In 2008, the world’s urban population outnumbered its rural
population for the first time in history. By 2030, 60 percent of the
world’s population is expected to live in cities. This urbanization process
goes together closely with growing urban poverty and food insecurity.
Currently, approximately one-third of the world’s population is living in
slums and informal settlements. If prevailing trends continue, this figure
could reach 2 billion by 2030.
As cities expand, so do the food needs of urban families. While impacts of the food and
financial crisis affect both rural and urban populations, the urban poor have been among
the hardest hit. Urban consumers are almost exclusively dependent on food purchases
and variations in food prices and income directly translate into diminished purchasing
power and rising rates of food insecurity, thus compromising dietary quantity and quality.
Changes in lifestyles have further contributed to increased urban malnutrition and
diet-related chronic diseases.
Impacts
In 2008, the world’s urban population outnumbered its rural population for the first time in history. By 2030, 60 percent of the world’s population is expected to live in cities. This urbanization process goes together closely with growing urban poverty and food insecurity. Currently, approximately one-third of the world’s population is living in slums and informal settlements. If prevailing trends continue, this figure could reach 2 billion by 2030.
As cities expand, so do the food needs of urban families. While impacts of the food and financial crisis affect both rural and urban populations, the urban poor have been among the hardest hit. Urban consumers are almost exclusively dependent on food purchases and variations in food prices and income directly translate into diminished purchasing power and rising rates of food insecurity, thus compromising dietary quantity and quality. Changes in lifestyles have further contributed to increased urban malnutrition and diet-related chronic diseases.
Impacts on the urban poor FAO estimates that, mainly as a result of high food prices, the number of chronically hungry people in the world rose by at least 100 million in the past years to currently reach over 1 billion people, with the urban poor, women and children being particularly vulnerable. Moreover, the financial and economic crisis is expected to continue affecting the urban poor in the near future, following projected declines in export growth and capital inflows.
Changes in climate, coupled to humanitarian crisis, add to challenges faced by cities and the urban poor. Agricultural production and urban food supply are increasingly affected by droughts and floods. More and more refugees and internally displaced persons are seeking refuge in urban neighbourhoods as opposed to camps, and demands for urban food are increasing.
In 2008, the world’s urban population outnumbered its rural
population for the first time in history. By 2030, 60 percent of the
world’s population is expected to live in cities. This urbanization process
goes together closely with growing urban poverty and food insecurity.
Currently, approximately one-third of the world’s population is living in
slums and informal settlements. If prevailing trends continue, this figure
could reach 2 billion by 2030.
As cities expand, so do the food needs of urban families. While impacts of the food and
financial crisis affect both rural and urban populations, the urban poor have been among
the hardest hit. Urban consumers are almost exclusively dependent on food purchases
and variations in food prices and income directly translate into diminished purchasing
power and rising rates of food insecurity, thus compromising dietary quantity and quality.
Changes in lifestyles have further contributed to increased urban malnutrition and
diet-related chronic diseases.
Impacts
In 2008, the world’s urban population outnumbered its rural population for the first time in history. By 2030, 60 percent of the world’s population is expected to live in cities. This urbanization process goes together closely with growing urban poverty and food insecurity. Currently, approximately one-third of the world’s population is living in slums and informal settlements. If prevailing trends continue, this figure could reach 2 billion by 2030.
As cities expand, so do the food needs of urban families. While impacts of the food and financial crisis affect both rural and urban populations, the urban poor have been among the hardest hit. Urban consumers are almost exclusively dependent on food purchases and variations in food prices and income directly translate into diminished purchasing power and rising rates of food insecurity, thus compromising dietary quantity and quality. Changes in lifestyles have further contributed to increased urban malnutrition and diet-related chronic diseases.
Impacts on the urban poor FAO estimates that, mainly as a result of high food prices, the number of chronically hungry people in the world rose by at least 100 million in the past years to currently reach over 1 billion people, with the urban poor, women and children being particularly vulnerable. Moreover, the financial and economic crisis is expected to continue affecting the urban poor in the near future, following projected declines in export growth and capital inflows.
Changes in climate, coupled to humanitarian crisis, add to challenges faced by cities and the urban poor. Agricultural production and urban food supply are increasingly affected by droughts and floods. More and more refugees and internally displaced persons are seeking refuge in urban neighbourhoods as opposed to camps, and demands for urban food are increasing.
The Year in Review describes WFP’s actions and achievements in serving people’s emergency, recovery and development needs in 2015. It covers WFP’s provision of vital, common platforms and services for the humanitarian and development community.
GOOD NUTRITION IS THE BEDROCK OF HUMAN WELL-BEING. BEFORE BIRTH AND THROUGHOUT INFANCY, GOOD NUTRITION ALLOWS BRAIN FUNCTIONING TO evolve without impairment and immune systems to develop more robustly. For young children, good nutrition status averts death and equips the body to grow and develop to its full potential. Over the course of the human lifespan, it leads to more effective learning at school, better-nourished mothers who give birth to better-nourished children, and adults who are likelier to be productive and earn higher wages. In middle age, it gives people metabolisms that are better prepared to ward off the diseases associated with changes in diet and physical activity. Without good nutrition, people’s lives and livelihoods are built on quicksand.
Food waste is a major, highly visible global problem. It has recently attracted much attention in the world and has become a priority in the global political agenda. Food waste occurs at different stages of a food value chain, including agriculture, post harvest, processing, distribution, retail, and consumption. Regardless of the causes, we can all pitch in to combat the global challenge and turn waste into worth. This paper provides an introduction on global food waste. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa "Global Food Waste: A Primer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29485.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-science/29485/global-food-waste-a-primer/matthew-n-o-sadiku
A presentation by the UNDP International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) on the food security policy context in Brazil and its effects on poverty reduction and hunger alleviation.
Sustainable Food Policy Board | Recommendation to CodeNEXTSharon E. Mays
The Sustainable Food Policy Board (SFPB) serves in the unique capacity of directly advising both the Austin City Council and the Travis County Commissioners’ Court to improve the availability of safe, nutritious, locally and sustainably-grown food at reasonable prices for all residents, particularly those in need. The all-volunteer Codes and Ordinances Working Group of the SFPB is working together with community and board members to develop recommendations that improve upon the existing code in a way that meets the needs of communities, farmers, and regulators in the interest of a healthy, safe, and sustainable food system for all of Austin. The CodeNEXT process is a way for these recommendations to be integrated into the code revision process and ensure that all stages of Austin’s food system are considered in the updated Land Development Code.
Presentation by Perrihan Al-Raffai at the event: “Tackling food security and nutrition in Egypt: challenges and opportunities” Launch of the findings from the Household, Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey , Tuesday 21 May in Cairo, Egypt.
The government of Ghana is not an exception with regards to putting in place measures that aim to improve the lives and livelihoods of its citizenry including the welfare of school children. In the context of the New Partnership for Africa Development (NEPAD’s) Comprehensive African Development Programme (CADP), the Government of Ghana (GoG) set-up the Ghana School Feeding Programme (GSFP). Its concept of home grown school feeding addresses one of the United Nation’s (UN’s) three pillars to fight hunger (United Nations, 2005). ‘The government of Ghana was of the view that the if the School Feeding Programme was properly funded and implemented, the hunger, education and the food security and poverty landscape in Ghana will change for good (Government of Ghana, 2006). The study investigates the factors determining GSFP caterer’s choice to buy local rice from farmers and farmers’ factors influencing rice farmers to supply to the caterers. Purposive sampling was mainly used to select 120 respondents from GSFP beneficiary communities. The respondents were made of up 80 farmers and 40 GSFP caterers from the four selected districts. The study revealed that 46% % of rice farmers have access to the market created by the Ghana school Feeding Programme and about 48% of this group are able to sell their rice produce to the caterers of GSFP. However majority of the rice farmers are aware of the existence of the programme without any proper rules of engagement except that less than half of the farmers have been linked up with programme with the support of World Food Programme and the Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV), operating in the Northern Region. The major problem associated with rice farmers accessibility to the GSFP is caterers’ unwillingness to buy from them even though majority of the farmers are aware of the programme and its basic of objective of providing free meals to pupils in basic schools. Farmers indicated they would be willing to sell to the caterers if the prices offered by caterers are good or if they are able to produce enough to meet the demand of caterers on termly basis or the caterer is more willing to pay them in cash when they purchase their rice or other farm produce or better still be willing to pay on time for a period not more than one month when they buy on credit. The probit model was used to analyse the factors influencing rice farmers to supply to the programme on one hand and the factors affecting caterer’s decision to purchase rice from the rice farmers on the other.
From Patchwork to Policy Coherence: Principles and Priorities of Canada's Nat...Rad Fsc
Food Secure Canada releases discussion paper on national food policy: From Patchwork to Policy Coherence: Principles and Priorities of Canada's National Food Policy. The federal government is expected to launch its consultation on a national food policy in the coming weeks and Food Secure Canada is releasing today a discussion paper, From Patchwork to Policy Coherence: Principles and Priorities of Canada's National Food Policy, outlining the key principles and priorities that need to be addressed as the policy is developed.
A food policy is designed to influence the operation of the food system network of farms, distributors, restaurants, retailers, and consumers . It impacts on how food is produced, processed, distributed, marketed, consumed, and disposed. Implementing good food policies is crucial to achieving more equitable and sustainable food systems. This paper provides a brief introduction on food policy. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa ""Food Policy: An Introduction"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30133.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/food-engineering/30133/food-policy-an-introduction/matthew-n-o-sadiku
The Year in Review describes WFP’s actions and achievements in serving people’s emergency, recovery and development needs in 2015. It covers WFP’s provision of vital, common platforms and services for the humanitarian and development community.
GOOD NUTRITION IS THE BEDROCK OF HUMAN WELL-BEING. BEFORE BIRTH AND THROUGHOUT INFANCY, GOOD NUTRITION ALLOWS BRAIN FUNCTIONING TO evolve without impairment and immune systems to develop more robustly. For young children, good nutrition status averts death and equips the body to grow and develop to its full potential. Over the course of the human lifespan, it leads to more effective learning at school, better-nourished mothers who give birth to better-nourished children, and adults who are likelier to be productive and earn higher wages. In middle age, it gives people metabolisms that are better prepared to ward off the diseases associated with changes in diet and physical activity. Without good nutrition, people’s lives and livelihoods are built on quicksand.
Food waste is a major, highly visible global problem. It has recently attracted much attention in the world and has become a priority in the global political agenda. Food waste occurs at different stages of a food value chain, including agriculture, post harvest, processing, distribution, retail, and consumption. Regardless of the causes, we can all pitch in to combat the global challenge and turn waste into worth. This paper provides an introduction on global food waste. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa "Global Food Waste: A Primer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29485.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-science/29485/global-food-waste-a-primer/matthew-n-o-sadiku
A presentation by the UNDP International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) on the food security policy context in Brazil and its effects on poverty reduction and hunger alleviation.
Sustainable Food Policy Board | Recommendation to CodeNEXTSharon E. Mays
The Sustainable Food Policy Board (SFPB) serves in the unique capacity of directly advising both the Austin City Council and the Travis County Commissioners’ Court to improve the availability of safe, nutritious, locally and sustainably-grown food at reasonable prices for all residents, particularly those in need. The all-volunteer Codes and Ordinances Working Group of the SFPB is working together with community and board members to develop recommendations that improve upon the existing code in a way that meets the needs of communities, farmers, and regulators in the interest of a healthy, safe, and sustainable food system for all of Austin. The CodeNEXT process is a way for these recommendations to be integrated into the code revision process and ensure that all stages of Austin’s food system are considered in the updated Land Development Code.
Presentation by Perrihan Al-Raffai at the event: “Tackling food security and nutrition in Egypt: challenges and opportunities” Launch of the findings from the Household, Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey , Tuesday 21 May in Cairo, Egypt.
The government of Ghana is not an exception with regards to putting in place measures that aim to improve the lives and livelihoods of its citizenry including the welfare of school children. In the context of the New Partnership for Africa Development (NEPAD’s) Comprehensive African Development Programme (CADP), the Government of Ghana (GoG) set-up the Ghana School Feeding Programme (GSFP). Its concept of home grown school feeding addresses one of the United Nation’s (UN’s) three pillars to fight hunger (United Nations, 2005). ‘The government of Ghana was of the view that the if the School Feeding Programme was properly funded and implemented, the hunger, education and the food security and poverty landscape in Ghana will change for good (Government of Ghana, 2006). The study investigates the factors determining GSFP caterer’s choice to buy local rice from farmers and farmers’ factors influencing rice farmers to supply to the caterers. Purposive sampling was mainly used to select 120 respondents from GSFP beneficiary communities. The respondents were made of up 80 farmers and 40 GSFP caterers from the four selected districts. The study revealed that 46% % of rice farmers have access to the market created by the Ghana school Feeding Programme and about 48% of this group are able to sell their rice produce to the caterers of GSFP. However majority of the rice farmers are aware of the existence of the programme without any proper rules of engagement except that less than half of the farmers have been linked up with programme with the support of World Food Programme and the Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV), operating in the Northern Region. The major problem associated with rice farmers accessibility to the GSFP is caterers’ unwillingness to buy from them even though majority of the farmers are aware of the programme and its basic of objective of providing free meals to pupils in basic schools. Farmers indicated they would be willing to sell to the caterers if the prices offered by caterers are good or if they are able to produce enough to meet the demand of caterers on termly basis or the caterer is more willing to pay them in cash when they purchase their rice or other farm produce or better still be willing to pay on time for a period not more than one month when they buy on credit. The probit model was used to analyse the factors influencing rice farmers to supply to the programme on one hand and the factors affecting caterer’s decision to purchase rice from the rice farmers on the other.
From Patchwork to Policy Coherence: Principles and Priorities of Canada's Nat...Rad Fsc
Food Secure Canada releases discussion paper on national food policy: From Patchwork to Policy Coherence: Principles and Priorities of Canada's National Food Policy. The federal government is expected to launch its consultation on a national food policy in the coming weeks and Food Secure Canada is releasing today a discussion paper, From Patchwork to Policy Coherence: Principles and Priorities of Canada's National Food Policy, outlining the key principles and priorities that need to be addressed as the policy is developed.
A food policy is designed to influence the operation of the food system network of farms, distributors, restaurants, retailers, and consumers . It impacts on how food is produced, processed, distributed, marketed, consumed, and disposed. Implementing good food policies is crucial to achieving more equitable and sustainable food systems. This paper provides a brief introduction on food policy. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa ""Food Policy: An Introduction"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30133.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/food-engineering/30133/food-policy-an-introduction/matthew-n-o-sadiku
"Integrating social protection in FSN policy to strengthen food systems for h...ExternalEvents
"www.fao.org/about/meetings/sustainable-food-systems-nutrition-symposium
The International Symposium on Sustainable Food Systems for Healthy Diets and Improved Nutrition was jointly held by FAO and WHO in December 2016 to explore policies and programme options for shaping the food systems in ways that deliver foods for a healthy diet, focusing on concrete country experiences and challenges. This Symposium waas the first large-scale contribution under the UN Decade of Action for Nutrition 2016-2025. This presentation was part of Parallel session 2.3: Increasing access to healthy diets through social protection and income generation strategies"
Worsley, A., Nutrition knowledge and food consumption: can nutrition knowledge change food behaviour? Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002. 11: p. S579-S585
Key messages from Learning Event No. 8: "How we can reshape food access and consumption patterns to ensure nutritional needs while fostering healthy and sustainable eating habits worldwide?", at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day in Rio de Janiero.
Camila Oliveira is an environmental analyst at the Ministry of the Environment in Brazil and national manager of the Bioversity International 4-country project 'Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition'. In her presentation for Italian Development Cooperation's Expo 2015 event she brought attention to Brazil's precious agricultural biodiversity and how it can be used for food and nutrition security. Learn more about Bioversity International's participation at Expo 2015: http://bit.ly/1GOimdm
ABSTRACT
Brazil suffers from high rates of malnutrition, with one in three children aged between five and nine overweight. Brazil is also home to a significant amount of the world’s biodiversity much of it edible and nutritious. As part of the Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition (BFN) initiative funded by the United Nations, Brazil believes that biodiversity for food and nutrition can help fight its current diet-related problems. As such, the government is adopting three approaches to effectively embed biodiversity into the national food and nutritional security policy framework.
The first approach is to increase knowledge of how diverse underutilized native species can contribute to food security by carrying out a nutritional analysis of 70 edible plant species. Three national programmes are exploiting the nutrition potential of some of these species. These include targeting the national school feeding programme to promote healthy eating habits in schools, a scheme which also ensures that 30% of procurement is from local family farmers.
The second approach has been the revision of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan to comply with the Aichi Biodiversity Targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity and to halt biodiversity loss. One of the reasons for biodiversity loss in Brazil is the limited appreciation of the use of biodiversity for food and nutrition to date.
The third approach is to increase awareness on how biodiversity can contribute to food and nutrition. A weekly farmers’ market has been launched at the Brasilia Botanical Garden and several cultural gastronomic events organized in different cities, with cooking demonstrations and opportunities to taste native and nutritious biodiverse foods.
Cultivating Schools for Rural Development : Labor, Learning, and the Challenge of Food Sovereignty
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition in BrazilTeresa Borelli
Why does Brazil think that agricultural biodiversity matters and how the country is mainstreaming biodiversity for food and nutrition into policies and programs tackling food security
The African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) held its twenty second Senior Policy Seminar on March 09-10, 2020 in Abuja, Nigeria under the theme : “Agriculture and Food Policies for Nutrition in Africa”. Panel member Dr Adebisi Araba, Africa Director, International Center for Tropical Agriculture attended the event.
Manifest of the 5th National Conference on Food and Nutrition Security to Brazilian Society regarding Real Food in the Country and the City: more Rights and Food Sovereignty
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Sectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdf
Food Thinkers- Sergio Schneider
1. ì
School feeding programs as a strategy to
connect health, nutrition and agriculture
in emerging economies
Prof. Sergio Schneider
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
Academic Visitor at Centre Food Policy, City University
London, UK
3. Why,
then,
school feeding programs
make sense
①
For
Nutrition
and
Health:
§ School
Feeding
Programs
(SFP)
are
Drivers
to
Overcome
hunger,
undernourishment
and
malnutrition;
②
For
Social
Protection
-‐
poverty
reduction
and
social
welfare:
§
SFP
are
a
device
to
tackle
poverty,
contribute
to
social
justice
and
promote
wealth
distribution
=
social
policies;
③
To
Foster
Local
and
Sustainable
Development:
§
SFP
can
foster
economic
inclusion
of
small
scale
farmers
and
improve
social
and
environmental
development
at
same
time
④
For
a
new
urban
food
politics
and
build
up
alternative
food
systems
-‐
Sustainable Food Cities Network:
§
SFP
as
Gield
to
change
children
diets
(tackle
infant
obesity)
and
foster
healthy
consumption
behaviour
of
parents
and
families
4. There are at least 368 million pre-primary-,
primary- and secondary-school children receiving food
through schools around the world.
The biggest programes are:
u India - 114 million;
u Brazil - 47 million;
u United States - 45 million;
u China - 26 million
Based on the information available it
can be estimated that the global annual
investment in school feeding is
between US$ 47 billion and
US$ 75 billion – most of which is
from government budgets.
This is an
Open
Public
Health
Matter
5. What
we
already
know
?
Evolving
approaches
about
SFP
①
[Before
1970
up
to
1995]
–
Focus
on
Nutrition
for
Education:
• Food
in
schools
was
saw
as
an
efGicient
way
to
overcome
with
under
nutrition,
stunting
and
other
diseases
associated
with
poverty;
• But,
after
some
time,
no
signiGicant
direct
relation
with
feeding
in
schools
and
health
were
found
out
–
children
diets
are
not
just
taken
in
schools
!!
• School
food
was
addressed
by
international
food
aid
–
PL
480,
etc.
②
[1995
-‐
2010]
–
Better
quality
of
food
stuffs
–
Increase
interest
about
HOW
to
CONNECT
SCHOOLS
TO
LOCAL
PRODUCTION
?
• The
discover
of
the
power
of
the
public
plate
–
the
budget
for
food
purchase;
• Changing
approach
from
better
price
to
better
value;
• Emergence
Home
Grown
Food
Initiatives
–
Farm
to
Fork;
turning
point
of
WFP
–
structured
demand.
③
[2010
–
up
Today]
–
Rethinking
School
Feeding
Programs
–
NEXUS
between
FOOD
+
PUBLIC
HEALTH
+
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT;
•
Turning
to
“local
food”
–
food
miles
and
the
value
or
organics
–
Denmark
case;
• Governance
and
accountability
issues
emerge
as
main
barriers;
8. Current
Debates,
Narra@ves
and
Approaches
about
SFP
①
SFP
as
part
of
Food
Policy
Strategy
–
bring
the
State
Back
in;
u
food
is
not
just
about
nutrition;
u
food
is
a
public
health
issue
and
goes
beyond
individual
choices;
u
Hence,
food
policy
is
a
State-‐Society
Issue
–
towards
an
ecological
public
health
perspective.
②
SFP
as
part
of
Food
Security
and
Food
Sovereignty
Strategy:
u
the
persistence
of
poverty
and
the
limits
of
the
conventional
food
system
to
overcome
it;
u Food
for
people,
not
for
proGit
!!
-‐
the
role
of
the
small
scale
farmers
and
the
agroecology
as
an
alternative;
9. Current
Debates,
Narra@ves
and
Approaches
about
SFP
③
Agricultural
Development
and
School
Feeding:
u
Why
not
promote
win-‐win
solutions?
–
the
potential
of
food
from
local
farmers
to
supply
schools;
u The
need
for
new
governance
–
home
grown
and/or
food
chain
approaches (WFP, IFPRI, P4P, etc.)
④
School
Feeding
as
New
a
Food
Market
–
the
alternative
Food
network
approach:
u
The
potential
of
the
short
food
supply
chains;
u
Relocalization
of
food;
u
Re-‐addressing
food
for
cities
–
the
urban
food
question.
12. The Patterns of Interaction
Civil Society and State
3ª PHASE
Co-governing
Policies Era
2ª PHASE
The PROPOSITIONAL
Era
1ª Phase
Social Protest
and Struggles
The 1990’sThe 1980’s From 2000 - Nowadays
15. The
Zero
Hunger
Strategy
25 Policies
40 Programs regarding improve the quality, quantity and regularity of Brazilian
alimentation
16. 16
BOLSA FAMÍLIA – FAMÍLIAS ATENDIDAS E VALOR DOS BENEFÍCIOS
Fonte: MDS
Family
stipend conditional cash transfer policy -
Bolsa
Família
Program
–
Disbursements,
Value
and
Number
of
Benefits
–
2003-‐2014
17. Brazil
–
Rural
Credit
–
Total
rural
credit
and
PRONAF
(family
farming),
contracts
and
value
Source: Ferreira and Vian, 2015
18. What
is,
then
a
Family
Farmer
in
Brazil
?
By Law 11.326, 2006
①
do
not
have,
in
any
way,
an
area
bigger
than
4
inspection
units
–
different
size
per
regions
in
the
country;
②
use
predominantly
family
labour
force
in
the
farmers
unit
–
also
wage
labour
up
to
2
permanent
works;
③
have
a
minimum
%
of
family
income
originating
from
the
economic
activities
of
the
establishment
or
venture;
④ the
farmer
unit
must
be
lead
by
the
family
and
not
by
external
managers;
v This Law also applies to fisherman, forestry, small cattle ranchers,
indigenous people, traditional communities (former slaves/quilombos)
21. The
Key
Role
of
the
Na@onal
Food
Security
Council
CONSEA
Source: Leão and Maluf, 2012
22. SISTEMA
NACIONAL
DE
SEGURANÇA
ALIMENTAR
E
NUTRICIONAL
PACTOS
DE
GESTÃO
PELO
DHAA
ESTADOS,
DISTRITO
FEDERAL
E
MUNICÍPIOS
ADESÃO
SISTEMANACIONALDESEGURANÇAALIMENTARE
NUTRICIONAL-SISAN
CONFERÊNCIA
NACIONAL
CONSELHO
NACIONAL
CÂMARA
INTERMINISTERIAL
PLANO
NACIONAL
CONFERÊNCIA
ESTADUAL
CONSELHO
ESTADUAL
CÂMARA
INTERSETORIAL
PLANO
ESTADUAL
CONFERÊNCIA
MUNICIPAL
CONSELHO
MUNICIPAL
CÂMARA
INTERSETORIAL
PLANO
MUNICIPAL
FÓRUM
BIPARTITE
FÓRUM
TRIPARTITE
POLÍTICA
NACIONAL
DE
SEGURANÇA
ALIMENTAR
E
NUTRICIONAL
-‐
PNSAN
26. PAA – Program of Food Purchase
Create by Consea and 1º Family Farming Harvest Plan 2003/2004.60
Law 10696, dated 2003
① support family farming in order to promote economic and social inclusion, boosting
sustainable production, food processing and income;
② to encourage the consumption of food produced by family farming;
③ to promote access to food, in quantity, quality and regularity for the persons in
situations of food and nutritional insecurity, under the perspective of the human
rights to adequate and healthy food;
④ to promote food supply, that involves government purchases of food included to the
school meals;
⑤ to constitute public stocks of food produced by family farmers;
⑥ to support stocks policies by the cooperatives and other formal organizations for
family farming; and
⑦ to strengthen local and regional markets and commercialization networks.
27. PAA
–
Program
of
Food
Purchase
–
Total
disbursements,
Value
and
Number
of
Producers
Source: Ferreira and Vian, 2015
29. BRASIL
have:
v 5.175.489 – Farming Units – 2006 Census ;
v 85% are family farmers;
v 35 000 are small scale rural agro-enterprises;
v that means 16.7% of the total of farms;
v which generates R$ 3.034.861.052 of Gross
Value - [Euros - $1.200.000.000,00]
Source: Gazolla and Schneider, 2014
33. PNAE – National School Feeding
Program
Article 2. The directives for school meals are:
support to sustainable development, with incentive schemes for the purchase of diversified
foodstuffs produced in the local sphere, preferably by family farming and by rural family
enterprises, prioritizing the traditional indigenous and remaining ‘quilombo’ communities;
Article 14. From the total resources transferred by the FNDE, in the PNAE
sphere, at least 30% should be used in the purchase of foodstuffs directly
from family farming and from the rural family enterprises, or from his/her
organizations, giving priority to the settled families of the land reform, the
traditional indigenous and remaining ‘quilombola’ communities;
§ 1 The purchase provided for in this article, may be carried out with no need for the bidding
procedure, provided the prices are compatible with the current market price, […] and the
products attend to the demand of quality control, established by the norms that regulate the
subject […] (Law 11947/2009, with no highlight in the original).
34. Budget – 2003 - 2013
School Feeding Program Expenditure
Source: IPPC, 2015 Total in £ 590.000.000,00
35. BRAZIL - Purchases of FNDE from Family
Farmers – 2011-2014
BUDGET of FNDE in 2014 was:
R$3,8 billion of Reais = 30% is R$1,14 billion of Reais
Currency:
1 £ Pound = 5,3 or 1 US$ = 3,5 – June 2016
£ 700 million = (30%) £ 210 million
(23,26%) = £ 5,1 million JUST from F.F.
36. Source: IPPC, 2015
%
of
Food
Purchase
from
Family
Farmers
for
School
Meals
in
Brazil
–
2011
-‐
2013
37. Source: Lilian Pelegrini, 2016
%
of
Food
Purchase
from
Family
Farmers
for
School
Meals
in
Brazil
-‐
2014
39. Source: FNDE, 2015, I: IPPC, 2015, Volume 2
Per child amount of money transfer from FNDE/
PNAE to municipalities – Brazil - 2014
40.
41. São Paulo Municipality
Total = USD$ 7.1 millions or 15% from Federal transfers
Total Expediture on Food = USD$ 287.6 millions
The
Case
of
Sao
Paulo
–
2015
27%
of
food
come
from
family
farmers
45. ①
Food
Policies
can
not
be
disconnect
from
a
comprehensive
development
strategy:
§ The
Brazilian
School
Feeding
Programs
change
over
time,
especially
after
the
new
Constitution
of
1988
and
the
policy
devolution
process
since
then;
②
Social
Actors
play
a
key
role
in
setting
the
strategy:
§
the
Catholic
Church
as
well
as
the
social
movements
were
key
actors;
§ Civil
society
must
take
part
of
the
process
–
the
National,
Regional
and
Local
food
Councils
play
a
key
role
③
The
Brazilian
State
included
the
food
policy
in
a
wider
policy
which
foster
rural
development
and
food
security
• It
was
a
complex
process
of
governance
between
different
actors;
• Not
always
the
policies
were
adopted
as
expected
–
corruption
still
exist
④
What
about
the
Future
?
§
There
are
greater
concerns
about
what
will
happen
!!!???
§ I
believe
in
the
institutionalization
of
the
process
