This document provides an overview of fluorimetry and fluorescence/phosphorescence. It defines fluorescence as the emission of light from a substance when it absorbs energy from an external light source. Phosphorescence is a type of delayed fluorescence that continues emitting light even after the external light source is removed. Fluorimetry is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy that analyzes the fluorescence from a sample using an excitation light source, usually ultraviolet light, to produce lower energy light emission. Key concepts discussed include the Jablonski energy diagram, factors that influence fluorescence, and applications of extrinsic fluorophores.
fluid chromatography (SFC) can be used on an analytical
scale.
It is a combination of High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
and Gas chromatography (GC).
It can be used with non-volatile and thermally labile analytes.
It can be used with the universal flame ionization detector.
It is important to producing narrower peaks due to rapid diffusion.
It is important for the chiral separations and analysis of high-molecularweight
hydrocarbons.
Supercritical fluids are suitable as a substitute for organic solvents in a
range of industrial and laboratory processes.
fluid chromatography (SFC) can be used on an analytical
scale.
It is a combination of High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
and Gas chromatography (GC).
It can be used with non-volatile and thermally labile analytes.
It can be used with the universal flame ionization detector.
It is important to producing narrower peaks due to rapid diffusion.
It is important for the chiral separations and analysis of high-molecularweight
hydrocarbons.
Supercritical fluids are suitable as a substitute for organic solvents in a
range of industrial and laboratory processes.
In this slide contains introduction, steps, requirements, principle and quantification methods of HPLC.
Presented by: HIMA BINDHU (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
In this slide contains types of HPLC Columns, Plate theory and Van Deemter Equation.
Presented by : Malarvannan.M (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER,anantpur.
Instrumentation of Thin Layer ChromatographyTanmoy Sarkar
Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a system on which a material called the stationary phase is fixed.
Thin-layer chromatography is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on a sheet of an inert substrate such as glass, plastic, or aluminium foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminium oxide, or cellulose.
The versatile instrument is used to isolate unknown compounds from a HPTLC/TLC plate and transfer them into a mass spectrometer for identification or structure elucidation.
In this slide contains introduction, steps, requirements, principle and quantification methods of HPLC.
Presented by: HIMA BINDHU (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
In this slide contains types of HPLC Columns, Plate theory and Van Deemter Equation.
Presented by : Malarvannan.M (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER,anantpur.
Instrumentation of Thin Layer ChromatographyTanmoy Sarkar
Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a system on which a material called the stationary phase is fixed.
Thin-layer chromatography is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on a sheet of an inert substrate such as glass, plastic, or aluminium foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminium oxide, or cellulose.
The versatile instrument is used to isolate unknown compounds from a HPTLC/TLC plate and transfer them into a mass spectrometer for identification or structure elucidation.
My Session on Quantum Computing at Geeky Night Coimbatore at ThoughtWorks Campus. This material covers the fundamentals of Quantum Computing and Emerging Concepts and Platforms related to Quantum Computing. It also touches upon how Quantum Computing influences the world of Blockchain. It covers emerging paradigms such as Topological Quantum Computing and Holonomic Quantum Computing.
Set against a backdrop of the majestic Dhauladhar Range and perched on the upper reaches of the Kangra Valley, Dharamshala beckons many tourists from all over. It is also renowned the world over as the home of His Holiness the Dalai Lama and the peaceful Tibetan community. Despite the flourishing Tibetan culture, one can still see the charming remnants of the British colonial lifestyle.
An introduction to Ionic, the use of Angular and Cordova to develop fast and beautiful hybrid mobile web applications. Presentation given by Sjors de Wildt at CM Telecom.
Native VS HTML5 - Ionic App Development | CM TelecomCM.com
Ionic is an HTML5 mobile app development framework targeted at building hybrid mobile apps. Hybrid apps are essentially small websites running in a browser shell in an app that have access to the native platform layer. Hybrid apps have many benefits over pure native apps, specifically in terms of platform support, speed of development, and access to 3rd party code.
Think of Ionic as the front-end UI framework that handles all of the look and feel and UI interactions your app needs in order to be compelling. Kind of like “Bootstrap for Native,” but with support for a broad range of common native mobile components, slick animations, and beautiful design.
Unlike a responsive framework, Ionic comes with very native-styled mobile UI elements and layouts that you’d get with a native SDK on iOS or Android but didn’t really exist before on the web. Ionic also gives you some opinionated but powerful ways to build mobile applications that eclipse existing HTML5 development frameworks.
Since Ionic is an HTML5 framework, it needs a native wrapper like Cordova or PhoneGap in order to run as a native app.
Ethereum is an open-source, public, blockchain-based distributed computing platform featuring smart contract functionality.
At its simplest, Ethereum is an open software platform based on blockchain technology that enables developers to build and deploy decentralized applications.
In the Ethereum blockchain, instead of mining for bitcoin, miners work to earn Ether, a type of crypto token that fuels the network.
Ethereum enables developers to build and deploy decentralized applications. A decentralized application or Dapp serve some particular purpose to its users.
Beyond a tradeable cryptocurrency, Ether is also used by application developers to pay for transaction fees and services on the Ethereum network.
Ethereum Poster- blockgeeks.com
Seeley Okie is a Principal at Belmont Public Library based in Belmont, New Hampshire. Previously, Seeley was an Assistant Principal at Waltham Public school
This is a non-engineer's experience in making an automated cat feeder using an Arduino with Built-in Wifi called a WiDo. The point was to encourage participants to join a Internet of Things Maker Community called JumpSparc
Antifreeze protects the engine against extreme cold winter temperatures. However, if the antifreeze level declines due to crack or leak in the system, then the engine might fail to stay operational during the winter. So, inspect the antifreeze level in your Mercedes-Benz on a daily basis. This slide might be useful for you to know more winter car care tips.
It is time to start thinking about your health, your life plan, and your progress toward your goals and well-being. An organized plan for a healthy year.
The opening keynote presentation for the Frontmania 2023 conference.
Web development has evolved significantly since its inception. Today, the front-end landscape is a vast and ever-expanding territory, constantly undergoing change.
The question that is likely on everyone's mind is, "How can I shape my front-end development career most effectively?" With numerous topics to learn and a multitude of options to choose from, it can be challenging to determine which skills are truly valuable and where to invest your time.
This presentation aims to assist you in charting your personal journey toward becoming a proficient front-end professional. It will endeavour to address critical questions such as, "What defines a great front-end developer?" and "How can one achieve mastery in front-end development?”
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. FLUORESCENCE:-
W H E N A BEA M O F L I G H T PA S S ES T H R O U G H A S U B STAN CE , T H E
PA RT I CL E S W O U L D AB S O R B S S O M E F R O M O F E N E R G Y A ND
E M I T S T H E R A D I AT I O N .
I T I S P H E N O M E N O N I N W H I C H T H E E XC I T E D S I N G L E T
E L E CT R O N ( T H E E L E C T R O N A RE PA I RE D ) E M I T S E M I S S I O N
R A D I AT I O N W H E N B R O U G H T D O W N TO G R O U N D L E VE L AT T HE
C E RTA I N WAV E L E N G T H .
F L U O R E S C E N C E O C C U R AT ( 1 0 - 9 - 1 0 - 6 S E C )
DEFINITION
3. I T I S A T YP E O F E L E C T R O M A G N E T I C S P E CT R O S C O P Y T H AT
A N A LY S E S T H E F L U O R E S C E N C E F R O M T H E S A M P L E .
I T I N VO LVE T H E U S E O F B E A M O F L I G H T, U S U AL LY ULT RA
V I O L E T L I G H T T H AT E XC I T E D T H E E L E C T R O N S I N T H E
M O L E C UL E O F C E RTA I N C O M P O U N D ( F L U O R E S CE N CE
S U B S TA N C E ) A N D T H AT P R O D U C E S A L I G H T O F L O W E R E N E R G Y.
P H O S P H O R E S C E N C E : -
W H E N L I G H T R A D I AT I O N I S I N C I D E N T O N CE RTA I N
S U B STAN CES T H E Y E M I T L I G H T C O N T I N U O U S LY E VE N AF T ER
T H E I N C I DE NT L I G H T I S C U T O F F. T H I S T Y P E O F D E L AY E D
F L U O R E S CE N C E I S CAL L E D P H O S P H O R E S C E NC E . S U B S TA N C E
S H O W I N G P H O S P H O R E S C E NC E A R E P H O S P H O R E SCE NT
S U B S TA N C E .
FLUORIMETRY
4. M O L E C UL E C O N TA I N S Σ ( S I G M A ) E L E CT R O N ( P I E ) A ND N O N
B O N D I N G ( N ) E L E C T R O N .
T H E E L E CT R O N E M AY B E P RE S E NT I N B O N D I N G M O L E CU L AR
O R B I TAL . I T I S C AL L E D A S H I G H E ST O C C U PI E D M O L E CU L E R
O R B I TA L ( H O M O ) . I T H A S L E S T E N E R G Y A N D M O R E S TA B L E .
W H E N T H E M O L E C UL E AB S O R B R A D I ANT E N E R G Y F RO M A
L I G H T S O U R C E ,T H E B O N D I N G E L E CT R O N M AY B E P R O M O T E D
TO A NT I B O N D I N G O R B I TAL ( L UM O ) . I T H A S M O R E E NE R G Y
A N D H E N C E L E S S S TA B L E .
PRINCIPLE
5. A M O L E C U L A R E L E C T R O N I C S TAT E I N W H I C H A L L O F T H E
E L E C T R O N A R E PA I R E D A R E C A L L E D S I N G L E S TAT E .
I N A S I N G L E T S TAT E M O L E C U L E A R E D I A M A G N E T I C .
M O S T O F T H E M O L E C U L E I N T H E I R G R O U N D S TAT E A R E
PA I R E D .
W H E N S U C H A M O L E C U L E A B S O R B U V / V I S I B L E R A D I AT I O N
, O N E O R M O R E O F T H E PA I R E D E L E C T R O N R A I S E D TO A N
E XC I T E D S I N G L E T S TAT E / E XC I T E D T R I P L E T S TAT E .
THEORY OF FLUORESCENCE
AND PHOSPHORESCENCE
6. F L U O R E S C E N C E
P H O S P H O R E S C E N C E
R A D I AT I O N L E S S P R O C E S S
V I B R AT I O N A L R E L A X AT I O N
I N T E R N A L C O N V E R S I O N
E XT E R N A L C O N V E R S I O N
I N T E R S Y S T E M C R O S S I N G
FROM THE EXCITED SINGLET STATE
ONE OF THE FOLLOWING
PHENOMENON OCCURS
7. F L U O R E S C E N C E : - L I G H T E M I T I N G AT O N C E S O U R C E S TA RT &
S TO P S W H E N S O U R C E S TO P
F L U O R E S C E N C E & P H O S P H O R E S C E N C E : -
10. F L U O R E S CE N C E I S M O S T C O M M O N LY O B S E RV E D I N
C O M P O U N D C O N TA I N I N G A R O M AT I C F U NC T I O N A L G R O U P S
W I T H L O W E N E R G Y .
M O S T U N SU B ST I T U T E D A R O M AT I C H Y D R O C A RB O N S S H O W
F L U O R E S CEN C E – Q U A N T U M E F F I C I E NC Y I NC R EA S E WI T H
T H E N O . O F R I N G S A N D D E G R E E O F C O N D E N S AT I O N .
S I M P L E H E T E R O C Y C L E D O N O T E X H I B I T F L U O R E S C E N C E .
T H E N N - * S I N G L E T Q U I C K LY C O N V E RT TO T H E N -
* T R I P L E T A N D P R E V E N T F L U O R E S C E N C E
FLUORESCENCE AND
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
11. F U S I O N O F H E T E R O C Y C L I C N U C L E U S TO B E N ZE N E R I N G
I N C R E A S E F L U O R E S C E N C E
S U B S T I T U T I O N O N T H E B E N ZE N E R I N G S H I F T S WAV E L E N G T H
O F A B S O R B A N C E M A XI M A A N D C O R R E S P O N D I N G C H A N G E S I N
F L U O R E S C E N C E I N P E A K S .
F L U O R E S C E N C E D E C R E A S E W I T H I N C R E A S I N G ATO M I C N O .
O F T H E H A L O G E N .
S U B S T I T U T I O N O F C A R B O XY L I C A C I D O R C A R B O XY L I C
G R O U P O N A R O M AT I C R I N G I N H I B I T F L U O R E S C E N C E .
12. I N TE R NAL C O N V E R SI O N I S A T RA N S I T I O N O C C U R R I N G
B E T W E E N STAT E S O F T H E S A M E M U LT I PL I C I T Y A ND I T TA K E
P L A CE AT T I M E S C AL E O F 1 0 - 1 2 S ( FA S T E R T H A N T H AT O F
F L U O R E S C E N C E P R O C E S S )
I N T E R SY S T E M C R O S S I N G : - I N T E R S Y ST E M CR O S S I N G R E F E R TO
N O N R A D I AT I VE T R A NS I T I O N B E T W E E N S TAT E S O F D I F F E RE NT
M U LT I PL I C I T Y . I T O C C U R S V I A I N V ER S I O N T H E S P I N O F T H E
E XC I T E D RE S ULT I N G I N T W O U N PA I R E D E L E C T R O N W I T H T H E
S A M E S P I N O R I E N TAT I O N R E S U LT I N G I N A S TAT E W I T H S P I N = 1
A N D M U LT I P L I C I T Y O F 3 ( T R I P L E T S TAT E )
INTERNAL CONVERSION VS
INTERSYSTEM CROSSING
13. T H E D I F F E R E NC E B E T W E E N T H E M A XI M U M WAV E L E N G T H O F
T H E E XC I TAT I O N L I G H T A N D M AXI M U M WAV E L E N G T H O F T H E
E M I T T E D FL O R E S CE N CE L I G H T I S A C O N S TAN T R E FE R RE D TO
A S T H E S T R O K E S S H I F T.
M E A SU RE O F E N E R G Y L O S T D U RI N G T H E L I F E T I M E O F T H E
E XC I T E D S TAT E ( R A D I AT I O N L E S S V I B R AT I O N A L
D E AC T I VAT I O N ) B E F O R E R E T U R N I N G TO T H E G R O U N D
S I N G L E T L E V E L ( F L O R E S C E N C E E M I S S I O N )
T H E B E ST R E S ULT A R E O B TA I NE D FR O M C O M P O U N D
I N VO LV I N G L A R G E S H I F T S .
14. AT L O W C O N C E NT R AT I O N O F F L U O R O P H O R E , T H E
F L U O R E S CE N C E I NT E NS I T Y O F A S A M P L E I S E S S E N T I AL LY
L I N E A R LY P R O P O RT I O N A L TO C O N C E N T R AT I O N .
H O W E V E R ,A S T H E C O N C E N T R AT I O N I N C R E AS E , A P O I NT I S
R E AC H E D AT W H I C H T H E I N T E N S I T Y I N C RE A SE I S
P R O G R E S S I V E LY L E SS L I NE A R , A N D T H E I N T E N S I T Y
E VE NT U AL LY DE C RE AS E A S C O N C E N T R AT I O N I N C R E A SE
F U RT H E R .
Fluorescence intensity
15. E XT E R N A L F L U O R O P H O R E C A N B E I N T R O D U C E D I N TO T H E
S Y S T E M B Y C H E M I C A L C O U P L I N G O R N O N – C O VA L E N T B I N D I N G .
F I R S T LY I T M U S T N O T A F F E C T T H E M E C H A N I S T I C P R O P E RT I E S
O F T H E S Y S T E M U N D E R I N V E S T I G AT I O N .
S E C O N D LY , I T S F L U O R E S C E N C E E M I S S I O N N E E D S TO B E
S E N S I T I V E TO E N V I R O N M E N TA L C O N D I T I O N I N O R D E R TO
E N A B L E M O N I TO R I N G O F T H E M O L E C U L A R E V E N T S .
L A S T LY T H E F L U O R O P H O R E M U S T B E T I G H T LY B O U N D AT A
U N I Q U E L O C AT I O N .
E XA M P L E : - 1 A N I L I N O - 8 - N A P H T H A L E N E S U L P H O N AT E ( A N S )
, F L U O R E S C A M I N E O - P H T H A L D E H Y D E O R 6 - A M I N O Q U I N O LY- N -
H Y D R O XY S U C C I N I M I D Y L C A R B O N AT E .
EXTRINSIC FLUORESCENCE
16. S E N S I T I V I T Y : - I T I S M O R E S E N S I T I V E A S C O N C E N T R AT I O N I S L O W
A S u g / ml O R n g / ml .
P R E C I S I O N : - U P TO 1 %C A N B E A C H I V E D .
S P E C I F I C I T Y : - M O R E S P E C I F I C T H A N A B S O R B T I O N M E T H O D
W H E R E A B S O R P T I O N M A XI M A M AY B E S A M E F O R T W O C O M P O U N D .
R A N G E O F A P P L I C AT I O N : - E V E N N O N F L U O R S C E N T C O M P O U N D
C A N A L S O B E C O N V E RT E D TO F L U R O S E N C E N T C O M P O U N D B Y
C H E M I C A L C O M P O U N D .
ADVANTAGE OF FLUORESCENCE
SPECTROSCOPY
17. N O T U S E F U L F O R I D E N T I F I C AT I O N .
N O T A L L C O M P O U N D F L U O R E S C E N C E .
C O N TA M I N AT I O N C A N Q U E N C H T H E F L U O R E S C E N C E A N D
H E N C E G I V E FA L S E / N O R E S U LT S .
DISADVANTAGE OF
FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY
18. D E C R E A S E I N F L U O R E S C E N C E I N T N S I T Y D U E TO S P E C I F I C
E F F E C T O F C O N S T I T U E N T S O F T H E S O L U T I O N .
D U E TO C O N C E N T R AT I O N , P H , P R E S S U R E , O F C H E M I C A L
S U B S TA N C E , T E M P E R AT U R E , V I S C O C I T Y , E T C .
T Y P E S O F Q U E N C H I N G
S E L F Q U E N C H I N G
C H E M I C A L Q U E N C H I N G
S TAT I C Q U E N C H I N G
C O L L I S I O N Q U E N C H I N G
QUENCHING
20. H E R E D E C R E A S E I N F L O R E S C E N C E I N T E N S I T Y D U E TO T H E
FA C TO R L I K E C H A N G E I N P H , P R E S E N C E O F O XY G E N ,
H A L I D E S & H E AV Y M E TA L S .
P H A N I L I N E AT P H 5 - 1 3 G I V E S F L U O R E S C E N C E B U T AT P H < 5 &
> 1 3 I T D O E S N O T E XH I B I T F L U O R E S C E N C E .
H A L I D E S L I K E C H L O R I D E , B R O M I D E , I O D I D E & E L E C T R O N
W I T H D R AW I N G G R O U P L I K E N O 2 , C O O H , E T C . L E A D S TO
Q U E N C H I N G .
H E AV Y M E TA L L E A D S TO Q U E N C H I N G , B E C A U S E O F T H E
C O L L I S I O N O F T R I P L E T G R O U N D S TAT E .
CHEMICAL QUENCHING
21. STATIC QUENCHING :-
T H I S O C C U R S D U E TO C O M P L E X F O R M AT I O N . E . G . C A F F E I N E
R E D U C E S T H E F L U O R E S C E N C E O F R I B O F L AV I N B Y C O M P L E X
F O R M AT I O N .
COLLISION QUENCHING :-
I T R E D U C E F L U O R E S C E N C E B Y C O L L I S I O N . W H E R E N O . O F
C O L L I S I O N I N C R E A S E D H E N C E Q U E N C H I N G TA K E P L A C E
22. C O N C E N T R AT I O N
Q U A N T U M Y I E L D O F F L U O R E S C E N C E
I N T E N S I T Y O F I N C I D E N T L I G H T
A D S O R P T I O N
O XY G E N
P H
T E M P E R AT U RE & V I S C O S I T Y
P H O TO D E C O M P O S I T I O N
Q U E N C H E R S
S C AT T E R
FACTOR EFFECTING
FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY
23. F L U O R E S C E N C E I N T E N S I T Y I S P R A P O RT N A L TO
C O N C E N T R AT I O N O F S U B S TA N C E O N LY W H E N T H E
A B S O R B A N C E I S L E S S T H E N 0 . 0 2
A = L O G l o / i t O R A = a b c
l o = I N T E N S I T Y O F I N C I D E N T L I G H T
a = A B S O R P T I V I T Y O F C O N S TA N T
b = PAT H L E N G T H
c = C O N C E N T R AT I O N
CONCENTRATION
24. (Ø)= NUMBER OF PHOTONS EMITTED NUMBER OF
PHOTON ABSORBED IT IS ALWAYS LEES THEN 1.0
SINCE SOME ENERGY IS LOST BY RADIATION LESS
PATHWAYS(COLLISIONAL ,INTERSYSTEM CROSSING,
VIBRATIONAL RELAXATION).
QUANTUM YIELD OF
FLURESCENCE (Ø)
25. INTENSITY OF INCIDENT LIGHT : -
INCREASE IN THE I NTENSITY
OF INCIDENT LIGHT ON THE SAMPLE FLURESCENCE
INTENCITY ALSO INCREASE .
ADSORPTION : -
ADSORPTION OF SAMPLE SOLUTION IN THE
CONTAINER MAY LEADS TO A SERIOUS PROBLEM .
OXYGEN :-
OXIDATION OF FLUORESCENT SPECIES TO A NON
FLUORESCENT SPECIES, QUENCHES FLUROSCENT
SUBSTANCE
PH :-
ALTERATION OF PH OF A SOLUTION WILL HAVE
SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON FLUROSCENCE FOR A ANILINE IN
ALKALI MEDIUM GIVE VISIBLE FLURESCENCE BUT IN
ACIDIC CONDITION GIVE FLURESCENCE IN VISIBLE
REGION .
26. T E M P E R AT U RE A N D V I S C O S I T Y : -
T E M P E R AT U R E I N C R E A S E C A N
I N C R E A S E T H E C O L L I S I O N A L D E A C T I VAT I O N , A N D R E D U C E
F L U O R E S C E N T I N T E N S I T Y . I F V I S C O S I T Y O F S O L U T I O N I S M O R E
T H E F R E Q U E N C Y O F C O L L I S O N A R E R E D U C E D A N D I N C R E A S E I N
F L U O R S C E N T I N T E N S I T Y .
P H O TO C H E M I C A L D E C O M P O S I T I O N : -
A B S O R P T I O N O F I N T E N S E
R A D I AT I O N L E A D S TO P H O TO C H E M I C A L D E C O M P O S I T I O N O F A
F L U R O S C E N T S U B S TA N C E TO L E S S F L U O R S C E N T O R N O N
F L U O R S C E N T S U B S TA N C E .
Q U E N C H E R : -
Q U E N C H I N G I S T H E R E D U C T I O N O F F L U O R E S C E N C E
I N T E N S I T Y B Y T H E P R E S E N C E O F S U B S TA N C E I N T H E S A M P L E
O T H E R T H A N T H E F L U O R E S C E N T A N A L AY T E .
S C AT T E R : -
S C AT T E R I S M A I N LY D U E TO C O L L O I D A L PA RT I C L E S
I N S O L U T I O N . S C AT T I N G O F I N C I D E N T L I G H T A F T E R PA S S I N G
T H R O U G H T H E S A M P L E L E A D S TO D E C R E A S E I N F L U R E S E N C E
I N T E N S I T Y .
28. M E R C U RY VA P O U R L A M P : -
M E R C U RY VA P O U R AT H I G H P R E S S U R E G I V E I N T E N S E L I N E S O N
C O N T I N O U S B A C K G R O U N D A B O V E 3 5 0 N M . L O W P R E S S U R E
M E R C U RY VA P O U R G I V E S A N A D D I T I O N A L L I N E AT 2 5 4 N M . I T
I S U S E D I N F I LT E R F L U O R I M E T E R .
SOURCE OF LIGHT
a) MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP
29. I T G I V E S M O R E I N T E N S E R A D I AT I O N T H E N M E R C U RY VA P O U R
L A M P . I T I S U S E D I N S P E C T R O F L U O R I M E T E R
b) XENON ARC LAMP
30. I F E XC I TAT I O N H A S TO B E D O N E I N V I S I B L E R E G I O N T H I S C A N
B E U S E D . I T I S U S E D I N L O W C O S T I N S T R U M E N T
C) TUNGSTEN LAMP
31. F I LT E R : - T H E S E AR E N O T H I N G B U T O P T I C AL F I LT E RS
W O R K S O N T H E P R I NC I PAL O F A B S O R P T I O N O F U N WA N T E D
L I G H T A N D T R A N S M I T T I N G T H E R E Q U I R E D WAV E L E N G T H O F
L I G H T . I N E XP E N S I VE I N ST RU M E NT FL U R I M E TE R P R I M A RY
F I LT E R A N D S E C O N D RY F I LT E R A R E P R E S E N T
P R I M A RY F I LT E R : -
A B S O R B S V I S I B L E R E G I O N A N D T R A NS M I T
U V R A D I AT I O N .
S E C O N D RY F I LT E R : -
A B S O R B S U V R A D I AT I O N A N D T RAN S M I T
V I S I B L E R A D I AT I O N
FILTER
32. T H E Y CO N V E RT P O LY C H R O M AT I C L I G H T I N TO
P O LY C H R O M AT I C L I G H T I N TO M O N O C H R O M AT I C L I G H T . T H E Y
C A N I S O L AT E A S P E CI F I C R A N G E O F A WAV E L E N G T H O R A
PA RT I C U L E R WAV E L E N G T H O F R A D I AT I O N F R O M A S O U R C E .
E XC I TAT I O N M O N O C H R O M ATO R S : - P R O V I D E S S UT I AB L E
R A D I AT I O N F O R E XC I TAT I O N O F M O L E C U L E .
E M I S S I O N M O N O C H R O M ATO R S : - I S O L AT E O NLY T H E
R A D I AT I O N E M I T T E D B Y T H E F L U R O S C E N T M O L E C U L E
MONOCHROMATORS
33. T H E S E A RE M E NT F O R H O L D I N G L I Q U I D S AM P L E . T H E S E A RE
M A D E U P Q U A RT Z A N D C A N H AV E VA RI O U S S H A P E E X .
C Y C L I N D R I C A L O R R A C TA N G U L E E T C .
SAMPLE CELL
34. P H O TO M E T R I C D E T E C TO R A R E U S E D T H E Y A R E : -
1 ) B A R R I E R L AY E R C E L L
2 ) P H O TO M U LT I O L AY R C E L L S
B A R R I E R L AY E R C E L L : -
I T I S E M P L O Y E D I N I N E XP E N S I V E I N S T R U M E N T . F O R E X . F I LT E R
F L U O R I M E T E R
DETECTORS
35. I T C O N S I S T O F A C O P P E R P L AT E C O AT E D W I T H A T H I N L AY E R
O F C U P R O U S O XI D E ( C U 2 O ) . A S E M I T R A N S PA R E N T F I L M O F
S I LV E R I S L A I D O N T H I S P L AT E TO P R O V I D E G O O D C O N TA C T .
W H E N E XT E R N A L L I G H T FA L L S O N T H E O XI D E L AY E R T H E
E L E C T R O N S E M I T T E D F R O M T H E O XI D E L AY E R M O V E I N TO
C O P P E R P L AT E .
T H E N O XI D E L AY E R B E C O M E S P O S I T I V E A N D C O P P E R P L AT E
B E C O M E S N E G AT I V E .
H E N C E A N E M F D E V E L O P B E T W E E N T H E O XI D E L AY E R A N D
C O P P E R P L AT E A N D B E H AV E S L I K E A VO LTA I C C E L L . S O I T I S
C A L L E D P H O TO VO LTA I C C E L L .
A G A LVA N O M E T E R I S C O N N E C T E D E XT R E M E LY B E T W E E N
S I LV E R F I L M A N D C O P P E R P L AT E A N D T H E D E F L E C T I O N I N
T H E G A LVA N O M E T E R S H O W S T H E C U R R E N T F L O W T H R O U G H
I T . T H E A M O U N T O F C U R R E N T I S F O U N D TO B E P R O P O RT I O N
TO T H E I N T E N S I T Y O F I N C I D E N T L I G H T
36. T H E S E A R E I N C O R P O R AT E D I N E XP E N S I V E I N S T R U M E N T L I K E
S P E C T R O F L U O R O M E T E R . I T S S E N S I T I V I T Y I S H I G H D U E TO
M E A S U R I N G W E A K I N T E N S I T Y O F L I G H T .
T H E P R I N C I P L E E M P L O Y E D I N T H I S D E T E C TO R I S T H AT
M U LT I P L I C AT I O N O F P H O TO E L E C T R O N S B Y S E C O N D A RY
E M I S S I O N O F E L E C T R O N .
T H I S I S A C H I E V E D B Y U S I N G A P H O TO C AT H O D E A N D A S E R I E S
O F A N O D E S ( D Y N O D E S ) . U P TO 1 0 D Y N O D E S A R E U S E D . E A C H
D Y N O D E I S M A I N TA I N E D AT 7 5 - 1 0 0 H I G H E R T H AT T H E
P R O C E E D I N G O N E
AT E A C H S TA G E T H E E L E C T R O N E M I S S I O N I S M U LT I P L I E D B Y A
FA C TO R O F 4 TO 5 D U E TO S E C O N D A RY E M I S S I O N O F
E L E C T R O N S A N D H E N C E A N O V E R A L L FA C TO R O F 1 0 6 I S
A C H I E V E D .
P M T S H O U L D B E S H I E L D E D F R O M S T R AY L I G H T I N O R D E R TO
H AV E A C C U R AT E R E S U LT .
PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE
37. P M T C AN D ET ECT V ERY W E A K S I G N A L S , EV E N 2 0 0 T I M E S
W E A K E R T H A N T H AT C O U L D B E D O N E U S I NG P H O TO VO LTA I C
C E L L . H E N C E I T I S U SE F UL I N F L U O R E S C E N CE M E A SU RE M E NT
.
39. I T C O N TA I N T U N G S T E N L A M P A S A S O U R C E O F L I G H T A N D H A S
A N O P T I C A L S Y S T E M C O N S I S T O F P R I M A RY F I LT E R .
T H E E M I T T E D RA D I AT I O N I S M E A S U RE D AT 9 0 ˚ B Y USI N G A
S E C O N D RY F I LT E R AN D D E TE CTO R . P R I M A RY F I LTE R A BS O R B
V I S I B L E R A D I AT I O N A N D T RA N SM I T U V R AD I AT I O N W H I C H
E XC I T E S T H E M O L E C U L E P R E S E N T I N S A M P L E C E L L .
I N S T E A D O F 9 0 I F W E U S E 1 8 0 G E O M E T RY A S I N COL ORI M E T RY
S E C O N D RY F I LT E R H A S TO B E H I G H LY E F F I C I E NT O T H E R W I SE
B O T H T H E U N A B S O R B E D U V R ADI AT I O N A N D F L U O R E SC E NT
R A D I AT I O N W I LL P R O D U CE DE TEC TO R RE S PO N S E A N D G I V E
FA L S E R E S U LT .
INSTRUMENTS
SINGLE BEAM FILTER FLUORIMETER
40. S I N G L E B E A M I N S T R U M R N T A R E S I M P L E I N C O N S T R U C T I O N
C H E A P E R A N D E A S Y TO O P E R AT E
A D VA N TA G E : -
S I M P L E I N C O N S T R U C T I O N , E A S Y TO U S E , E C O N O M I C A L
D I S A D VA N TA G E : -
I T I S N O T P O S S I B L E TO U S E R E F E R E N C E S O L U T I O N & S A M P L E
S O L U T I O N AT A T I M E .
R A P I D S C A N N I N G TO O B TA I N E XC I TAT I O N & E M I S S I O N
S P E C T R U M O F T H E C O M P O U N D I S N O T P O S S I B L E .
41. I T I S S I M I L A R TO S I N G L E B E A M E X C E P T T H AT T H E T W O
I N C I D E N T B E A M S F O R M A S I N G L E L I G H T S O U R C E PA S S T H R O U G H
P R I M A RY F I LT E R S S E P E R AT E LY A N D FA L L O N T H E A N O T H E R
R E F E R E N C E S O L U T I O N . T H E N T H E E M I T T E D R A D I AT I O N F R O M
T H E S A M P L E O R R E F E R E N C E F R O M T H E S A M P L E O R R E F E R E N C E
S A M P L E PA S S S E PA R AT E LY T H R O U G H S E C O N D A RY F I LT E R A N D
P R O D U C E R E S P O N S E C O M B I N LY O N A D E T E C TO R
DOUBLE BEAM FLUORIMETER
42. ADVANTAGES:-
SAMPLE & REFERENCE SOLUTION CAN BE
ANALYSED SIMULTANEOUSLY ,
DISADVANTAGE :-
RAPID SCANNING IS NOT POSSIBLE DUE TO
USE OF FILTERS .
43. I N T H I S P R I M A RY F I LT E R I N D O U B L E B E A M F L U O R I M E T E R I S
R E P L A C E D B Y E X C I TAT I O N M O N O C H R O M ATO R A N D T H E
S S E C O N D RY F I LT E R I S R E P L A C E D B Y E M I S S I O N M O N O C H R O M ATO R
. I N C I D E N T B E A M I S S P L I T I N TO S A M P L E A N D R E F E R N C E B E A M B Y
U S I N G B E A M S P L I T E R .
IN SPECTROFLUORIMETER
44. D E T E R M I N AT I O N O F I N O R G A N I C S U B S TA N C E A L 3 + L I + ZN 2 +
D E T E R M I N AT I O N O F T H I A M I N E H C L .
D E T E R M I N AT I O N O F P H E N Y TO I N .
D E T E R M I N ATI O N O F I N D O L E S , P H E N O L S , & P H E N O T H I A ZI N E
D E T E R M I N AT I O N O F N A P H T H O L ' S , P R O T E I N S , P L A N T
P I G M E N T A N D S T E R O I D S .
F L U O R I M E T RY , N O W A D AY S C A N B E U S E D I N D E T E C T I O N O F
I M P U R I T I E S I N N A N O G R A M L E V E L B E T T E R T H A N
A B S O R B A N C E S P E C T R O P H O TO M E T E R W I T H S P E C I A L
E M P H A S I S I N D E T E R M I N I N G C O M P O N E N T S O F S A M P L E AT
T H E N D O F C H R O M ATO G R A P H I C O R C A P I L L A RY C O L U M N .
APPLICATIONS
45. D E T E R M I N AT I O N O F R U T H E N I U M I O N S I N P R E S E N C E O F
O T H E R P L AT I N U M M E TA L S .
D E T E R M I N AT I O N O F B O R O N I N S T E E L , A L U M I N I U M I N
A L L O Y S M A N G A N E S E I N S T E E L .
D E T E R M I N AT I O N O F B O R O N I N S T E E L B Y C O M P L E X F O R M E D
W I T H B E N ZO I N .
E S T I M AT I O N O F C A D M I U M W I T H 2 ( 2 H Y D R O X Y P H E N Y L
) B E N ZO X A ZO L E I N P R E S E N C E O F TA RT R AT E .
R E S P I R ATO RY T R A C T I N F E C T I O N .
APPLICATIONS