This presentation is on forensic odontology, also known as forensic dentistry. It encompasses the role and scope of dentistry in identification of individuals in mass disasters.

1. Forensic Odontology/Dentistry:-
Development & scope,Role in mass di
saster
Presented By:-
Ravi Tanwar
M.sc forensic science
M.D.U. Rohtak
Presented To:-
Mr. sourabh Bhargava

2. Introduction
Forensic dentistry:- It is defined as the app
lication of dental expertise to legal system
or for the purpose of law or justice.
Its scope includes:
1.The identification of unknown remains by
teeth, jaw and craniofacial bones.
2.Analysis of orofacial trauma associated wi
th personal abuse.
3.Dental Jurisprudence

3. Forensic Odontology (Forensic Dentis
try)
 Identification: Comparing antemortem (AM) & post
mortem (PM) records
 burnt,mutilated, decomposing remains
 Estimation of age
 Race, occupation, sex
 Bite marks
 Diagnosis of poisoning

4.  This specialized area of dentistry includes the gath
ering and interpretation of dental and related evide
nce.
 Forensic dental evidence ranges from the identifica
tion of persons using dental records to the identific
ation and analysis of bitemarks on an object such a
s a food item, or a bitemark on a victim compared t
o a suspect, or on a suspect compared to a victim
to the estimation of a person’s age based upon d
ental development or other characteristics

5. HISTORY
The Garden of Eden: Vale wrote in 2005, “It is alwa
ys tempting to suggest that the history of bitemark ev
idence [and hence forensic dentistry] began with the
eating of forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden.” foren
sic odontologists and court reporters were very rare a
t that time; there is no dependable record of the even
t, analysis, comparisons, or testimony. Moreover, there
were a limited number of suspects in this closed-popu
lation case and the suspects reportedly confessed.

6. Structure of Human Teeth
 The tooth consists of 3
hard tissues
 1. Enamel 2. Dentin 3.
Cementum
 Each tooth has a crown
and a root, the crown is
a visible portion that pro
trudes above the gingiv
a and root is the portion
embedded in the socket.

7. Structure of Human Teeth
 The outer layer of crown is covered by enamel
( which is the hardest tissue of human body). Und
erneath the enamel lies dentin which forms the bul
k of crown and root.
 In the centre of tooth lies pulp, a soft tissue.
 The root is surrounded by thin layer of bone like tis
sue called as cementum.
 The fibrous tissue called as periodontal ligaments
holds tooth in socket

8. The Dentitions
 Primary dentition
 Mixed dentition
 Permanent dentition

9. Primary dentition
 Also called as milk teeth or temporary teeth.
 Teeth are 20 in number
 Their function is mastication and space maintenan
ce.
 They are smaller in size
 The cusps are pointed and the crowns are bulbou
s/bulky
 The roots are shorter and widely diverging

10. The Mixed Dentition
 Occurs between approximately 6 and 12 years of
age. Both primary and permanent teeth are prese
nt during this transitional period.
 The mixed dentition period begins with the eruptio
n of the first permanent tooth, which is a permane
nt mandibular first molar.
 This period ends with shedding of the last primary
tooth.

11. The Permanent Dentition
 This period begins with shedding of the last primary to
oth.
 Permanent teeth are 32 in number.
 Main function is mastication, aesthetics and speech.
 Larger in size
 Cusps are blunt and crowns are not bulbous/bulky
 Roots are less diverging

12. The Dental Arches
 The maxillary arch (upper) is actually part of the
skull and is fixed and not capable of movement. T
he teeth are set in the maxilla bone.
 The mandibular arch (lower) is capable of move
ment through the action of the TMJ (Temporo m
andibular joint, it connects the mandible to the s
kull) . The mandible is the bone that supports the
lower arch of teeth, thus the name mandibular arc
h.
 Occlusion is the natural contact between the ma
xillary and mandibular teeth in all positions.

13. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Fig: The midline, quadrants, anterior teeth, and posterior teeth.

14. Types and Functions of Teet
h
 Humans eat both meat and plants.
 To accommodate this variety in diet, teeth are de
signed for cutting, tearing, and grinding different
types of food.
 The permanent dentition is divided into four type
s of teeth:
• Incisors
• Canines
• Premolars
• Molars

15. Types of Teeth in the Primary D
entition
 The primary dentition has:
• Incisors
• Canines
• Molars
 There are no premolars in the primary dentition.

16. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Fig. Occlusal view of the primary dentition.

17. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Fig. Occlusal view of the permanent dentition.

18. Incisor Teeth
 Are single-rooted teeth with a relatively sharp and thin
edge.
 Incisor means “that which makes an incision, or cu
t.” .
 They are 8 in number
 The teeth on the either side of midline is called as first
incisor or central incisor
 The incisor on distal aspect of each central incisors ar
e called as lateral incisors
 The incisors have a single cone shaped root
 Functions-The incisors form incising or cutting blade o
f human masticatory apparatus,the lower moves again
st the upper incisor and help in biting, 2. Aesthetics 3.

19. Incisor

20. Canine Teeth
 Also known as cuspids.
 Located at the "corner" of the arch.
 Designed for cutting and tearing foods.
 Are the longest teeth in the human dentition.
 They have the longest root .
 Because of its sturdy crown, long root, and locat
ion in the arch, the canine is referred to as the c
ornerstone of the dental arch.

21. Canine Teeth
 They have single conical
cusps, There are total 4 c
anines, one in each quad
rant.
 In the case of animals th
e canines are used for te
aring, digging, piercing. I
ncase of human teeth ca
nines are used for tearing
of food.

23. Premolar Teeth
 There are four maxillary and four mandibular premol
ars.
 The premolars, also known as bicuspids, as they ha
ve two cusps.
 The pointed buccal cusps hold the food while the lin
gual cusps grind it.
 Premolars occupy a position between canine and m
olar
 They are 8 premolars in permanent dentition.
 Premolars are absent in milk dentition or temporar
y dentition.
 Help molars in grinding of food

24. Premolars

25. Molar Teeth
 Molars are much larger than premolars, usually
having four or more cusps.
 The function of the molars is to chew or grind up
food.
 The molars have more cusps than the other teet
h. There are four or five cusps on the occlusal
(biting) surface of each molar, depending on its l
ocation.
 Maxillary and mandibular molars differ greatly fr
om each other in shape, size, number of cusps,
and roots.

26. Molar Teeth
 There are 3 permanent molars in each quadrant
 Molars are not succedaneous (permanent tooth t
hat replaces a primary (deciduous) tooth).
 They have 4-5 cusps (A cusp is an occlusal or inc
isal eminence on a tooth). and 2-3 roots
 They help in mastication and grinding of food

27. Molars

28. Role of Forensic Dentistry in Mass
Disaster
 When the number of deceased or injured exceeds
the capacity of local jurisdiction responsible for for
ensic investigation is termed as mass disaster.
 In such situation there are 2 teams,
 1. Site Team-it is involved in collection of post mor
tem information,
 2. Home Team-It is responsible for collection of an
te mortem records. Once the ante mortem and po
st mortem records are compared, they may yield i
nformation about age, racial origin, past dental his
tory of individuals.

29. Forensic Dental Organization
Identification Center Chief
Forensic Dentistry Chief
Antemortem Den
tal Record Sectio
n
Postmortem Dental
Exam & Radiology
Section
Postmortem re
cord & compa
rison section

30.  The Computer Assisted Postmortem Identificatio
n (CAPMI). The basic principle is one in whic
h antemortem and postmortem databases are
built using the information charted on the ante
mortem and postmortem forms. These two dat
abases are run against each other and the possibil
ities of matches are ranked to produce a most likel
y identities list. This list is then used by the forensic
team to assist in the final ID process.

Antemortem Charting

31. Milk Dentition
Maxillary Teeth Time of Eruption
Central Incisor (CI) 7-8 Months
Lateral Incisor (LI) 7-9 Months
Canines 17-18 Months
First Molar 10-12 Months
Second Molar 22-24 Months

32. Milk Dentition
Mandibular Teeth Time of Eruption
Central Incisor (CI) 6-7 Months
Lateral Incisor (LI) 8-9 Months
Canines 16-17 Months
First Molar 11-12 Months
Second Molar 20-22 Months

33. Permanent Dentition
Maxillary Teeth Time of Eruption
Central Incisor (CI) 7-8 Years
Lateral Incisor (LI) 8-9 Years
Canines 11-12 Years
First premolar 10-12 Years
Second Premolar 10-12 Years
First Molar 6-7 Years
Second Molar 11-13 Years
Third Molar 18-23 Years

34. Permanent Dentition
Mandibular Teeth Time of Eruption
Central Incisor (CI) 6-7 Years
Lateral Incisor (LI) 7-8 Years
Canines 9-10 Years
First premolar 10-12 Years
Second Premolar 11-12 Years
First Molar 6-7 Years
Second Molar 11-13 Years
Third Molar 18-22 Years

35. CaseStudy
 On December 26, 2004, a 9.4 Richter scale earth
quake occurred north of Sumatra Island and a for
ensic investigation was required for identification o
f tsunami disaster victims. In general, the purpose
of an investigation was to identify the victim, to det
ermine the time and place of death along with the
cause and manner of death. In case of tsunami di
saster, the main purpose of forensic investigation
was the identification of victims.

36.  As of 27 July 2005, 7 months after the disaster, T
TVI (Thai tsunami victim identification ) had identifi
ed 2010 victims, with over 1800 cadavers remaini
ng unidentified. Sixty one percent of victims were i
dentified by TTVI using dental examinations, 19%
using finger print records, 1.3% using DNA analysi
s, 0.3% using physical evidence and 18% of case
s, more than one type of evidence.