
facial approximation.
 A technique used to aid in building an “alive” face out
of skeleton remains of an unknown identify and
reproduction of facial features is based upon the soft
tissue thicknesses over the underlying bony structure
of the skull , for the purpose of identifying an unknown
person.

5. HISTORY
 First facial reconstruction was done by a German anatomist wilheim and his in 1885.
 Welcker , a German physiologist and anatomist first of all used anthropometrical landmarks on the face and
measured the depth of penetration. This is called as “Welcker facial reconstruction technique”.
 In 1946,wilton maria krogman defined five basic principals to modify the methods of reconstruction of soft
tissue of the face i.e. relation to the eyeball to orbit, shape of the nose tip, ear location, mouth width and ear
length.
 Computerized reconstruction was first studied at London college university in the 1980’s where a cranial
reconstruction procedure was carried out by using a laser like scanner and video camera.

6. THINGS TO REMEMBER DURING RECONSTRUCTION
 The skull provides clues to personal appearance.
1. Brow ridge
2. Distance between the eye orbit {sockets}
3. Shape of the nasal chamber
4. Shape and projection of the nasal bones
5. Form of chin, etc.
 Using these bones, artist and forensic anthropologist work together to reconstruct facial appearance through the process
of forensic facial reconstruction using clay, 21 osteometric markers are usually applied to the face.

7. LANDMARKS OF FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION
1. Supra-glabella 11. Frontal eminence
2. Glabella 12. Supra orbital
3. Nasion 13. Sub orbital
4. Nasals 14. Inferior malar
5. Mid philtrum 15. lateral orbit
6.Upper lip margin 16. Zygomatic arch-
midway
7. Lower lip margin 17. Supra glenoid
8. Chin lip fold 18. Gonion
9. Mental eminence 19. Supra M2
10.Beneath chin 20. Occlusal line
21. Sub M2

8. FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
 The reconstruction techniques can be divided into two types :
 2-Dimensional technique
 3-Dimensional technique

9. 2-D FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION
 Based on the ante mortem photographs, and the skull.
 Occasionally skull radiographs are used but this is not ideal since
many cranial structures are not visible or at the correct scale.
 It is used when the human skeletal or the face has so much damage
that it is impossible to identify.
 Commonly used method, was pioneered by Karen T. Taylor.
 Tyalor’s method involve adhering tissue depth marker on an
unidentified skull at various anthropological landmarks, then
photographing the skull.
 Life-size or one-to-one frontal are lateral photographs prints are
then used as a foundation for facial drawings done on transparent
vellum.

10. SOFTWARE FOR 2-D FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION
 Various computer software programs are used now a days, which can quickly produce 2D construction and
can be edited and manipulated. The software programs are-
1. CARES { computer assisted recovery enhancement system }
2. FACES { Forensic anthropology computer enhancement system }

11. 3-D FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION
3-D Facial reconstruction is divided into two parts-
1. Manual Method
 Anthropometrical method / tissue depth method
 Anatomical Russian method
 Combination Manchester / British method
2. Computerized Method

12. MANUAL METHOD
 Facial reconstruction is done by using clay, plastic or wax victim’s skull or the skull which is has to be
identified.
 It requires the use of tissue depth markers of specified length to represent different soft tissue depth.
 These markers are inserted into small holes on the skull cast at specific landmarks.
 Anthropometrical Method / tissue depth method.
 Anatomical Russian method
 Combination Manchester / British method

13. ANTHROPOMETRICAL AMERICAN
 Also known as tissue depth method.
 It was developed by Dr. Wilton krogman in 1946.
 Mostly used by law enforcement agencies for the development of the previously unidentified body.

14. PROCEDURE
 The skull is mounted onto a table using a short pipe to hold it steady.
 A tissue marker scale is chosen, based on gender, race and weight of the unidentified person.
 Tissue markers are cut using the tissue marker scale.
 Tissue markers are glued onto the proper places on the skull.
 Artificial eyes are put into the eye sockets.
 Clay is spread onto the skull, using the tissue markers as guided.
 The clay is painted to add eyebrows, lips and cheek colour, facial colour and other details.
 Hair, clothing and accessories are added to finish the reconstruction.

15. ANATOMICAL RUSSIAN METHOD
 This method was developed by Russian anthropologist, Mikhail M. Gerasimov in 1971.
 Facial muscles were used in anatomical position.
 In this method, reconstruction was done by shaping muscles, glands and cartilage onto the skull layer by
layer.
 This method is much slower than the American method and a greater degree of anatomical knowledge is
required.
 The skull gives information about the origin and insertion of the facial muscles or where the muscles begin
and end.
 These parameters are interpreted by specialist with a thorough knowledge of human and comparative
anatomy, provides the information necessary to produce a competent reconstruction from the skull.

16. COMBINATION MANCHESTER METHOD
 It was developed by Neave in 1977.
 This technique uses all the skeletal details of the skull to establish facial detail and form, and relies on the
tissue thickness as a guide to soft tissue depth.
 It is a worldwide accepted and most accurate technique of facial reconstruction.

17. PROCEDURE
 First of a skull is cleaned, if any damage or fragmented areas are present they are repaired by using wax.
 Then a mandible is again reattached with wax, according to the alignment of the teeth, or if no teeth is
present they are made by modelling clay.
 After correcting the skull, its cast is prepared on which reconstruction is done.
 After the cast is set, they are attached with tissue depth markers on their specific landmarks.
 These sites represent the average facial tissue thickness of a person.

18. PROCEDURE
 First the facial muscles are layered onto the cast in
the following order-
1. Temporalis
2. Masseter
3. Buccinator
4. Occipito-frontals
 Then the soft tissue of neck are layered onto the
skull.
 Next the nose and lips are reconstructed.
 The muscles of facial expression and the soft
tissues around the eyes are added next.

19. PROCEDURE
 Now the ears are added, and finally the face is “fleshed”, means the clay is added until the tissue depth
markers are covered.
 At last any specific characterization such as hair, wrinkles on the skin, noted racial traits, glasses etc. are
added.

20. COMPUTERIZED 3-D METHOD
 This technology is fast, efficient and cost effective.
 The advantages of the computerized method over the manual clay reconstruction are speed, rapid editing, production of
image can be stored.
METHOD-
 A database of head models {both skull and faces} and soft tissue depth with their personal characteristics {age, sex, race and
faces } is required.
 By using the same relationship between soft tissue depth and the underlying bone as used in clay reconstruction the
computer generates an image.
 The cyberware colour laser scanner and the graphic software are used to generates a representation of the scanned skull as
a matrix made up of a number of latitudes and longitudes.

21. COMPUTERIZED 3-D METHOD
 The skull is positioned in a padded head holder.
 As the skull rotates on the platform the longitude changes and ‘Radius’ {the distance from the centre of the
platform to the surface of the object nearest to the scanner} is measured for each latitude.
 Thus a ‘wire-frame’ is constructed .
 Finally, the use of animation facilities allows the display of a moving image in a variety of lighting condition
and a range of versions of the reconstruction.
 CT and MRI are the latest scanning methods used to precisely detect the margins of bone and soft tissues of
various kinds and to make accurate measurement of tissue depth.

22. SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTERIZED 3-D METHOD
 Some computerized system used 3-d animation
software {free from modelling plus tm; sensible
technologies, Wilmington MA } to model a face onto
the skull.
 E-FIT tm is a “facial composite software” which
enables a trained operator to produce an accurate
“type-likeness” of a criminal suspect based upon
witness’s description of the facial appearance.

23. LIMITATION OF FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION
 Correlation between the bony features of the skull and the soft tissue of the face remains weak.
 Variability of facial muscles is high in both structure and presence wheras some muscles d not attach to the skull directly.
 Rebuilding of muscles from hard tissues is difficult.
 Final appearance of face is greatly impacted by subcutaneous fat in the face and there is no way to predict the level of
this fat .
 Insufficient tissue thickness data {average tissue depth is calculated according to the reference samples}.

24. FORENSIC IMPORTANCE
 Forensic facial reconstruction can be used as an important forensic tool which may help in facial recognition
of the skull and ultimately lead to positive identification of an individual.

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