This document provides a 5 PDH course on the design of folded plates. It begins with introductions and background on folded plate structures and the responsibilities of engineers. It then covers structural idealization of folded plates, the 10 step procedural analysis process, derivations of relevant formulas, preparatory work before analysis, and includes examples and figures to illustrate concepts. The document aims to describe how to analyze and design folded plates through simple hand calculations using basic principles of statics, moment distribution, and flexural theory.
SHELL STRUCTURE
Shell is a type of building enclosures.
Shells belong to the family of arches . They can be defined as curved or angled structures capable of transmitting loads in more than two directions to supports.
A shell with one curved surface is known as a vault (single curvature ).
A shell with doubly curved surface is known as a dome (double curvature).
CONTINUITY & CURVATURE
ls are structurally continuous in the sense that they can transmit forces in a number of different directions in the surface of the shell, as required.
Shell structures have quite a different mode of action from skeletal structures,
of which simple examples are trusses, frameworks, and trees because other structures are only capable of transmitting forces along their discrete structural members.
CLOSED & OPEN SHELL
Anyone who has built children’s toys from thick paper or thin cardboard will be familiar with the fact that a closed box is rigid, whereas an open box is easily deformable.
The same sort of thing applies in shell structure.
Close surfaces are rigid. In practice it is not usually possible to make completely closed structural boxes.
CLOSED & OPEN SHELL
For shell with openings, reinforce the edge of the hole in such a way as to compensate, to a certain extent, for the presence of the hole. The amount of reinforcement required depends on the size of the hole, and to what extent the presence of the
whole makes the structure an open one.
Large openings are essential in some forms of construction, like in shell roof.
CLASSIFICATION OF SHELLS
There are many different ways to classify shell structures but two ways are common:
1. The material which the shell is made of: like reinforced concrete, plywood or steel, because each one has different properties that can determine the shape of the building and therefore, these characteristics have to be considered in the design.
2. The shell thickness: shells can be thick or thin.
Felix Candela
A Spanish and Mexican architec t who acknowledged as a master builder and structural artist who designed and built great thin shell concrete roof structures of the hyperbolic paraboloid geometric form in Mexico.
THIN CONCRETE SHELLS
The thin concrete shell structures are a lightweight construction composed of a relatively thin shell made of reinforced concrete, usually without the use of internal supports giving an open unobstructed interior.
The shells are most commonly domes and flat plates, but may also take the form of ellipsoids or cylindrical sections, or some combination thereof.
Most concrete shell structures are commercial and sports buildings or storage facilities.
THIN CONCRETE SHELLS
The thin concrete shell structures are a lightweight construction composed of a relatively thin shell made of reinforced concrete, usually without the use of internal supports giving an open unobstructed interior.
The shells are most commonly domes and flat plates, but may also take the form of e
Video Lecture: https://youtu.be/zoj6DYMvg2I
Structural System in High Rise building or Tall Building
Emporis standards-
“A multi-story structure between 35-100 meters tall, or a building of unknown
height from 12-39 floors is termed as high rise.
The International Conference on Fire Safety –
"any structure where the height can have a serious impact on evacuation“
Massachusetts, United States General Laws –
A high-rise is being higher than 70 feet (21 m).
Buildings higher than 100m is termed as skyscraper according to emporis.
Buildings 300m or higher is termed as super tall and buildings 600m or taller is termed as mega-tall.
SHELL STRUCTURE
Shell is a type of building enclosures.
Shells belong to the family of arches . They can be defined as curved or angled structures capable of transmitting loads in more than two directions to supports.
A shell with one curved surface is known as a vault (single curvature ).
A shell with doubly curved surface is known as a dome (double curvature).
CONTINUITY & CURVATURE
ls are structurally continuous in the sense that they can transmit forces in a number of different directions in the surface of the shell, as required.
Shell structures have quite a different mode of action from skeletal structures,
of which simple examples are trusses, frameworks, and trees because other structures are only capable of transmitting forces along their discrete structural members.
CLOSED & OPEN SHELL
Anyone who has built children’s toys from thick paper or thin cardboard will be familiar with the fact that a closed box is rigid, whereas an open box is easily deformable.
The same sort of thing applies in shell structure.
Close surfaces are rigid. In practice it is not usually possible to make completely closed structural boxes.
CLOSED & OPEN SHELL
For shell with openings, reinforce the edge of the hole in such a way as to compensate, to a certain extent, for the presence of the hole. The amount of reinforcement required depends on the size of the hole, and to what extent the presence of the
whole makes the structure an open one.
Large openings are essential in some forms of construction, like in shell roof.
CLASSIFICATION OF SHELLS
There are many different ways to classify shell structures but two ways are common:
1. The material which the shell is made of: like reinforced concrete, plywood or steel, because each one has different properties that can determine the shape of the building and therefore, these characteristics have to be considered in the design.
2. The shell thickness: shells can be thick or thin.
Felix Candela
A Spanish and Mexican architec t who acknowledged as a master builder and structural artist who designed and built great thin shell concrete roof structures of the hyperbolic paraboloid geometric form in Mexico.
THIN CONCRETE SHELLS
The thin concrete shell structures are a lightweight construction composed of a relatively thin shell made of reinforced concrete, usually without the use of internal supports giving an open unobstructed interior.
The shells are most commonly domes and flat plates, but may also take the form of ellipsoids or cylindrical sections, or some combination thereof.
Most concrete shell structures are commercial and sports buildings or storage facilities.
THIN CONCRETE SHELLS
The thin concrete shell structures are a lightweight construction composed of a relatively thin shell made of reinforced concrete, usually without the use of internal supports giving an open unobstructed interior.
The shells are most commonly domes and flat plates, but may also take the form of e
Video Lecture: https://youtu.be/zoj6DYMvg2I
Structural System in High Rise building or Tall Building
Emporis standards-
“A multi-story structure between 35-100 meters tall, or a building of unknown
height from 12-39 floors is termed as high rise.
The International Conference on Fire Safety –
"any structure where the height can have a serious impact on evacuation“
Massachusetts, United States General Laws –
A high-rise is being higher than 70 feet (21 m).
Buildings higher than 100m is termed as skyscraper according to emporis.
Buildings 300m or higher is termed as super tall and buildings 600m or taller is termed as mega-tall.
Arches always generate the section of vaulted structures.
• Vaults are generated by the projection of the arch section on a plan, which is most of the time horizontal.
• Domes are basically shaped by the rotation of the arch section around a vertical axis. They can be built on circular or quadrangular plans.
The main exceptions to this principle are:
• Domes on squinches are made by a succession of increasing arches starting from the corners. The squinche looks like a half cone or portion of a cone, if the generating arch is not pointed.
• Faceted domes are generated by the intersection of vaults, like the cloister dome. But it is built on a faceted plan and not a square or quadrangular plan like the cloister dome.
• Groined vaults or domes are the intersection of two vaults crossing each other. Most of the time, they cross perpendicularly.
• Cloister domes are also generated by the intersection of two vaults crossing each other, like the groined vault. The groin of the groined vault is identical to the inner edge of the cloister dome. The arch section of the cloister dome is not seen on the side of the dome, but only the cross sections.
The Etruscans originated the arch (always semi-circular), the vault (an arched covering of stone), and the dome. The best preserved of the Etruscan arches is in the Porta all’Arco gateway at Volterra.
Adopted and developed extensively by the Romans, the arch, vault and dome played an important part in their architecture. The Romans combined the trabeated system (a style of architecture in which a structure is supported over openings by beams or lintels) of the Greeks with the arch, vault, and dome of the Etruscans, constructing buildings that were structurally more complex and ambitious than those of either. The result was arcuated structures (supported on arches), built on the pier and arch system. Orders (a column with the entablature its supports) were used, often with arches, to face these arcuated structures. This was not entirely to serve a decorative purpose for the orders were carefully placed and adapted so that they contributed to the scale and proportion of the whole design.
Vault
The evolution of the vault begins with the discovery of the arch, because the basic “barrel” form, which appeared first in ancient Egypt and the Near East, is simply a deep, or three-dimensional, arch. Since the barrel vault exerts thrust as the arch does, it must be buttressed along its entire length by heavy walls in which openings must be limited in size and number. This is a disadvantage, since it inhibits light and circulation.
But Roman builders discovered that openings could be made by building two barrel vaults that intersected at right angles to form the groin vault, which is square in plan and may be repeated in series to span rectangular areas of unlimited length. This vault has the additional advantage that its thrusts are concentrated at the four corners, so that the supporting walls need not
Arch is a curved structure designed to carry loads across a gap mainly by compression. The mechanical principle of the arch is precisely the same as that of the portal frame. The straight pieces of material joined by sharp bends are smoothed into a continuous curve. This increases the cost of construction but greatly reduces the stresses.
For more detail on Arch Systems and architecture engineering,
visit us - www.archistudent.net
Follow us - https://www.facebook.com/Archified-162820443787915/
Spanning Space, Horizontal-span Building Structures, Wolfgang SchuellerWolfgang Schueller
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016.
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller. The SAP2000V15 Examples and Problems SDB files are available on the Computers & Structures, Inc. (CSI) website: http://www.csiamerica.com/go/schueller
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
Determination of load transfer in reinforced concrete solid slabs by finite e...IOSR Journals
According to the ACI building code, the concrete slab can be divided into two types depending on
the ratio of the long side to the short side. Regarding the results of the ratio, the concrete slab can be divided as
one-way and two-way slabs. The main objective of this paper is to study the stress or moments distribution in
solid slab panel in its two directions and compare with ACI code assumption that the load is transferred mainly
in short direction and most of the load is transferred in one direction only if the ratio of the longer span to the
shorter span is greater than one. This will be discussed by analyzing one panel of solid slab using the computer
software SAP2000. Two types of panels will be used; the first one a panel that is supported simply on its four
sides and the second panel is supported only by four pin supports and beams. This paper shows that the gravity
load on the slab is transferred to long and short direction. This means that one-way concrete solid slab doesn't
exist and all concrete solid slabs work as a two-way concrete slab.
Arches always generate the section of vaulted structures.
• Vaults are generated by the projection of the arch section on a plan, which is most of the time horizontal.
• Domes are basically shaped by the rotation of the arch section around a vertical axis. They can be built on circular or quadrangular plans.
The main exceptions to this principle are:
• Domes on squinches are made by a succession of increasing arches starting from the corners. The squinche looks like a half cone or portion of a cone, if the generating arch is not pointed.
• Faceted domes are generated by the intersection of vaults, like the cloister dome. But it is built on a faceted plan and not a square or quadrangular plan like the cloister dome.
• Groined vaults or domes are the intersection of two vaults crossing each other. Most of the time, they cross perpendicularly.
• Cloister domes are also generated by the intersection of two vaults crossing each other, like the groined vault. The groin of the groined vault is identical to the inner edge of the cloister dome. The arch section of the cloister dome is not seen on the side of the dome, but only the cross sections.
The Etruscans originated the arch (always semi-circular), the vault (an arched covering of stone), and the dome. The best preserved of the Etruscan arches is in the Porta all’Arco gateway at Volterra.
Adopted and developed extensively by the Romans, the arch, vault and dome played an important part in their architecture. The Romans combined the trabeated system (a style of architecture in which a structure is supported over openings by beams or lintels) of the Greeks with the arch, vault, and dome of the Etruscans, constructing buildings that were structurally more complex and ambitious than those of either. The result was arcuated structures (supported on arches), built on the pier and arch system. Orders (a column with the entablature its supports) were used, often with arches, to face these arcuated structures. This was not entirely to serve a decorative purpose for the orders were carefully placed and adapted so that they contributed to the scale and proportion of the whole design.
Vault
The evolution of the vault begins with the discovery of the arch, because the basic “barrel” form, which appeared first in ancient Egypt and the Near East, is simply a deep, or three-dimensional, arch. Since the barrel vault exerts thrust as the arch does, it must be buttressed along its entire length by heavy walls in which openings must be limited in size and number. This is a disadvantage, since it inhibits light and circulation.
But Roman builders discovered that openings could be made by building two barrel vaults that intersected at right angles to form the groin vault, which is square in plan and may be repeated in series to span rectangular areas of unlimited length. This vault has the additional advantage that its thrusts are concentrated at the four corners, so that the supporting walls need not
Arch is a curved structure designed to carry loads across a gap mainly by compression. The mechanical principle of the arch is precisely the same as that of the portal frame. The straight pieces of material joined by sharp bends are smoothed into a continuous curve. This increases the cost of construction but greatly reduces the stresses.
For more detail on Arch Systems and architecture engineering,
visit us - www.archistudent.net
Follow us - https://www.facebook.com/Archified-162820443787915/
Spanning Space, Horizontal-span Building Structures, Wolfgang SchuellerWolfgang Schueller
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016.
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller. The SAP2000V15 Examples and Problems SDB files are available on the Computers & Structures, Inc. (CSI) website: http://www.csiamerica.com/go/schueller
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
Determination of load transfer in reinforced concrete solid slabs by finite e...IOSR Journals
According to the ACI building code, the concrete slab can be divided into two types depending on
the ratio of the long side to the short side. Regarding the results of the ratio, the concrete slab can be divided as
one-way and two-way slabs. The main objective of this paper is to study the stress or moments distribution in
solid slab panel in its two directions and compare with ACI code assumption that the load is transferred mainly
in short direction and most of the load is transferred in one direction only if the ratio of the longer span to the
shorter span is greater than one. This will be discussed by analyzing one panel of solid slab using the computer
software SAP2000. Two types of panels will be used; the first one a panel that is supported simply on its four
sides and the second panel is supported only by four pin supports and beams. This paper shows that the gravity
load on the slab is transferred to long and short direction. This means that one-way concrete solid slab doesn't
exist and all concrete solid slabs work as a two-way concrete slab.
This article presents the analysis and design of troughed floors. These are slabs that combines the advantages of ribbed floors with those of a slab with level soffits (flat slab). They provide one of the most efficient solution for long-span floors, typically up to 12m and are also very effective where good surface finish is desired. The levelled soffits present the floor with the advantage of exposing the slab profile which may be used for passive cooling or for aesthetics. They are composed of very shallow beams spanning between columns with typically equal depth narrow ribs spanning in the orthogonal direction. A thin slab layer known as the topping completes the system. Overall, they tend to be dipper than solid or flat slabs but are considerably lighter in weight than an equivalent flat slab, thus the extent of their foundations is greatly reduced. This paper therefore, aims to introduce the concept, analysis and design of troughed floors to the reader. Also, a practical workedexample using the Eurocode has been included in this article to aid the reader in further understanding the design of this kind of floors.
The Effect of Structure -Soil Interaction on Eccentrically Loaded FrameIJERD Editor
The interaction among structures, their foundations and the soil medium below the foundations alter
the actual behaviour of the structure considerably than what is obtained from the consideration of the structure
alone. Thus, a reasonably accurate model for the soil–foundation–structure interaction system with
computational validity, efficiency and accuracy is needed in improved design of important structures. The
framed structures are normally analyzed with their bases considered to be either completely rigid or hinged.
However, the foundation resting on deformable soils also undergoes deformation depending on the relative
rigidities of the foundation, superstructure and soil. Interactive analysis is, therefore, necessary for the accurate
assessment of the response of the superstructure.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.