Food Chain and Food web
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This document discusses food chains and food webs. It explains that a food chain traces the flow of energy from producers like plants through various consumer levels. Typically, food chains only have 3-4 trophic levels because only about 10% of energy is transferred between each level. A food web shows more complex trophic interactions, with many organisms consuming and being consumed by multiple other species. The document also notes that harmful chemicals can biomagnify and accumulate at higher trophic levels like humans, as they are absorbed throughout the food chain.
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This document discusses food chains and food webs. It explains that living things get energy from food and this energy passes from one organism to another in a food chain, which always starts with a plant and shows the flow of energy. A food web is made up of interconnected food chains, as organisms can be eaten by more than one other organism.
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Food chains describe the transfer of energy from producers like plants through consumers at different trophic levels with herbivores eating plants and carnivores eating other animals. Food webs expand this concept to show the interconnected food chains in an ecosystem and how nutrients cycle between different species. Ecological pyramids graphically represent numbers, biomass, and energy at each trophic level, with producers forming the base and top carnivores the tip.
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The document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It begins by defining key concepts like bioenergetics and components of energy flow. Solar energy is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis and transferred to consumers. Only about 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels according to the 10% law. Energy flow can be represented using models like food chains and energy pyramids to show energy loss at higher trophic levels.
Food web structure and energy flow
The document discusses key concepts in food webs and energy flow through ecosystems, including:
1) Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy in plants, providing the critical energy input into ecosystems.
2) Energy is lost at each trophic level as it moves through a food chain, with typically only 10% being transferred between levels.
3) Food chains are interconnected in nature, forming complex food webs with organisms obtaining food from multiple trophic levels.
4) Energy flows in one direction through ecosystems from photosynthesizers to primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers, while nutrients cycle.
Food chain
1) Food chains and webs describe the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem, with producers like plants at the bottom and various consumers at higher trophic levels.
2) Biomass pyramids show that the amount of biomass decreases at each higher trophic level due to energy losses as energy moves through the food chain.
3) Certain harmful substances can accumulate and concentrate in organisms at higher trophic levels through biological magnification as they are not easily broken down or excreted.
Ecosystem functioning: food webs and trophicl evels.ppt
The document discusses trophic levels, food chains, and energy transfer through ecosystems. It defines key terms like trophic levels, producers, consumers, and explains how energy flows from producers to different consumer levels in a food chain. Energy is lost at each transfer, which is why there are generally fewer organisms at higher trophic levels. This relationship is depicted by ecological pyramids that show the decrease in energy and biomass from the base to the top of the pyramid.
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The document defines key terms related to ecosystems, including ecosystem, biotic and abiotic components, trophic levels, and food webs. It explains that an ecosystem is the interaction between a living community and its non-living environment. Ecosystems have biotic components like producers, primary consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic components like sunlight and inorganic materials. Energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems via food chains and food webs that link organisms across trophic levels.
Trophic levels and energy variation with increasing trophic levels.food chain...
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
4 and Option C Ecology optional topic
1) Most ecosystems rely on energy from sunlight which is converted to chemical energy through photosynthesis by autotrophs.
2) This chemical energy is passed between organisms through food chains and webs, but around 90% is lost as heat at each trophic level.
3) Heat builds up at lower trophic levels from cellular respiration and is lost from the ecosystem, restricting food chain length and biomass at higher trophic levels.
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- 2. WhatformsaFood Chain? Theseries of organisms taking partatvarious biotic levels form a food chain. (a)– Food Chain in nature in forests. (b)-Food Chain in nature in grasslands. (c)-Food Chain in nature in ponds.
- 3. Levels ofaFood Chain Each step or a levelofa food chain forms a trophic level. TERTIARY CONSUMERS CONSUMERS SECONDARY CONSUMERS PRIMARY CONSUMERS CONSUMERS PRODUCERS (PLANTS)
- 4. Flowofenergy!! Interactions among various components of our environment involves flow of energy from one component of system tothe another. • Autotrophs capture the energy present in sunlight andconvert itintochemical energy. • This energy supports allactivities ofthe living world. • This energy fromautotrophs flow toheterotrophs anddecomposers. • We know that duringflowof energy some amount ofenergy islost in environment. SUNLIGHT PRODUCERS PRIMARY CONSUMERS SECONDARY CONSUMERS TERTIARY CONSUMERS Fact:- Flow of energyis unidirectional.
- 5. Theflow of energybetween the various componentsof the system has been extensively studied and it has been found that: 1. The plants capture about 1% ofthe total sunlight that falls on their leaves, and further they convert this energy intochemical energy. 2. When plants areeaten by primaryconsumer only 10% ofthe energy produced by the plants is available forthe consumer. 3. In this manner at every level only 10% ofthe energy is made available for the next trophiclevel. 4. There aregenerally greater number ofindividuals at lower levels offoodchain. BONUSQUESTION:-Whydo food chainsgenerallyconsist of only 3-4steps? Answer: Since verylittle amountof energyis available for the next level of consumersfood chains aregenerallyof 3-4 steps.
- 6. FoodWeb • Each organism iseaten by twoormore type oforganismswhich in turn areeaten by several other organisms. • Soinstead ofastraight foodchain ,relationship can be shown by series of branching lines known as foodweb.
- 7. Biological Magnification • Unknowingly many harmful chemicals enter ourbodies through foodchain. • Several pesticides get absorbed bythe plants through soil, water. • These chemicals arenot degradable andtherefore get accumulated at each trophic level. • As humans areat topofthe food chain maximum concentration ofsuch chemicals accumulate in our body. This phenomenon is know as biological magnification.