The pure Extract of Ganoderma gives you complete Health improvement preventing you from most diseases and Health problems. It strengthens Neurological, Sensory, Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive, Metabolic, Excretory and Sexual system.
The pure Extract of Ganoderma gives you complete Health improvement preventing you from most diseases and Health problems. It strengthens Neurological, Sensory, Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive, Metabolic, Excretory and Sexual system.
1. Pharmacognostic profile of Fenugreek
2. Macroscopy
3. General uses and Common names of fenugreek
4. Health benefits
5. Nutraceutical properties
6. Medicinal uses of fenugreek
7. Doses & Adverse effects
8. Formulations
9. Thank you
1. Pharmacognostic profile of Fenugreek
2. Macroscopy
3. General uses and Common names of fenugreek
4. Health benefits
5. Nutraceutical properties
6. Medicinal uses of fenugreek
7. Doses & Adverse effects
8. Formulations
9. Thank you
Enzybiotics New era of antimicrobials.pptMedhavi27
In the current era of emergence of resistance against traditionally used antibiotics researchers are trying to devise treatment strategies to combat resistant infections. Phage derived lysins are such effective and alternative antimicrobials which kill bacteria with very low chances of developing resistance.
Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Immune ResponseQIAGEN
The research community has begun correlating the makeup of individual microbiomes with disorders and diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis and cancer. To accomplish this, researchers must first identify and characterize these microbial communities and understand the complex immune interactions between host and pathogen. This webinar provides you with a complete overview of the microbiome, metagenomics and host-pathogen interactions. Experimental strategies, from sample to insight, which can facilitate your microbiology and immunology research, are highlighted.
Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the scientific term for the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is the key indicator of the health of an ecosystem. Every living thing, including man, is involved in these complex networks of interdependent relationships, which are called ecosystems.
Like all healthy ecosystems, Richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity is a common finding in several disease states. Microbiota Biodiversity helps us : 1- Combat aggressions from other microorganisms, 2- Maintaining the wholeness of the intestinal mucosa. 3- Plays an important role in the immune system, 4- Performing a barrier effect.5- A healthy and balanced gut microbiota is key to ensuring proper digestive functioning. A gut out of balance means a body out of balance which means illness including Inflammation, Allergies, Infections, Nutrient deficiencies, Weight Gain, Asthma-allergies – Autoimmunity
• Arthritis, Metabolic Bone disease, Skin problems e.g. eczema, rosacia, Mood disorders - Cognitive decline-Alzheimers and Cancer.
Home DNA testing: How do genes determine a person’s reaction to drugs, nutrients and vitamins? How can you test your genes for your biological age? Find out more!
OMICS is the comprehensive analysis of the biological system. The technologies which made a revolution such as Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics and Phenomics, in screening traits and develop novel improved organisms are mentioned here. The presentation gives a brief idea about various OMICS technology used in crop improvement, their steps, techniques used, applications, scope, advantages and disadvantages.
Probiotics may exhibit antiallergic effects by degradation or structural modification of enteral antigens, stabilization of aberrant microbiota, improvement of the gut-barrier function, secretion regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators, and development of the immune system. https://probiotic.creative-enzymes.com/multi-strain-probiotics/antiallergic-formula.html
Richard Frye, MD, PhD, FAAP, FAAN, CPI, will discuss:
*The enteric (gut) microbiome has an important influence on health and disease states in humans.
* The enteric microbiome influences the human host using chemical mediators, some of which can directly affect mitochondrial function
* Short chain fatty acids produced by gut bacteria not only modulate mitochondrial function and cellular regulatory pathways, but can also be used as mitochondrial fuels.
Epigenetics, the microbiome and the environmentfathi neana
An epigenome consists of a record of the chemical changes to the DNA and histone proteins of an organism. These changes can be passed down to an organism's offspring via transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Epigenetics, Gut microbiome and the Environment interplay like a vicious triad.
1- The epigenome is highly sensitive to external environment
2- The epigenome is highly sensitive to internal environment (Microbiome)
3- The microbiome (internal environment) is affected by the external environment
Care of the microbiome seems to be a personal issue but as it is affected by the external environment the issue must be global and a worldwide campaign have to be started.
The gut-brain axis (GBA) consists of bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous system, linking emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions. Recent advances in research have described the importance of gut microbiota in influencing these interactions.
Similar to Food as Medicine:Lion's mane mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (20)
The Use of Vitamin D in Chronic DiseasesKevin KF Ng
This is a slide presentation delivered at the Webinar "Integrative Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases" organized by Bio Quantum Academy on April 5-6, 2024.
Synergistic actions of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2Kevin KF Ng
The active vitamin D3 is calcitriol. The active vitamin K2 is hydroquinone. The combination of vitamin D3 with vitamin K2 protects patients at risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.
Target pain receptors with essential oilsKevin KF Ng
Topical essential oils have been used to relieve pain from time immemorial. The recent discoveries of pain receptors and their blockade by bioactive compounds in essential oils explain their mechanisms of action.
The medicinal properties of mushrooms had been recognized more than 5,000 years ago. Modern science has discovered that these medicinal properties are associated with beta-glucans which are complex forms of sugars. China and Japan had approved Maitake, turkey tail, and shiitake mushrooms as drugs.
Solution for chronic inflammatory diseasesKevin KF Ng
Life expectancy in the United States declined by 2.93 years in 2023. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer stroke, and lung disease continue to rise. Evidence is presented that chronic inflammation can be reduced by using food as medicine
A new conept of topical pain relief by phytochemicalsKevin KF Ng
The recent discoveries of nociceptive transient receptive ion channels as pain receptors and its blockade by phytochemicals opens a new era for topical pain research .
CBD has been widely used for various medical conditions ranging from pain relief to epilepsy. However, its mechanism of action has yet to be defined. Current concepts are presented in these slides.
Food is unpalatable without herbs and spices. Recent discoveries of ion channels as the final pathway for pain perception and their blockade by phytochemicals from herbs and spices opens a new era for the topical treatment of painful conditions in man.
Clove is a versatile spice and medicineKevin KF Ng
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the
family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia
and are commonly used as a spice. Their flavor, medicinal properties and high value sparked off the Dutch-Portuguese war from 1602 to 1654. The main bioactive compound called eugenol has been found to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory , immuno-modulatory, anticancer and organ protective properties .
The first slide presentation on black pepper was posted in June 2019. It has since attracted more than 10,000 viewers. This is an update on recent advances for the viewers and followers.
Scientific studies on watermelon as medicineKevin KF Ng
Watermelon is a popular fruit all over the world. Its medicinal value lies in the high content of citrulline which is a precursor for arginine a very versatile amino acid. Arginine in turn is a precursor for nitric oxide which is involved in vascular health, neurotransmission and immune function.
How chicken soup relieves common cold symptomsKevin KF Ng
Chicken soup has been used as food and medicine for more than 2,000 years. Modern science shows that the cysteine in chicken meat and phytochemicals in he ingredients account for their therapeutic effects
Soy sauce originated in China more than two thousand years ago. Its composition was modified with the addition of wheat in Japan in 1254 CE. Its unique aroma, taste and flavor will continue to be enjoyed for years to come. Soy sauce produced by chemical process is no match to the sauce made by fermentation method.
Kumquat is a symbol of prosperity with health benefitsKevin KF Ng
Kumquat has been used by the Chinese as food and medicine for thousands of years. It is also a symbol of prosperity and usually offered as gift to relatives and friends. This presentation is posted as gift to all my followers and friends in the social media, Recent studies showed that Kumquat has many properties beneficial for health.
You are what you eat and its effect on obesityKevin KF Ng
Lindlahr coined the phrase "You are what you eat" in 1942. A poll in LinkedIn shows that 93% of voters still uphold the belief. However, the trend of overweight and obesity from 1902 to 2000
in the United States is still climbing uploads. The death rate from obesity in the United Stats is four times higher than of Japan. This could be attributed to Japan's low rate of obesity, low consumption of red meat and high consumption fish and plant foods such as soybeans and tea.
Food is unpalatable if there is no taste or flavor. Salt has been used as a flavor for 10,000 years. A poll among LinkedIn followers shows that spice and herb is the top flavor enhancer.
Chinese philosophy and the applications of Yin Yang and the Five Elements Kevin KF Ng
The philosophy and applications of Yin Yang and the Five Elements in Chinese Culture covering nature, human body, senses, tastes, diseases and medicine.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Food as Medicine:Lion's mane mushroom, Hericium erinaceus
1. FOOD AS MEDICINE:
LION’S MANE MUSHROOM
HERICIUM ERINACEUS
By
Kevin KF Ng, MD. PhD
Former Associate Professor of Medicine
Division of Clinical Pharmacology
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Email: kevinng68@gmail.com
A slide presentation for HealthCare Provider Seminar Jan 2019
2. Lecture outline
▪ What is a lion’s mane mushroom?
▪ Stats, cultivation, scientific classification
▪ Anatomy, life cycle
▪ Nutrients and bioactive compounds
▪ Health benefits
▪ Pharmacological effects, interactions, toxicity
▪ Clinical studies
▪ Summary
3. What is a Lion’s Mane Mushroom
(Hericium erinaceus)
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lion https://www.thealthbenefitsof.com/health-benefits-of-lions-mane-mushroom/
4. Advances in the scientific study of lion’s mane mushroom:
number of publication in PubMed from 2000 to 2018
▪ Scientific studies on lion’s mane began In 2000.
▪ Major areas of interest are:
▪ Immune system: Immune-modulation
▪ Nervous system: • Nerve growth factor
▪ • Neuro-regeneration
▪ • Neuroprotection
▪ • Cognition
▪ • Nerve injury
▪ Cardiovascular system:
▪ Blood pressure
▪ Lipids and cholesterol
▪ Neoplasm: anti-cancer
8. Anatomy of a typical mushroom vs lion’s mane mushroom
Mycelium
https://www.mushroomdiary.co.uk/mushroom-identification/
Fruiting body
Fruiting body
spore-bearing spines
9. Mycelium of a mushroom
http://www.yellowelanor.com/mushroom-life-cycle/
14. What is a polysaccharide?
▪ A long chain of carbohydrate consisting of a number of sugar
molecules bonded together, e.g. starch, cellulose or glycogen.
▪ The polysaccharide from lion’s mane mushroom (hericium
mane) is called beta-glucan.
starch
15. Location of Ᏸ-glucans in mushroom cell wall
Adapted from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405805X16300230
cytoplasm
nucleus
http://www.nammex.com/redefining-medicinal-mushrooms/
16. What is a beta-glucan?
▪ Beta (Ᏸ) refers to the orientation of the linkage bond.
▪ Glucan molecule is a polysaccharide of D-glucose monomers, linked by glycosidic
bonds.
https://www.nutramunity.com/what-is-nutramunity/compare-beta-glucans/
17. What is a Beta-1, 3 and Beta-1,6 Glucan?
▪ Beta refers to the structural configuration of
the molecule.
▪ Glucan refers to a polysaccharide of D-glucose
monomers, linked by glycosidic bonds
▪ The number 1,3 and 1,6 refers to the glycosidic
linkage and bonding of the glucose molecule
18. What is the main function of Ᏸ-glucan
• Immune System Booster or
• Biological Response Modifier
19. Effects of Ᏸ-glucans on the Immune System
▪ Removal of dead cells by phagocytosis.
▪ Destruction of cancer cells by lysis.
▪ Generation and release of cytokines.
▪ Communication with immune cells.
▪ Protection from fungi, bacteria and virus
20. What is the Immune System?
system
• Immune system
organs
• Primary organs
• Secondary organs
cells
• Inborn immunity
• Acquired immunity
24. Functions of the immune system:
Biologic response
Inflammation
Acute
25. Functions of the immune system
Inflammation
(Non-specific)
Specific inflammation
Acute
26. Timeline in evolution of
Inborn (innate) and Acquired (adaptive) immunity
Innate immunity adaptive immunity
specific inflammation
Non-specific
27. Ᏸ-glucans: immuno-modulatory actions of
lion’s mane mushrooms
Lion’s mane mushrooms strengthen the immune system by enhancing the
• actions of white blood cells: ▪ Neutrophils
▪ Macrophages
▪ NK cells
• and reducing the release of inflammatory cytokines e.g.
▪ TNF-α
▪ iL-1Ᏸ
Inflammation
Phagocytosis Lysis
28. The human beta-glucan receptor is widely expressed in
immune cells
▪ Monocyte
▪ Macrophage
▪ Dendritic cells
▪ Neutrophils
▪ Eosinophils
▪ B cells
▪ Subpopulation T cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15816015
β-glucan
29. Conceptual model for the interaction between β-glucans and receptors of the
innate immune system (macrophages)
Interaction between Dectin-1 and toll-like receptors (TLRs) results in synergistic effects. ROS, reactive oxygen species.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/food-science/glucans
30. Cellular and hormonal effects of β-Glucans on the
immune system
Adapted from Medicina (Kaunas) 2007; 43(8) and
https://jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-8722-2-25
31. Absorption of soluble Ᏸ-glucans in the intestine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyer%27s_patch https://www.pinterest.com/pin/354165958170035412/https://vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/courses/vpat5215/
digestive/week04/diarrhea/diarr4.htm
31
32. Oral delivery and absorption of single dose of soluble glucans in
intestinal tract of rats
JPET 314:1079–1086, 2005
33. Uptake of Beta 1,3/1,6 Glucan in the intestinal tract
https://www.action-inter.net/beta-1316-glucan-and-the-immune-system.html
33
prebiotics
34. The uptake and fate of
insoluble β-glucan in immune cells
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC2704234_1756-8722-2-25-2&req=4
in small intestine
35. Bioavailability of Ᏸ-glucans
▪ Bioavailability of Ᏸ-glucans has not been clearly established.
▪ Intravenously administered (1,3)-β-glucans have similar half-lives
▪ 70% of (1,3)-β-glucans are deposited in the liver and spleen
▪ Glucan derived from Grifola frondosa is reported to have a T1/2 of 6.4 h following
systemic administration in normal mice.
▪ In rabbits, intravenous administration of a 92-kDa radio labelled (1,3)-β-glucan
isolated from Candida albicans showed a distribution T1/2 of less than 5 min.
▪ Most of the radio labelled (1,3)-β-glucan (>97%) was associated with cell-free
plasma, while radioactivity associated with blood cells was initially found in platelets
and later (2 h) distributed to polymorphonuclear leukocytes and red blood cells.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/grifola-frondosa
36. What are hericenones and erinacines in
lion’s mane (Hericium erinaceus) ?
▪ They are terpenoid compounds derived from lion’s mane mushroom.
▪ Hericenones are derived from the fruiting bodies of the mushroom.
They are volatile, and numbered from 1 to 17.
▪ Erinacines are derived from the mycelium of the mushroom. They are
non-volatile and numbered from 18 to 39.
▪ The molecular weight of hericenones vary from 300 to 600 g/mol.
▪ The molecular weight of erinacines vary from 400 to 500 g/mol.
▪ Hericenones number 3, 4, 5, 8 are nerve growth factor stimulators.
▪ Erinacines number 18, 19, 20, 33, 34, 35, 36 are nerve growth factor
stimulators.
37. Milestones in the discovery of
hericenones and erinacines from
fruiting bodies and mycelium of lion’s mane mushroom
fruit bodies
mycelium
39. Number of erinacines from mycelia of lion’s mane mushroom
https://www.shroomery.org/forums/showflat.php/Number/10448388
40. Number of NGF (nerve growth factor) stimulators in
lion’s mane mushroom
41. Discovery of Nerve Growth Factor during 1950s
Rita Levi-Montalcini in 2009, at her 100th birthday party.
mouse tumor cells sensory ganglion Nobel laureate 1986
42. What is a Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) ?
http://nootropicgeek.com/lions-mane-mushroom-review/
43. Nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes neurite outgrowth
in vitro and axon outgrowth in vivo
https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/26/2/article-pE3.xml
chick dorsal root ganglia rat sympathetic nerve fibers
44. What are the functions of Nerve Growth factor (NGF)
▪ Growth of neurons
▪ Development of neurons
▪ Differentiation of neurons
▪ Survival of neurons
▪ Formation of myelin sheath in sensory neurons
▪ Neurotrophic modulation of synaptic transmission
▪ Function as immune-modulator in inflammation
▪ Function as nootropics
▪ NGF synthesis declines with age
https://www.alamy.com/diagram-of-neuron-anatomy-illustration-image211846380.html
45. Comparison of Hericenones, Erinacines and
Beta-glucans in lion’s mane
Hericenone and erinacine
▪ Hericenones are from fruiting bodies of lion’s
mane
▪ Erinacines are from mycelium of lion’s mane
▪ Both are water soluble
▪ Molecular weight of
▪ Molecular weight of
▪ Erinacines A, B and C are strong nerve growth
factor (NGF) synthesis stimulators
Beta-glucans
▪ Ᏸ-glucans are from cell wall of lion’s mane
▪ Lion’s mane Ᏸ-glucans are insoluble in water
▪ Molecular weights range 35-650 K daltons
▪ Uptake in intestine by macrophages
▪ Stimulate innate and adaptive immunity:
▪ May act as prebiotic
• erinacine E: 432.557
47. Effects of hericenone C, D, and E on the stimulation of NGF secretion
by neurite- bearing PC12 cells in the presence or absence of NGF
Food Funct., 2014, 5, 3160
48. Effect of H. erinaceus solvent-solvent fractions on inhibiting the
oxidation of human LDL molecules (2014)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052699/
methanol : dichloromethane (M : DCM),
hexane (HEX),
dichloromethane (DCM),
ethyl acetate (EA), and
aqueous residue (AQ).
49. Effect of H. erinaceus solvent-solvent fractions on inhibiting the
activity of HMG Co-A reductase (2014)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052699/
methanol : dichloromethane (M : DCM),
hexane (HEX),
dichloromethane (DCM),
ethyl acetate (EA), and
aqueous residue (AQ).
50. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Extract of Lion's Mane Medicinal
Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Agaricomycetes), in Mice with
Ulcerative Colitis. 2016
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27481156
51. Anti-Gastric Ulcer Activity of Polysaccharide Fraction Isolated from
Mycelium Culture of Lion's Mane Medicinal Mushroom,
Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes). 2015
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26853960
52. Neurotrophic properties of the Lion's mane medicinal
mushroom, Hericium erinaceus from Malaysia. 2013
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24266378
53. Neuroregenerative potential of lion's mane mushroom,
Hericium erinaceus in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury (2012)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23510212
54. Effects of polysaccharide extracts from lion’s mane mushroom
(Hericium erinaceus) in swimming times of rats (2014)
Effects of Hericium erinaceus on exhaustive swimming times.
Values are expressed as the means ± SD. *P<0.05, compared with
the C group.
• C, control;
• LHT, low-dose HEP-treated group;
• MHT, moderate-dose HEP-treated group;
• HHT, high-dose HEP-treated group.
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2014.2139
55. Hericium erinaceus (Lion's Mane) mushroom extracts inhibit
metastasis of cancer cells to the lung in CT-26
colon cancer-transplanted mice. (2013)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23668749
Hot water (HWE) and microwaved 50% ethanol (MWE)
extracts of H. erinaceus reduced the formation of
tumor nodules in the lung by about 50% and 55%,
respectively,
56. High molecular weight of polysaccharides from
Hericium erinaceus against amyloid beta-induced neurotoxicity (2016)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27266872
57. Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild
cognitive impairment:
a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial based on the Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS-R).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18844328
58. Effects of maitake mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) on
depression and anxiety
among 30 subjects in a 4-week double blind placebo control trial (2010).
before after
Adapted from https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/biomedres/31/4/31_4_231/_pdf
59. Side effects, interactions, dosage
▪ No adverse reaction has been reported on the use of lion’s mane as a food.
▪ No adverse reaction has been reported on the use of lion’s mane supplements.
▪ No information is available on the interaction of lion’s mane with drugs.
▪ There is not enough scientific information to recommend the appropriate dosage.
60. Lion’s mane mushroom: commercial products
Products
▪ Raw lion’s mane
▪ Powder
▪ Extract
▪ Capsules
▪ Dietary supplement
Advertised health benefits
▪ Immune function
▪ Anxiety and depression
▪ Cognitive health
▪ Digestive health
▪ High cholesterol
▪ Diabetes
▪ Wound healing
▪ Cancer
61. Examples of lion’s mane mushroom extracts
elixir capsule Mixture of extracts
62. Buyers beware (caveat emptor) in buying
dietary supplements
▪ Nootropics are smart or cognitive enhancers.
▪ Beta-glucans are not nootropics.
▪ Beta-glucans are biological response modifiers.
▪ Some hericenones and erinacines are nootropics.
▪ The pharmacological properties of beta-glucans,
hericenones and erinacines in lion’s mane
mushroom have yet to be defined.
Ᏸ-glucan
erinacine
64. Summary
▪ Lion’s mane mushroom is scientifically known as Hericium erinaceus.
▪ Investigations of Its health benefits began in the year 2000.
▪ Besides macro and micronutrients, beneficial bioactive compounds
have been analyzed and studied.
▪ The bioactive compounds consist of polysaccharides and secondary
metabolites
▪ Ᏸ-glucans in polysaccharides are immuno-modulatory and anti-cancer.
▪ The important metabolites are hericenones and erinacines. Several of
them are strong stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis.
▪ Lion’s mane mushroom is a safe and delicious mushroom. No adverse
reactions have been reported.