Kindly Find the presentation presented by Dr. Shanmuganandham, Forensic Odontologist GeneXplore Diagnostics & Research Centre Pvt Ltd, Brazil in the National Webinar conducted on 12.05.2020 by Legal Saviour

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Exploring the spiral of life…….
Dr. D.Shanmuganandham, BDS,
MSc(F.Odont)
Research Associate

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• PC-PNDT 1994 Act
• NABL ID “M-1255”
• DSIR – Applied
Recognition

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“An insight into Dental Evidence
as an Expert’s Witness”

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Objective
• The ability to identify types of dental evidence. This includes the various
transfer surfaces and materials that may capture dental evidence.
• Appreciate the forensic identification significance and limitations of these
categories of dental evidence.
• Properly document, collect and preserve these categories of dental physical
and biological evidence.
• Knowledge of dental materials and supplies associated with evidence
collection and preservation.

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Evidence
Evidence, broadly construed, is anything presented in
support of an assertion.[1] This support may be strong or
weak. The strongest type of evidence is that which provides
direct proof of the truth of an assertion.

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Types of Evidence[2]
• Direct evidence
• Circumstantial evidence
• Anecdotal evidence
• Character evidence
• Demonstrative evidence
• Digital/Electronic evidence
• Documentary evidence
• Exculpatory evidence
• Forensic evidence
• Hearsay evidence
• Physical evidence
• Prima facie evidence
• Statistical evidence
• Testimonial evidence
• Judicial evidence
• Non-judicial evidence
• Primary evidence
• Secondary evidence
• Real evidence
• Oral evidence
• Scientific/Expert/Trace Evidence

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Dental Evidence

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What is dental evidence?
• The gamut of evidence that is either directly related to human dental
anatomy or derived from the oral environment.

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Primary Identifiers
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Dentist as a witness in Legal Case
• Accident(RTA)
• Juveniles cases (Child marriage)
• Sexual assault
• Physical violence
• Abuse & neglect
• Homicide cases
• Human trafficking victim recognition
• Dental negligence/ malpractice
• Insurance (Fraudulent claim)
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Cont….
• Child labor case
• Disaster (natural, manmade)
• Skeletal remains (Missing or unidentified Human remains)
• Sports
• Regional transport office(RTO)
• Dental record management
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Role of Dental Evidence in legal case
• Age estimation
• Sex determination
• Disaster victim identification(Comparative human identification)
• Pattern injury identification (bite mark, domestic violence)
• Race determination
• Species determination
• Dental Record (Ante mortem & postmortem record)
• Dental profiling/charting(insurance)
• Dental neglect and malpractice
• Facial reconstruction
• Lip print comparison
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Broadly classified into:
I. Visual
II. Radiographic
III. Chemical
IV. Histological
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Age Estimation

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Average Stage of Attrition
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REFERENCE: Li, C., & Ji, G. (1995). Age estimation from the permanent molar in northeast China by the method of average stage of
attrition. Forensic Science International, 75(2-3), 189–196. doi:10.1016/0379-0738(95)01791-7
Visual method

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Radiological method
• Schour and Masseler method (1941)
• Nolla’s method (1960)
• Moorees, Fanning and Hunt method (1963)
• Demirjian & Willem method
• Coronal Pulp Cavity Index
• Kvaal et al
REFERENCE: Dental radiographic indicators, a key to age estimation
AS Panchbhai Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 2011 40:4, 199-212

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Chemical Method
Amino acid racemisation

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Histological method
-Incremental lines of cementum

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Translucency method
Root Dentin Translucency
Conventional Calliper Method
Bang, G., & Ramm, E. (1970). Determination of Age in Humans from
Root Dentin Transparency. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 28(1), 3–
35. doi:10.3109/00016357009033130

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SEX DETERMINATION
• Morphological method
• Molecular method
• Radiological method
• Microscopic method
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Morphological method
REFERENCE: Gupta B, Gupta M. Sex identification in forensic odontology- a review of various methodology. Int J Forensic Odontol 2016;1:9-
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MANDIBULAR CANINE INDEX
•MCI in identification of sex has never exceeded 87.5%it can
only be used as asupplemental tool.
REFERENCE: Ramakrishnan K, Sharma S, Sreeja C, Pratima DB, Aesha I, Vijayabanu B. Sex determination in forensic odontology:
A review. J PharmBioall Sci 2015;7:S398-402.
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SEX DETERMINATION BY ROOT LENGTH AND
CROWN DIAMETER
• -80%accuracy
REFERENCE: Ramakrishnan K, Sharma S, Sreeja C, Pratima DB, Aesha I, Vijayabanu B. Sex determination in forensic odontology: A review. J
PharmBioall Sci 2015;7:S398-402. 22

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REFERENCE: Ramakrishnan K, Sharma S, Sreeja C, Pratima DB, Aesha I, Vijayabanu B. Sex determination in
forensic odontology: A review. J PharmBioall Sci 2015;7:S398-402. 23

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REFERENCE: Ramakrishnan K, Sharma S, Sreeja C, Pratima DB, Aesha I, Vijayabanu B. Sex determination in forensic odontology:
A review. J PharmBioall Sci 2015;7:S398-402. 24

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Radiological method
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Gonial Angle Measurements as Predictors of Sex
REFERENCE: Taleb NSA, Beshlawy ME (2015) Mandibular Ramus and Gonial Angle Measurements as Predictors of Sex and Age in an
Egyptian Population Sample: A Digital Panoramic Study. J Forensic Res 6: 308. doi: 10.4172/2157-7145.1000308
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Mandibular ramus: An indicator for sex determination
REFERENCE: Saini V, Srivastava R, Rai RK, Shamal SN, Singh TB, Tripathi SK. Mandibular ramus: An indicator for sex in
fragmentary mandible.J Forensic Sci 2011;56(Suppl1):S13-6.
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Microscopic methods
Barr bodies
• Presence or absence of X chromosome can be studied from buccal smears,
skin biopsy, blood, cartilage, hair root sheath, and tooth pulp
REFERENCE: Barr ML, Bertram LF, Lindsay HA. The morphology of the nerve cell nucleus, according to sex. Anat Rec
1950;107:283-97
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Molecular method
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Sex determination using Barr bodies
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Molecular method from Pulpal tissue
REFERENCE:Das N, Gorea RK, Gargi J, Singh JR. Sex determination from pulpal tissue. J Indian Acad Forensic Med 2004;26:50-4.
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Sex determination using polymerase chain reaction
REFERENCE: Tsuchimochi T, Iwasa M, Maeno Y, Koyama H, Inoue H, Isobe I, et al. Chelating resin-based extraction of DNA from dental pulp
and sex determination from incinerated teeth with Y-chromosomal alphoid repeat and short tandem repeats. Am J Forensic Med Pathol
2002;23:268-71.
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BITE MARK ANALYSIS
•Scaled photography of bite mark evidence
•Scaled photography of dental casts
•Clinical comparisons
•Computer comparisons
REFERENCE: MacDonald DG. Bite mark recognition and interpretation. J Forensic Sci Soc. 1974 Jul; 14(3): 229 33
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Double Swabbing Technique

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Teeth Impressions
REFERENCE: MacDonald DG. Bite mark recognition and interpretation. J Forensic Sci Soc. 1974 Jul; 14(3): 229 33
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REFERENCE: Naru AS, Dykes E . The use of a digital imaging technique to aid bite mark analysis. Sci Justice. 1996 JanMar; 36(1): 4750
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REFERENCESweet D, Bowers CM. Accuracy of bite mark overlays: a comparison of
five common methods to produce exemplars from a suspect’s dentition. J Forensic40

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REFERENCE: Webster G. A suggested classification of bite marks in foodstuffs in forensic dental analysis. Forensic SciInt. 1982 JulAug; 20(1):
4552.
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Race determination
REFERENCE: Edgar HJH. Prediction of race using characteristics of dental morphology. J Forensic Sci. 2005; 50(2): 269–73.
REFERENCE: Lasker GW LM. Racial traits in human teeth. J Forensic Sci. 1957; 2: 401–149.
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Species determination
REFERENCE: B. Rai, J. Kaur. Evidence-Based Forensic Dentistry. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2013. DNA technology and Forensic
Odontology.
REFERENCE: Handbook of Forensic Medicine. First Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.
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RUGOSCOPY
REFERENCE: Thomas CJ, Kotze TJ. The palatal rugae pattern: A new classification. J Dent. Assoc. S. Afr. 1983;38:153–157.
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REFERENCE: Ohtani M, Nishida N, Chiba T, Fukuda M, et al. Indication and limitations of using palatal rugae for personal identification in
edentulous cases.
REFERENCE: M Virdi, Y Singh, A Kumar. Role of Palatal Rugae in Forensic Identification of the Pediatric Population. The Internet Journal of
Forensic Science. 2009 Volume 4 Number 2
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CHEILOSCOPY
REFERENCE: Tsuchihashi Y. Studies on personal identification by means of lip prints. Forensic Sci. 1974 Jun;3(3):233–248.
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Dental Record
REFERENCE: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on Record keeping. Pediatr Dent. 2004; 34(special issue): 132-136.
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DENTURE MARKING
REFERENCE :Colvenkar SS. Lenticular card: A new method for denture identifi cation. Indian J Dent Res 2010;21:112-4.

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COMPARISON OF DENTAL RECORDS AND ANOMALIES IN
THE TEETH
REFERENCE: Krishan, K., Kanchan, T., & Garg, A. K. (2015). Dental Evidence in Forensic Identification – An Overview, Methodology and
Present Status. The Open Dentistry Journal, 9, 250–256. http://doi.org/10.2174/1874210601509010250
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REFERENCE: Krishan, K., Kanchan, T., & Garg, A. K. (2015). Dental Evidence in Forensic
Identification – An Overview, Methodology and Present Status. The Open Dentistry Journal, 9,
250–256. http://doi.org/10.2174/1874210601509010250
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Document injuries
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Identification of the victims
•In natural and man made disaster, acts of violence
may it be traffic accidents or human right
violation
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Identification in Mass Disaster
Tsunami
Flood
Earthquake
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Accidental Disasters
Flight accident
Train accident
Road traffic
accident
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INTENTIONAL MASS DISASTERS
Bomb blast World trade center attack in 2001
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Role of the FO in identification of victims
SEARCH &
RECOVERY
PM EXAMINATION AM DATA COLLECTION
RECONCILIATION DEBRIEFING
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References
1. Davis Oldham: 'Evidence' (English 101 & 102) at Shoreline Community College, shoreline.edu
“https://app.shoreline.edu/doldham/SRR.html” Accessed 10th may 2020
2. https://blog.ipleaders.in/different-kinds-of-evidence/ Accessed 10th may 2020

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