This document discusses several public health issues and how geography influences political choices around them. It covers:
1) Community water fluoridation which reduced tooth decay by 50-70% in cities that implemented it. However, some debate individual choice vs collective good of this policy.
2) Smoking bans which aim to protect others from secondhand smoke but some argue it infringes on personal rights and could hurt businesses.
3) Air quality which affects everyone's health and varies by county. Pollution levels also rise in mountain valleys during winter temperature inversions.
4) Vaccination rates which are lower in some geographic clusters, increasing risk of disease outbreaks. The document examines recent mumps outbreaks
This document discusses a preventive dentistry program focused on fluoride and fissure sealants presented by Heidi Emmerling. It covers the goals of fluoride administration, recommended fluoride levels in water, potential toxicity of fluoride ingestion, emergency treatment, topical fluoride applications, and fissure sealant indications and limitations. The goals are to prevent decay, arrest active decay, and remineralize teeth using optimal fluoride levels tailored to climate. Potential fluoride toxicity and treatments are also outlined.
The document discusses the mechanism of action of fluorides in preventing dental caries. It begins by providing background on fluorine and the structure of hydroxyapatite in enamel. It then discusses how fluoride is incorporated into enamel through different "pools" in the oral environment. The main proposed mechanisms of fluoride include increasing enamel resistance through formation of fluorapatite, enhancing remineralization, and interfering with plaque bacteria. Understanding fluoride's various modes of action helps develop more effective prevention products and programs.
A broad idea about Esthetic Crown objectives and their Indications along side with the drawbacks of SSC also the Classification of esthetic crowns plus the Pros and cons of each esthetic crown.
Universal adhesives were introduced as the seventh generation of dental adhesives. They can be used with self-etch, selective-etch, and total-etch techniques without needing separate activators. They contain MDP monomers that enable effective bonding to calcium, dentin, enamel, zirconia and metal alloys. Universal adhesives simplify the application process and are more resistant to contamination compared to previous adhesive generations. They form both a hybrid layer and chemical bonds through MDP monomers, making the bond more durable over time.
This document discusses pit and fissure sealants. It begins by noting that pit and fissure areas are highly susceptible to dental caries, accounting for 50% of caries. It then reviews the caries process in pits and fissures. Several milestones in pit and fissure sealant development are outlined, from early filling techniques to modern resin-based sealants. The document discusses the classification, effectiveness, requirements, case selection criteria, and application technique for pit and fissure sealants. Recent advances including acid-releasing and wet-bonding sealants are also summarized.
Pit and fissure sealants are materials introduced into pits and fissures of teeth to form a protective layer and prevent dental caries. There are various types including resin-based, glass ionomer, and fluoride-releasing sealants. Placement involves isolating the tooth, etching the surface, applying the sealant, and curing. Long-term studies show sealants maintain protection against caries for many years when retained. Risk assessment is important to identify patients that will benefit most from sealants.
This document discusses a preventive dentistry program focused on fluoride and fissure sealants presented by Heidi Emmerling. It covers the goals of fluoride administration, recommended fluoride levels in water, potential toxicity of fluoride ingestion, emergency treatment, topical fluoride applications, and fissure sealant indications and limitations. The goals are to prevent decay, arrest active decay, and remineralize teeth using optimal fluoride levels tailored to climate. Potential fluoride toxicity and treatments are also outlined.
The document discusses the mechanism of action of fluorides in preventing dental caries. It begins by providing background on fluorine and the structure of hydroxyapatite in enamel. It then discusses how fluoride is incorporated into enamel through different "pools" in the oral environment. The main proposed mechanisms of fluoride include increasing enamel resistance through formation of fluorapatite, enhancing remineralization, and interfering with plaque bacteria. Understanding fluoride's various modes of action helps develop more effective prevention products and programs.
A broad idea about Esthetic Crown objectives and their Indications along side with the drawbacks of SSC also the Classification of esthetic crowns plus the Pros and cons of each esthetic crown.
Universal adhesives were introduced as the seventh generation of dental adhesives. They can be used with self-etch, selective-etch, and total-etch techniques without needing separate activators. They contain MDP monomers that enable effective bonding to calcium, dentin, enamel, zirconia and metal alloys. Universal adhesives simplify the application process and are more resistant to contamination compared to previous adhesive generations. They form both a hybrid layer and chemical bonds through MDP monomers, making the bond more durable over time.
This document discusses pit and fissure sealants. It begins by noting that pit and fissure areas are highly susceptible to dental caries, accounting for 50% of caries. It then reviews the caries process in pits and fissures. Several milestones in pit and fissure sealant development are outlined, from early filling techniques to modern resin-based sealants. The document discusses the classification, effectiveness, requirements, case selection criteria, and application technique for pit and fissure sealants. Recent advances including acid-releasing and wet-bonding sealants are also summarized.
Pit and fissure sealants are materials introduced into pits and fissures of teeth to form a protective layer and prevent dental caries. There are various types including resin-based, glass ionomer, and fluoride-releasing sealants. Placement involves isolating the tooth, etching the surface, applying the sealant, and curing. Long-term studies show sealants maintain protection against caries for many years when retained. Risk assessment is important to identify patients that will benefit most from sealants.
Fluoride reduces dental caries through multiple mechanisms including:
1) Incorporation into tooth enamel and dentin during development and after eruption, making the tooth structure less soluble in acid.
2) Interacting with the bacterial enzymes and metabolic processes that produce acid in dental plaque, reducing acid production.
3) Promoting remineralization of enamel and dentin that have been demineralized by acid from plaque bacteria.
This document discusses pits and fissure sealants. It explains that pits and fissures are difficult to clean and can accumulate plaque and debris, leading to caries development. Sealants were developed in the 1960s using acid etching to seal pits and fissures with resin. Children with special needs or extensive caries are indicated for sealants. Molars with localized occlusal caries confined to the outer third of dentin can be sealed, while deeper caries requires restoration first. Resin and glass ionomer based sealants are described, with resin being preferred. The application process involves cleaning, etching, washing, applying sealant and curing.
Dental trauma is one of the most common presentation in the pediatrics clinic. The fears and anxiety of these patients make management difficult. If improperly managed, it could affect the patient self-esteem and quality of life.
This document provides guidance on managing traumatic dental injuries in primary teeth. It discusses various types of injuries including enamel fractures, root fractures, luxations, and avulsions. For each injury type, it describes treatment objectives, options for treatment or observation, and follow-up recommendations. Conservative management is prioritized when possible to avoid harming the developing permanent dentition. While some injuries require extraction, others may be treated with pulpotomy, splinting, or simply monitoring for complications. Frequent follow-up is important to check for issues like infection, resorption, or eruption disturbances in the permanent teeth.
This document discusses various techniques and materials for minimal intervention dentistry and remineralization. It describes the Atraumatic Restorative Technique (ART) which removes decay using hand instruments and restores cavities with adhesive materials. Glass ionomer cements are effective restorative materials for ART due to their fluoride release and adhesion properties. Remineralization involves rebuilding demineralized tooth structure using agents like fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) which provide calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions to remineralize enamel. Newer remineralizing systems and delivery methods like dentifrices, sealants, and restorative materials are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of composite resins, including their composition, classification, performance factors, and clinical applications and considerations. It discusses the organic resin matrix and inorganic filler particles that make up composite, how they are classified based on filler size and type, and factors that influence their performance such as polymerization shrinkage and wear resistance. The document reviews the history of composites and their development over time. It also outlines the indications and contraindications for composite use as well as the advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses tooth preparation for dental restorations. It describes the objectives of tooth preparation as removing defects, protecting the pulp, extending restorations conservatively, and allowing functional and esthetic placement of restorative materials. Factors that affect tooth preparation include pulpal and periodontal status, dental anatomy, occlusion, patient factors, affected dentin, and restorative materials. Different types of cavity preparations are also described, including simple, compound, and complex cavities as well as Class I, Class II, and modified cavity preparations for both amalgam and composite restorations. Techniques for cavity preparation are provided for both conventional and modified designs depending on the restoration needs.
Minimum intervention dentistry focuses on early diagnosis and prevention of dental disease through non-invasive treatments. It aims to repair tooth structure through remineralization and sealing of early lesions rather than drilling. When cavitation occurs, minimally invasive techniques like air abrasion, lasers, or chemomechanical removal are used to minimize tooth structure removal before restoring with adhesive materials like composite or glass ionomer cement. Existing restorations are repaired where possible rather than replaced to further reduce intervention.
The document discusses various types of full coverage restorations for primary anterior teeth including stainless steel crowns with composite facings, composite strip crowns, polycarbonate crowns, New Millennium crowns, Kudos crowns, Pedo jacket crowns, and Artglass crowns. It describes the materials, advantages, disadvantages, and placement techniques for each type of crown. Stainless steel crowns with composite facings combine strength, durability and improved aesthetics but take longer to place. Composite strip crowns provide good aesthetics but are technique sensitive. Polycarbonate crowns and Kudos crowns are more durable alternatives that are easier to place than composite strip crowns.
This document discusses non-carious cervical lesions, including erosion, abrasion, and abfraction. It defines each type of lesion and lists their common etiological factors such as dietary acids, toothbrushing, and parafunctional habits. The clinical features of each type of lesion are described. The diagnosis involves taking a history and clinical and radiographic examination. Treatment options include dentin desensitization, restorations using materials like glass ionomer cement or composite resin, endodontic therapy, and periodontal therapy. Prevention emphasizes dietary counseling, fluoride use, correcting habits, and treating underlying conditions.
This document discusses the mechanism of action of fluorides. It begins with background on the element fluorine. It then describes five main mechanisms by which fluoride prevents dental caries: 1) increasing enamel resistance by forming fluorapatite crystals during tooth development, 2) increasing the rate of post-eruptive enamel maturation, 3) promoting remineralization of early dental caries, 4) interfering with cariogenic oral bacteria like Streptococcus mutans, and 5) modifying tooth morphology during development to produce smaller occlusal fissures and grooves. The optimal level for these anti-caries effects is maintaining low levels of fluoride in the oral cavity. Higher fluoride levels during tooth development can lead to dental
This document discusses various methods of delivering fluorides, including topical and systemic fluorides. It focuses on topical fluoride delivery methods. Topical fluorides are divided into professionally-applied and self-applied products. Professionally-applied products include neutral sodium fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, and stannous fluoride solutions. Self-applied products include fluoride dentifrices, gels, and rinses. The document provides details on the preparation, application procedures, mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages of each topical fluoride product type. It recommends amounts and methods for safe and effective professional application of topical fluorides.
Fissure sealant is a plastic material applied to the pits and fissures of teeth to prevent dental caries development. It acts as a physical barrier, blocking bacteria from entering the protected areas where plaque can accumulate. Several generations of sealants have been developed over time, improving adhesion and curing methods. Ideal sealants cure quickly, adhere well to enamel, and resist wear. Sealant placement involves isolating the tooth, cleaning, etching with acid, rinsing, applying the sealant, and evaluating. Regular recall visits are needed to check sealant retention and reapply if lost. Sealants are effective at reducing dental caries when used according to protocol in patients with deep fissure anatomy or high
Compomers, also known as polyacid-modified composite resins (PAMCRs), combine properties of glass ionomer cements (GICs) and composites. They set through both light-activated polymerization and a slower acid-base reaction between carboxyl groups and glass filler ions. This gives compomers fluoride release capabilities from the glass ionomer component and durability from the composite resin component. Compomers are easy to use, esthetic materials suitable for various restorative applications like sealants, liners/bases, and class III/V restorations. However, they have less fluoride release than GICs and less strength than composites.
Minimally invasive dentistry aims to control dental disease through early detection and least invasive treatment methods. It focuses on remineralizing early lesions and performing minimal surgical procedures. Recent advances include new cavity classification systems, preparation techniques like tunnels and slots, and caries removal methods like air abrasion, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical removal. The Atraumatic Restorative Technique and Interim Therapeutic Restoration were developed to provide basic dental care using only hand instruments and restorative materials like glass ionomer cement. Lasers can also be used for caries prevention, removal and cavity preparation with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tooth structure.
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Understand the microbial etiology of apical
periodontitis.
2. Describe the routes of entry of microorganisms to the
pulp and periradicular tissues.
3. Recognize the different types of endodontic infections
and the main microbial species involved in each one.
4. Understand the bacterial diversity within infected root
canals.
5. Describe the factors involved with symptomatic
endodontic infections.
6. Understand the ecology of the endodontic microbiota
and the features of the endodontic ecosystem.
7. Discuss the role of microorganisms in the outcome of
endodontic treatment.
8. Understand the development and implications of
extraradicular infections.
This document discusses various techniques for tooth bleaching, including:
1. Non-vital bleaching which involves placing a hydrogen peroxide mixture into the tooth to lighten discoloration from pulp necrosis.
2. In-office bleaching which applies hydrogen peroxide gel to the tooth surface followed by heat activation to diffuse the peroxide into the tooth.
3. At-home bleaching which uses a custom tray with carbamide peroxide gel worn overnight to slowly lighten teeth.
The document provides details on the procedures, indications, and risks/benefits of different bleaching methods.
Pit and fissure sealants are thin plastic coatings placed in the pits and fissures of teeth to act as a physical barrier against decay. They were introduced in the 1960s using acrylic polymers and composites. Studies show sealants can arrest incipient caries by being placed over initial decay after removal. Tooth morphology determines susceptibility, with deep narrow fissures at highest risk. Sealant placement involves cleaning and etching teeth to increase adhesion, then applying and curing the sealant material in the pits and fissures to form a protective barrier. Regular checkups are needed to assess sealant retention and repair any failures from contamination.
Restorative materials in pediatric dentistry classMINDS MAHE
This document discusses various restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry, including their properties and applications. It covers both preventive materials like fluoride and sealants, as well as direct restorative materials like amalgam, glass ionomer cement, zinc oxide eugenol, composite resins, and newer "smart materials". For each material, it discusses classifications, properties, indications, contraindications, composition and recent advancements. It provides detailed information on dental amalgam, glass ionomer cement, zinc oxide eugenol, composite resins and their various types and modifications that have been developed.
Fluoride is a mineral found in nature that helps prevent cavities in two ways. It concentrates in developing teeth and bones, helping to harden enamel. It also works during the natural demineralization and remineralization processes that occur in the mouth. Salivary fluoride levels vary depending on water fluoride levels and diet, and saliva impacts these processes. A study found that 8-year-old children with no cavities had significantly higher salivary fluoride levels than caries-prone children, indicating a relationship between dental caries and salivary fluoride concentration.
Fluoride plays an important role in preventing dental caries. It is found naturally in water and soil. When consumed at optimal levels, fluoride is incorporated into tooth enamel and makes it more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria that cause cavities. Common sources of fluoride include drinking water, foods like fish and tea, and supplements. The mechanisms by which fluoride prevents cavities involve strengthening enamel during tooth development, enhancing remineralization of early tooth decay, and having antibacterial effects. Water fluoridation is considered the most effective public health measure for delivering fluoride to prevent cavities across populations.
Fluoride reduces dental caries through multiple mechanisms including:
1) Incorporation into tooth enamel and dentin during development and after eruption, making the tooth structure less soluble in acid.
2) Interacting with the bacterial enzymes and metabolic processes that produce acid in dental plaque, reducing acid production.
3) Promoting remineralization of enamel and dentin that have been demineralized by acid from plaque bacteria.
This document discusses pits and fissure sealants. It explains that pits and fissures are difficult to clean and can accumulate plaque and debris, leading to caries development. Sealants were developed in the 1960s using acid etching to seal pits and fissures with resin. Children with special needs or extensive caries are indicated for sealants. Molars with localized occlusal caries confined to the outer third of dentin can be sealed, while deeper caries requires restoration first. Resin and glass ionomer based sealants are described, with resin being preferred. The application process involves cleaning, etching, washing, applying sealant and curing.
Dental trauma is one of the most common presentation in the pediatrics clinic. The fears and anxiety of these patients make management difficult. If improperly managed, it could affect the patient self-esteem and quality of life.
This document provides guidance on managing traumatic dental injuries in primary teeth. It discusses various types of injuries including enamel fractures, root fractures, luxations, and avulsions. For each injury type, it describes treatment objectives, options for treatment or observation, and follow-up recommendations. Conservative management is prioritized when possible to avoid harming the developing permanent dentition. While some injuries require extraction, others may be treated with pulpotomy, splinting, or simply monitoring for complications. Frequent follow-up is important to check for issues like infection, resorption, or eruption disturbances in the permanent teeth.
This document discusses various techniques and materials for minimal intervention dentistry and remineralization. It describes the Atraumatic Restorative Technique (ART) which removes decay using hand instruments and restores cavities with adhesive materials. Glass ionomer cements are effective restorative materials for ART due to their fluoride release and adhesion properties. Remineralization involves rebuilding demineralized tooth structure using agents like fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) which provide calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions to remineralize enamel. Newer remineralizing systems and delivery methods like dentifrices, sealants, and restorative materials are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of composite resins, including their composition, classification, performance factors, and clinical applications and considerations. It discusses the organic resin matrix and inorganic filler particles that make up composite, how they are classified based on filler size and type, and factors that influence their performance such as polymerization shrinkage and wear resistance. The document reviews the history of composites and their development over time. It also outlines the indications and contraindications for composite use as well as the advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses tooth preparation for dental restorations. It describes the objectives of tooth preparation as removing defects, protecting the pulp, extending restorations conservatively, and allowing functional and esthetic placement of restorative materials. Factors that affect tooth preparation include pulpal and periodontal status, dental anatomy, occlusion, patient factors, affected dentin, and restorative materials. Different types of cavity preparations are also described, including simple, compound, and complex cavities as well as Class I, Class II, and modified cavity preparations for both amalgam and composite restorations. Techniques for cavity preparation are provided for both conventional and modified designs depending on the restoration needs.
Minimum intervention dentistry focuses on early diagnosis and prevention of dental disease through non-invasive treatments. It aims to repair tooth structure through remineralization and sealing of early lesions rather than drilling. When cavitation occurs, minimally invasive techniques like air abrasion, lasers, or chemomechanical removal are used to minimize tooth structure removal before restoring with adhesive materials like composite or glass ionomer cement. Existing restorations are repaired where possible rather than replaced to further reduce intervention.
The document discusses various types of full coverage restorations for primary anterior teeth including stainless steel crowns with composite facings, composite strip crowns, polycarbonate crowns, New Millennium crowns, Kudos crowns, Pedo jacket crowns, and Artglass crowns. It describes the materials, advantages, disadvantages, and placement techniques for each type of crown. Stainless steel crowns with composite facings combine strength, durability and improved aesthetics but take longer to place. Composite strip crowns provide good aesthetics but are technique sensitive. Polycarbonate crowns and Kudos crowns are more durable alternatives that are easier to place than composite strip crowns.
This document discusses non-carious cervical lesions, including erosion, abrasion, and abfraction. It defines each type of lesion and lists their common etiological factors such as dietary acids, toothbrushing, and parafunctional habits. The clinical features of each type of lesion are described. The diagnosis involves taking a history and clinical and radiographic examination. Treatment options include dentin desensitization, restorations using materials like glass ionomer cement or composite resin, endodontic therapy, and periodontal therapy. Prevention emphasizes dietary counseling, fluoride use, correcting habits, and treating underlying conditions.
This document discusses the mechanism of action of fluorides. It begins with background on the element fluorine. It then describes five main mechanisms by which fluoride prevents dental caries: 1) increasing enamel resistance by forming fluorapatite crystals during tooth development, 2) increasing the rate of post-eruptive enamel maturation, 3) promoting remineralization of early dental caries, 4) interfering with cariogenic oral bacteria like Streptococcus mutans, and 5) modifying tooth morphology during development to produce smaller occlusal fissures and grooves. The optimal level for these anti-caries effects is maintaining low levels of fluoride in the oral cavity. Higher fluoride levels during tooth development can lead to dental
This document discusses various methods of delivering fluorides, including topical and systemic fluorides. It focuses on topical fluoride delivery methods. Topical fluorides are divided into professionally-applied and self-applied products. Professionally-applied products include neutral sodium fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, and stannous fluoride solutions. Self-applied products include fluoride dentifrices, gels, and rinses. The document provides details on the preparation, application procedures, mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages of each topical fluoride product type. It recommends amounts and methods for safe and effective professional application of topical fluorides.
Fissure sealant is a plastic material applied to the pits and fissures of teeth to prevent dental caries development. It acts as a physical barrier, blocking bacteria from entering the protected areas where plaque can accumulate. Several generations of sealants have been developed over time, improving adhesion and curing methods. Ideal sealants cure quickly, adhere well to enamel, and resist wear. Sealant placement involves isolating the tooth, cleaning, etching with acid, rinsing, applying the sealant, and evaluating. Regular recall visits are needed to check sealant retention and reapply if lost. Sealants are effective at reducing dental caries when used according to protocol in patients with deep fissure anatomy or high
Compomers, also known as polyacid-modified composite resins (PAMCRs), combine properties of glass ionomer cements (GICs) and composites. They set through both light-activated polymerization and a slower acid-base reaction between carboxyl groups and glass filler ions. This gives compomers fluoride release capabilities from the glass ionomer component and durability from the composite resin component. Compomers are easy to use, esthetic materials suitable for various restorative applications like sealants, liners/bases, and class III/V restorations. However, they have less fluoride release than GICs and less strength than composites.
Minimally invasive dentistry aims to control dental disease through early detection and least invasive treatment methods. It focuses on remineralizing early lesions and performing minimal surgical procedures. Recent advances include new cavity classification systems, preparation techniques like tunnels and slots, and caries removal methods like air abrasion, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical removal. The Atraumatic Restorative Technique and Interim Therapeutic Restoration were developed to provide basic dental care using only hand instruments and restorative materials like glass ionomer cement. Lasers can also be used for caries prevention, removal and cavity preparation with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tooth structure.
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Understand the microbial etiology of apical
periodontitis.
2. Describe the routes of entry of microorganisms to the
pulp and periradicular tissues.
3. Recognize the different types of endodontic infections
and the main microbial species involved in each one.
4. Understand the bacterial diversity within infected root
canals.
5. Describe the factors involved with symptomatic
endodontic infections.
6. Understand the ecology of the endodontic microbiota
and the features of the endodontic ecosystem.
7. Discuss the role of microorganisms in the outcome of
endodontic treatment.
8. Understand the development and implications of
extraradicular infections.
This document discusses various techniques for tooth bleaching, including:
1. Non-vital bleaching which involves placing a hydrogen peroxide mixture into the tooth to lighten discoloration from pulp necrosis.
2. In-office bleaching which applies hydrogen peroxide gel to the tooth surface followed by heat activation to diffuse the peroxide into the tooth.
3. At-home bleaching which uses a custom tray with carbamide peroxide gel worn overnight to slowly lighten teeth.
The document provides details on the procedures, indications, and risks/benefits of different bleaching methods.
Pit and fissure sealants are thin plastic coatings placed in the pits and fissures of teeth to act as a physical barrier against decay. They were introduced in the 1960s using acrylic polymers and composites. Studies show sealants can arrest incipient caries by being placed over initial decay after removal. Tooth morphology determines susceptibility, with deep narrow fissures at highest risk. Sealant placement involves cleaning and etching teeth to increase adhesion, then applying and curing the sealant material in the pits and fissures to form a protective barrier. Regular checkups are needed to assess sealant retention and repair any failures from contamination.
Restorative materials in pediatric dentistry classMINDS MAHE
This document discusses various restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry, including their properties and applications. It covers both preventive materials like fluoride and sealants, as well as direct restorative materials like amalgam, glass ionomer cement, zinc oxide eugenol, composite resins, and newer "smart materials". For each material, it discusses classifications, properties, indications, contraindications, composition and recent advancements. It provides detailed information on dental amalgam, glass ionomer cement, zinc oxide eugenol, composite resins and their various types and modifications that have been developed.
Fluoride is a mineral found in nature that helps prevent cavities in two ways. It concentrates in developing teeth and bones, helping to harden enamel. It also works during the natural demineralization and remineralization processes that occur in the mouth. Salivary fluoride levels vary depending on water fluoride levels and diet, and saliva impacts these processes. A study found that 8-year-old children with no cavities had significantly higher salivary fluoride levels than caries-prone children, indicating a relationship between dental caries and salivary fluoride concentration.
Fluoride plays an important role in preventing dental caries. It is found naturally in water and soil. When consumed at optimal levels, fluoride is incorporated into tooth enamel and makes it more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria that cause cavities. Common sources of fluoride include drinking water, foods like fish and tea, and supplements. The mechanisms by which fluoride prevents cavities involve strengthening enamel during tooth development, enhancing remineralization of early tooth decay, and having antibacterial effects. Water fluoridation is considered the most effective public health measure for delivering fluoride to prevent cavities across populations.
Fluoride is a mineral that strengthens tooth enamel and helps prevent cavities. It occurs naturally in water and soil in some areas. Topical fluoride from toothpaste, mouthrinses and dental treatments helps remineralize enamel, while fluoride in drinking water helps develop strong enamel from an early age. Excessive fluoride intake can cause dental fluorosis, which results in tooth discoloration, but water fluoridation at recommended levels is safe and effective for preventing cavities in both children and adults.
Topical fluorides are used to prevent dental caries. They can be professionally applied as gels, foams, varnishes or self-applied as dentifrices, mouthwashes and gels. Common topical fluoride agents include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride and amine fluoride. They work by depositing fluoride ions on the enamel surface which gets incorporated into hydroxyapatite to form more acid-resistant fluorapatite and fluorhydroxyapatite. Topical fluorides are recommended for caries-active individuals and as a preventive measure.
Fluoride helps prevent tooth decay through several mechanisms. It inhibits demineralization, promotes remineralization, alters the action of plaque bacteria, and improves enamel crystallinity and reduces solubility. Both pre-eruptive and post-eruptive exposure to fluoride provides caries prevention benefits, with maximal effects seen from high exposure both before and after tooth eruption. Community water fluoridation was first introduced in the 1940s and has been shown to reduce tooth decay rates by 40-59% in both primary and permanent teeth.
This document provides an overview of the muscles of the face. It begins with an introduction and outlines the various groupings of facial muscles, including topographic and functional groupings. It then describes each individual muscle in detail, covering origins, insertions, blood supply, nerve supply, and actions. Examples are given of how facial muscles contribute to different expressions. Clinical applications including facial paralysis and use of botulinum toxin injections are discussed. The document concludes with a brief section on skin tension lines and wrinkles.
Prevention SPL The Determinators Final 8-16-2012_201302011043123860.pptxJanetOdhiambo2
The documents discuss the importance of prevention in addressing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, as well as substance abuse issues. Prevention is described as a multidisciplinary field that studies how to prevent health and social problems. The National Prevention Strategy aims to improve health and quality of life through prevention and wellness. Research shows that prevention programs are cost-effective and can save money compared to treatment costs. Data demonstrates that reducing substance abuse at even small levels can significantly impact lives and save money in healthcare costs. A variety of prevention approaches are discussed at individual, community, and environmental levels.
Karen Minyard, GHPC Director, presented "Social Determinants of Health Equity and Levels of Potential Impact in the System: Opportunities for Leverage" at the Georgia Grantmakers Alliance in Macon, GA on August 25, 2011.
The Healthy Eatonville Place program was created to address the high rates of diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and smoking in Eatonville, Florida. The program aims to make healthy choices easier through policy changes, education programs, and community activities to promote healthy eating and active living. It works with community volunteers and organizations to transform the built environment, help manage chronic diseases, and improve residents' health. Initial outcomes include resolutions supporting smoke-free parks and complete streets, as well as collaboration among groups to increase connectivity and focus on long-term interventions. The University of Central Florida evaluates the program's progress towards its goals.
Tobacco use is still the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S., killing over 440,000 Americans each year. While smoking rates have declined, progress has stalled in recent years. Comprehensive tobacco control programs that increase tobacco taxes, implement smoke-free laws, fund anti-smoking media campaigns, and increase access to cessation services have been shown to effectively reduce smoking rates and the health burdens and economic costs of tobacco use. However, more remains to be done as the tobacco industry continues to outspend tobacco control efforts. Sustained funding and expansion of comprehensive tobacco control programs nationwide are needed to continue making progress toward creating a tobacco-free generation.
This grant proposal seeks funding for a program to reduce smoking and smoking-related deaths in Gallatin County, Kentucky. According to data, smoking rates and lung cancer deaths are higher in Gallatin County than statewide averages. The proposal outlines a series of evidence-based interventions targeting adolescents and adults, including educational sessions addressing media influences, stress management, and social influences on smoking. The goal is to reduce adult smoking rates by 30% and the number of households with smokers by 50% by 2020 to ultimately lower lung cancer mortality in the county. A needs assessment provides background on the county's demographics, health indicators, and behavioral and environmental factors related to tobacco use.
This case study analyzes the increasing levels of lead exposure among children in Flint, Michigan due to changes in the city's water source. The authors obtained data on blood lead levels in children from Hurley Medical Center and the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. They also collected data on the costs of treating lead exposure and Aetna's financial reports from 2010-2014. Their analysis found trends linking higher lead exposure to the Flint water source and certain demographics. Their recommendations suggest adjusting Medicaid insurance plans to better manage costs of lead treatment and strategies for Aetna to decrease financial variability and increase coverage capabilities over a five-year period.
The document discusses the social, economic, and environmental impacts of health risks and diseases. It examines the short-term and long-term impacts on individuals, families, communities, and countries. The short-term impacts include disruption of education, reduction in household wages, and lost productivity. The long-term impacts include reduced workforce skills and qualifications, rising costs of long-term care for disabilities and older populations, and decreased national savings and investment. Health risks disproportionately affect those with lower incomes and can contribute to divides both within and between countries.
Actions such as the Clean Air Act and anti-smoking campaigns have significantly improved public health by reducing air pollution and exposure to secondhand smoke. The Clean Air Act led to a 54% decrease in six common air pollutants since 1980. Comprehensive smoke-free laws reducing exposure to secondhand smoke in workplaces and public places have been shown to decrease heart attack hospitalizations by 8-17% within a year of implementation. National, state, and local prevention initiatives establish regulations and programs that eliminate hazards, reduce exposures, and prevent disease.
100 years ago, the leading causes of death in the US were infectious diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis. Life expectancy was only 47 years. Now, chronic diseases like heart disease and cancer are leading causes of death, and life expectancy has increased to 77 years. This shift occurred due to public health improvements in sanitation, hygiene, and the development of antibiotics and vaccines. Currently, the US population faces health challenges from an aging population and increasing diversity. [END SUMMARY]
Running Head CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE RESOURCES 1CHRONIC KIDNE.docxtodd271
Running Head: CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE RESOURCES 1
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE RESOURCES 5
Chronic kidney disease resources
Patricia Marrero
South University
May 24,2020
Introduction
My study is focused on chronic kidney disease (CKD). The research I conducted elaborated that chronic kidney disease has been established as a cause of renal failure. Kidneys have the responsibility of excess fluids plus blood waste filtration, the building up of wastes results to kidney failure. Two major causes of CKD exist; these are categorized into high blood pressure and the element of diabetes. Acute kidney failure may lead to fatalities why may need intensive treatment immediately; however, this condition can be reversed, by the right health conditions, patients can regain normalcy of kidney functions. However, other patients may need a kidney transplant. Various resources have been used in the mitigation of CKD at both the community and national levels (Thomas, 2019).
According to estimates, more than 240 people who are on dialysis die daily. The ratings establish that 15%, which is approximately 37 million civilians, are living with chronic kidney disease. These estimates determine that 9 out of 10 people who live with chronic kidney disease aren't aware of their health condition. On the other hand, 1 out of two people that have very low kidney functionality but not on dialysis aren't mindful of their CKD condition (Daugirdas, 2012).
Healthy people 2020 on CKD
The main objective of healthy people 2020 on CKD is to help mitigate and enhance a reduction in new cases of infection of CKD and complications that are associated with it, for instance, economic implications and death. In the United States, CKD and ESRD have been established as a significant problem in the public health sector, which is the primary source of suffering and cases of poor life quality for the affected persons. Both are accountable for premature deaths and exacting high economic afflictions in both the public and private health sectors (Bomback & Bakris, 2010).
Achievement of Healthy people 2020 objectives on CKD may lead to a burden decrease in CKD, and increased life expectancy, and better life quality for civilians living with CKD and the disparities elimination, which exist, between patients who have chronic kidney disease. Generally, ERSD and CKD are highly cost intensive; approximately 25% of the established Medicare budget is applied in the treatment of people living with CKD and ESRD (Thomas, 2019).
Chronic kidney disease resources
Various resources have been used in the mitigation of CKD at both the community and national levels.
American association of kidney patients
This is the largest and oldest fully independent U.S. kidney patient's organization, which was established in 1969 when six dialysis patients came together with encouragement from the doctor. The founders of this organization assisted in the creation of the ESRD program that has since 1973, has be.
Lead poisoning has been a major health concern for children, especially those under 3 years old, living in poverty, or in urban areas. While blood lead levels have decreased due to prevention programs, lead exposure still negatively impacts child development. Nutritional factors like adequate iron, calcium, zinc, and vitamin C intake can reduce the absorption and effects of lead, but prevention through eliminating environmental sources of lead is the primary focus of programs. Community nutrition education on diet could help further reduce lead poisoning risks and effects to achieve the goal of eliminating elevated blood lead levels in children.
This document summarizes health issues and potential interventions in Grays Harbor County, Washington. It finds that the county has higher rates of premature death, lung cancer, smoking, binge drinking, and obesity than the state averages. Potential interventions discussed include increasing enforcement of laws against alcohol sales to minors to reduce underage drinking and implementing smoking cessation programs to help more smokers quit in order to reduce lung cancer rates. The document also examines how improving access to healthcare facilities and education around health risks could help address some of the county's leading health problems.
The document discusses the benefits of employer wellness programs for reducing healthcare costs and improving employee health and productivity. It notes that conditions like obesity, tobacco use, and stress contribute to lost productivity, but wellness programs can help combat these issues. Wellness programs have been shown to reduce medical costs, absenteeism, and workers compensation claims while improving employee health, morale, and productivity. Studies have found that wellness programs typically see a return of investment of $3 for every $1 spent within several years of implementation.
Editorial: Evidence based policy or policy based evidence? by Michael MarmotJim Bloyd, DrPH, MPH
A simple prescription would be to review the scientific evidence of what would make a difference, formulate policies, and implement them—evidence based policy making. Unfor- tunately this simple prescription, applied to real life, is simplistic. The relation between science and policy is more complicated. Scientific findings do not fall on blank minds that get made up as a result. Science engages with busy minds that have strong views about how things are and ought to be.
health inequalities water & sanitationMahimaGirase
This ppt includes Health equity which is related to the fairness in distribution of health resources and outcomes.
Also contains Graphs for water sanitation, Relationship between healthcare spending and life expectancy
, Effectiveness of water and sanitation in preventing disease
Healthy People 2010 aims to improve national health through two overarching goals: increasing quality and years of healthy life, and eliminating health disparities. It monitors progress through 467 objectives across 28 focus areas. Achieving its goals requires recognizing that health is determined by interactions between individual behaviors, environments, and policies targeting factors like access to healthcare. Two successful programs that exemplify this systematic approach are Action for Healthy Kids, which promotes healthy school environments, and the 100 Black Men Health Challenge, which empowers communities through lifestyle modeling and education.
Nc ds in adolescents sampi, sept 3, 2014Ted Herbosa
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adolescents in the Philippines. It provides statistics on the burden and prevalence of NCDs both globally and domestically. NCDs such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease cause over 36 million deaths annually, or 63% of all global deaths. In the Philippines specifically, 10 Filipinos die every hour from smoking or secondhand smoke. Risk factors like hypertension, hyperglycemia, overweight/obesity and smoking are on the rise. The Department of Health has initiated several policies, programs and financing measures to address lifestyle-related NCDs through legislation, health promotion, and expanding access to services.
The public's health and the public health systemJohn Middleton
Presentation on current issues for the UK Faculty of Public Health, for the North East Faculty Local Area Committee, May 31st 2018. 180531 middletonj durham final
Public health professionals identify issues as public health problems based on key criteria like the size and severity of the problem's impact, availability of interventions, and economic and social effects. They examine leading causes of death and illness across populations to determine which medical issues warrant public health concern and action. Public health threats can include infectious diseases and other issues that negatively impact large groups, like addiction or natural disasters. Experts consider the criteria to prioritize problems and develop evidence-based solutions to address current and emerging threats to community well-being.
This document discusses a module developed through a collaboration between the Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to enhance population health education. It acknowledges the individuals and institutions involved in developing the module. The module aims to discuss key topics related to population health determinants, health status, leading causes of death, health disparities, and use of Healthy People objectives in public health planning. It was made possible through a cooperative agreement between the CDC and the Association for Prevention Teaching and Research.
This study used data from nearly 300,000 Utah residents to examine the link between neighborhood food environments and residents' body mass index (BMI). The researchers analyzed how having access to only healthy grocery stores, convenience stores, full-service restaurants, fast food restaurants, or a mix of food options, compared to having no retail food access, impacted residents' odds of being obese. They found that neighborhood food diversity was associated with overweight/obesity risk, especially for those living in poor neighborhoods. The results suggest implications for new urban development and public policies aimed at increasing neighborhood diversity.
The document discusses several studies that examined the relationship between community design features and physical activity. The Addy et al. study found that physical activity was positively associated with street lighting, trusting neighbors, and parks. It also found walking was associated with active neighborhoods, sidewalks, and community malls. The Ewing et al. study found that residents of more sprawling counties were more likely to spend less time walking and be heavier. The Smith et al. study in Salt Lake County found that less walkable neighborhoods, as measured by newer housing, fewer people walking to work, and lower intersection density, were associated with higher odds of residents being overweight.
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of weight relative to height that is used to determine obesity levels. A BMI over 30 is considered obese, which increases risks for many health issues and costs over $75 billion annually in medical expenses. Factors contributing to obesity include poor nutrition, lack of exercise, and time pressures. Neighborhood design may also influence obesity risks by affecting opportunities for physical activity, food choices, and transportation options. Specifically, higher density neighborhoods with well-connected streets and diverse destinations may encourage more walking compared to lower density areas with limited connectivity.
The document discusses how social and environmental factors impact health and access to healthcare. It outlines that where someone lives determines their health based on things like water quality, smoking bans, food access, and healthcare resources. Access to healthcare varies across communities based on race, income, education, insurance status, and disability. A behavioral model shows how predisposing characteristics, enabling factors, and health needs influence healthcare utilization. Neighborhood characteristics like socioeconomic disadvantage, physical environments, and social networks can decrease access to primary care and increase unmet needs. Investing in community prevention and changing neighborhood environments can increase access and produce healthcare savings.
The survey results show that parents have varying opinions on vaccination requirements, HPV vaccination advertising, and sex education curriculum. While some parents support state intervention in children's health, others believe these issues should be private matters decided by families and doctors. As medical technology advances, tensions are likely to continue between parental rights and state involvement in children's healthcare.
Newborn screening involves taking a small blood sample from the baby's heel to test for rare but treatable genetic and metabolic conditions. Screening began in the 1960s with a test for phenylketonuria (PKU) and has expanded to include dozens of other disorders detectable through techniques like tandem mass spectrometry. While screening identifies conditions in babies that would otherwise go undiagnosed, it also detects variants of unknown significance and may cause elevated parental anxiety in the small percentage of cases where initial results are false positives. Both the costs and benefits of expanding newborn screening must be considered.
Genetic testing for adult-onset diseases raises several consumer and family issues. Studies show that while 50% would undergo predictive testing, support increases to 80% for treatable diseases like colon cancer. However, people are concerned about how results may impact screening behaviors, psychological well-being, family relationships, and privacy of genetic information. As technology advances due to the Human Genome Project, more diseases will have genetic tests, requiring consideration of the ethical, legal and social implications for individuals and society.
The document discusses the FDA's review process for approving Plan B as an over-the-counter contraceptive. The science showed Plan B was safe and effective for over-the-counter use, but political concerns over reproductive rights led the FDA to deny over-the-counter status. After lawsuits and congressional pressure, Plan B was approved for over-the-counter sale with age restrictions. However, the FDA's review of Plan B was less scientific and more political than for other drugs.
The document discusses the role of government in regulating the dietary supplement market. It notes that the market is large, with over $23 billion in annual sales and over 29,000 products. However, the FDA has limited regulatory authority over supplements due to DSHEA. This creates an information asymmetry between consumers and manufacturers. The document examines issues of safety, effectiveness and quality assurance in the supplement industry. It recommends that the FDA be granted more authority to issue guidance and ensure consumer understanding of supplements.
Tobacco companies responded to research linking smoking to health risks in the 1950s-1960s by marketing "safer" filtered cigarettes and sponsoring TV shows. In subsequent decades, they launched ad campaigns like "Marlboro Country" and sponsored sports. While smoking rates and related deaths and costs are high, tobacco companies, allied industries, and politicians benefit from lobbying and campaign contributions. Stricter regulations have reduced smoking rates, though health impacts remain substantial and new marketing continues internationally and among youth.
This document discusses trends in youth smoking and factors that contribute to youth smoking rates. It provides statistics showing that thousands of youth try smoking or become daily smokers each day. Youth are more susceptible to addiction and long term health consequences of smoking. The document also discusses how tobacco companies advertise heavily to attract new smokers and how their ads communicate messages around popularity and fun. It outlines government attempts to reduce youth smoking through policies like the Tobacco Settlement and Family Smoking Prevention Act, which give the FDA more authority to regulate tobacco advertising and sales. Reducing youth smoking could help lower healthcare costs and improve public health.
Smoking causes several types of cancer and diseases such as lung cancer, heart disease, and COPD. Research shows that secondhand smoke increases risks of diseases for non-smokers as well. The government has gradually increased tobacco regulations since the 1950s due to the health risks of smoking and addiction to nicotine. Regulations now include warning labels, advertising restrictions, and laws raising the minimum age to purchase tobacco. However, tobacco use remains a major public health issue, especially among youth. Further intervention is needed to reduce tobacco-related illnesses and their impact on families and society.
11. The Controversy Individual Choice vs. Community Are other means for receiving fluoride Toothpaste, tablets or drops Fluoride in large doses can be toxic Can’t really control the dosage because people drink different amounts of water
13. How Does Utah Measure Up? C FY2011 State Funding for Tobacco Control Programs: $7,131,700 FY2011 Federal Funding for State Tobacco Control Programs: $1,527,000* FY2011 Total Funding for State Tobacco Control Programs: $8,658,700 Percentage of CDC Recommended Level: 36.7% *Includes regular funding from the CDC and Prevention as well as tobacco-related grants to states and communities from federal stimulus and health care reform funds. $1.70 *On July 1, 2010, the cigarette tax increased from $.695 to $1.70 per pack D BARRIERS TO COVERAGE: Prior authorization required for some medications and minimal co-payments required BARRIERS TO COVERAGE: Annual limit on quit attempts, prior authorization required fro some medications, and minimal co-payments required STATE QUITLINE: Investment Per Smoker: $8.64; CDC recommends an investment of $10.53/smoker *From the American Lung Association
14. The Controversy Individual Choice vs. Community Dangers of second hand smoke are extremely serious Many think that public smoking bans will adversely affect certain types of businesses Violation of personal rights
15. Geographical Factors: Air Quality Everyone is affected by the quality of air Pollution presence of substance that is either present in the environment where it doesn’t belong or at greater levels than it should be Pollution occurs on different levels
19. Elderly & children especially vulnerableRisk level depends on: Amount of pollution in air Amount of air breathed in a given time Overall health *From the EPA Website
20. Air Quality Index 0 to 50: Good Green 51 to 100: Moderate Yellow 101 to 150: Orange Unhealthy(for Sensitive groups) 151 to 200: Unhealthy Red Very Unhealthy 201 to 300: Purple Maroon 301 to 500: Hazardous
23. Winter in Utah Mountain valleys and wintertime inversions provide conditions for formation of fine particulate PM2.5 Concentrations build as temperature inversions persist The Clean Air Act identifies 6 criteria air pollutants-limits to protect public health
24. Community Choices 6-week competition Chance to reduce vehicle emissions by choosing alternative to driving Goals Ultimately help improve air quality Reduce traffic congestion Conserve energy
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27. Felt doctors had little influence over vaccination decisions for their children
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29. The Theme: Juggling individual rights with collective good Individual responsibility Government Intervention For most part everyone wants to do what’s best for them and their family, while also being considerate of others Individual choices can affect others
Editor's Notes
This section is going to focus on the actions that communities do or don’t take and how they affect individuals and consumer’s health. The central theme here is one related to externalities. Externalities is a concept that is used very frequently in economics, and it refers to the spillovers that exist in lots of economic transactions, that have an impact on one party or another who is not directly involved in the transaction. For example, when a business pollutes the air, that has spillover effects on individuals who live in the area near the polluting business, and yet they haven’t had an opportunity to weigh in on the issue of whether or not the business should be polluting the air. In these instances, prices in the marketplace don’t reflect the full cost or benefits in the production or consumption of the product or service. When the externality is a positive one, like green lawns, then people are getting benefits when their neighbors keep up their yards, the whole neighborhood looks nicer, and everyone gets the benefit of the hard work that the homeowner has put into keeping their lawn up. So, that is a positive externality. When the impact is negative, or detrimental to the consumer, we speak of it as a negative externality. These impose costs on us as consumers, the costs may be detrimental health effects, or higher out of pocket costs to pay for health care, and communities quite often the source of both positive and negative externalities, and so we are going to spend some time talking about externalities and how they affect individual health. For the first part, we are going to look at community differences in various aspects of consumer/family health. Then, we will look at the role that the local socio-environment play in affecting consumer and family health and what communities can try to do to improve people’s health.Differences in family and consumer health can arise because of the political choices that local communities make, as well as because of the local geography.
Soon after establishing his dental practice in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in 1901, Dr. Frederick S. McKay noted an unusual permanent stain or "mottled enamel" (termed "Colorado brown stain" by area residents) on the teeth of many of his patients. After years of studying it, he decided that it was caused by an agent in the water. He also observed that teeth affected by this condition seemed less susceptible to dental caries. It was later found that the water contained high levels of fluoride.Dr. F. L. Robertson, a dentist in Bauxite, Arkansas, noted the presence of mottled enamel among children after a deep well was dug in 1909 to provide a local water supply. A hypothesis that something in the water was responsible for mottled enamel led local officials to abandon the well in 1927. Later, high concentrations of fluoride were found in the water of the abandoned well.
During this time, extensive dental caries was common in the United States and in most developed countries. No effective measures existed for preventing this disease, and the most frequent treatment was tooth extraction. Dental caries is an infectious, communicable, multifactorial disease in which bacteria dissolve the enamel surface of a tooth. Untreated, the bacteria can result in tooth loss and discomfort. Failure to meet the minimum standard of having six opposing teeth was a leading cause of rejection from military service in both world wars
The hypothesis that dental caries could be prevented by adjusting the fluoride level of community water supplies from negligible levels to 1.0-1.2 ppm was tested in a prospective field study conducted in four pairs of cities (intervention and control) starting in 1945: Grand Rapids and Muskegon, Michigan; Newburgh and Kingston, New York; Evanston and Oak Park, Illinois; and Brantford and Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. After conducting sequential cross-sectional surveys in these communities over 13-15 years, caries was reduced 50%-70% among children in the communities with fluoridated waterThe studies in these cities demonstrated the oral health benefits of fluoridated water in communities and established water fluoridation as a safe, practical, effective public health measure that would prevent cavities. Of the 50 largest cities in the United States, 43 have community water fluoridation. Currently, more than 162 million Americans (65% of the population served by public water systems) live in areas where the fluoride level is adjusted in the water supply to bring it to the level considered best for dental health. Fluoridation of community drinking water is considered to be a major factor responsible for the decline in dental caries (tooth decay) during the second half of the 20th century. The history of water fluoridation is a classic example of clinical observation leading to epidemiologic investigation and community-based public health intervention. Although other fluoride-containing products are available, water fluoridation remains the most equitable and cost-effective method of delivering fluoride to all members of most communities, regardless of age, educational attainment, or income level.
What does Fluoride do? * Helps to build stronger teeth enamel. * Stops or reverses the tooth decay process. * Prevents loss of important minerals.Fluoride protects teeth from decay and cavities in two ways. When bacteria in the mouth combine with sugars, acid is produced that can erode tooth enamel and damage teeth. Fluoride can protect teeth from demineralization that is caused by the acid. If teeth have already been damaged by acid, fluoride accumulates in the demineralized areas and begins strengthening the enamel - a process called remineralization. Fluoride is very useful for preventing cavities and strengthening teeth, but its effectiveness is thwarted if a cavity has already formed.
Utah Specific:Fifty-eight percent of Utah children six through eight years of age have at least one filling or untreated cavity. These rates are higher than in many other areas of the country. Utah adults also have dental restorations and decay at a rate that is above the national average. Only 3% of Utah citizens are serviced by community water systems with optimal levels of fluoride- the lowest in the nation. There are many Utah communities, such as West Valley City, that have natural fluoride in the drinking water but at sub-optimal levels. In Utah, Brigham City and Helper have been fluoridating their water systems for more than 35 years.When was fluoride implemented into Salt Lake County? Fluoridation of public water systems began Oct. 1, 2003
Fluoridated water is said to be most cost effective way to get fluoride to the largest number of people. Taking fluoride drops or pills can be hard to remember, certain demographics might not have as great of access to them. Those who are using fluoride toothpastes, or taking other supplements are still getting the same amount as everyone else
Tobacco Statistics:Tobacco’s Grim Statistics:Each year, more than 393,000 Americans die from smoking caused diseases. Another 50,000 die from exposure to secondhand smoke. Each day, almost 3,900 kids try their first cigarette. More than 950 become regular, daily smokers.
Mounting scientific evidence shows that effective tobacco control policies lead to fewer kids starting to smoke and more smokers quitting. However, elected officials continue to fail to enact these proven measures. In this year’s report not a single state or the federal government qualifiedfor all “A” grades for enacting strong and effective tobacco control laws. Ironically, this comes at a time when tobacco control policies, such as smokefree laws, are extraordinarily popular with the public. Each state’s grades reflect how well the state’s tobacco control laws measure up to the best in the nation or to goals set by federal agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Many states have hard-working tobacco control coalitions that encounter stiff resistance from state legislators and powerful tobacco interests. The grades in this report in no way reflect the level of effort invested by the public health community. Instead, it is the responsibility of elected officials to muster the political will to enact these life- and revenue-saving policies.
There are pros and cons on the smoking ban issue. But the most commonly claimed pro is that there are so many scientific medical reasons that smoking in public should be banned. Not only does smoking hurt the person who is smoking, but recent scientific and medical evidence shows that the dangers associated with second hand smoking are extremely serious and relevant. This takes the wind out of the argument that says, "I choose to smoke, and it's only my body I am hurting." When you smoke in public, you are putting everyone around you at risk. This includes the employees of the establishment where you are smoking. Many workers at bars find they are suffering from the same physical symptoms that smokers face because of the impact of second hand smoke at their place of employment.Some that argue against a public smoking ban argue that it will adversely affect certain types of businesses. For example, those who own bars say that part of the draw of a bar is the freedom to smoke when you wish in the bar. Research seems to indicate, however, that the opposite is indeed true.Of course, businesses that are under a smoking ban must be creative to provide outdoor areas for their smoking patrons, but many businesses are finding that their business increases because non-smokers are more comfortable in the environment than they were when smoking was allowed. In restaurants, smokers are no longer lingering over cigarettes enjoying conversation and taking up a table that a new customer who will have a new bill could be using. When smokers pay their bill and leave to enjoy their cigarette, then a new customer can use the table, bringing in more income to the restaurant or bar.When arguing the pros and cons on the smoking ban, many say that telling people they cannot smoke in public is a violation of their personal rights. Others say it is hypocritical to ban cigarettes and then continue to tax the products that are so bad for consumers. This is a major argument, because many countries and US states receive high amounts of revenue from the tax on cigarettes, yet they will not let the smokers use those products in public.
Everyone is affected by the quality of our air, whether indoors or outdoors.Ever since people first gathered in settlements there has been pollution. Pollution usually refers to the presence of substances that are either present in the environment where it doesn't belong or at levels greater than it should be.Air pollution is caused by any undesirable substance, which enters the atmosphere. Air pollution is a major problem in modern society. Even though air pollution is usually a greater problem in cities, pollutants contaminate air everywhere. These substances include various gases and tiny particles, or particulates that can harm human health and damage the environment. They may be gases, liquids, or solids. Many pollutants are given off into the air as a result of human behavior. Pollution occurs on different levels: personal, national, and global.Particulate matter is the general term used for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Some particles are large or dark enough to be seen as soot or smoke. Others are so small they can be detected only with an electron microscope. When particulate matter is breathed in, it can irritate and damage the lungs causing breathing problems. Fine particles are easily inhaled deeply into the lungs where they can be absorbed into the blood stream or remain embedded for long periods of time.
How does air pollution affect me?Many studies have shown links between pollution and health effects. Increases in air pollution have been linked to decreases in lung function and increases in heart attacks. High levels of air pollution according to the EPA Air Quality Index directly affect people with asthma and other types of lung or heart disease. Overall air quality has improved in the last 20 years but urban areas are still a concern. The elderly and children are especially vulnerable to the effects of air pollutionThe level of risk depends on several factors: * the amount of pollution in the air, the amount of air we breathe in a given time our overall health.Other, less direct ways people are exposed to air pollutants are:* eating food products contaminated by air toxins that have been deposited where they grow, * drinking water contaminated by air pollutants, * ingesting contaminated soil, and touching contaminated soil, dust or water.
The Air Quality Index is a tool used by EPA and other agencies to provide the public with timely and easy-to-understand information on local air quality and whether air pollution levels pose a health concern. The AQI tells the public how clean the air is and whether or not they should be concerned for their health. The AQI is focused on health effects that can happen within a few hours or days after breathing polluted air.
Air Quality by CountyThe Clean Air Act identifies 6 criteria pollutants (CO, Lead, NO2, Ozone, Particulate Matter, SO2) Establishes National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for each in order to protect public health UDAQ monitors the air to determine whether or not Utah is meeting these standards
Most of Utah’s Wintertime Particulate is fine particulate, which lodge deeply into the lungs and are associated with serious health problems, including heart and lung diseases, and even in some cases, premature death. This wintertime smog develops in, and is trapped by, mountain valleys and temperature inversions. including the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly.Carbon Monoxide, Lead, Nitrogen Dioxide, Particulate Matter, Ozone, and Sulfur Dioxide.
According to the Utah Division of Air Quality, if all drivers living along the Wasatch Front were to park their cars just one day per week, vehicle emissions would be reduced by 6,500 tons per year. This means that every vehicle trip counts, and every mile you devote to smarter travel pays Utah back with cleaner, more breathable air. In 2010, The Clear the Air Challenge, issued by Governor Huntsman, Mayor Becker and Mayor Corroon, is a six-week competition starting June 1st that gives you the chance to reduce your vehicle emissions by choosing alternatives to driving alone using TravelWise strategies. By driving less and driving smarter, you will ultimately help improve air quality, reduce traffic congestion and conserve energy in Utah. You will also be eligible for weekly and grand prize drawings by meeting straightforward, achievable travel goals.As a community more than 100,00 trips were eliminated, more than 1 million miles were saved, and 1.8 million pounds of emissions
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) stress that it is a myth to think that because vaccinations have enabled the U.S. to reduce most vaccine-preventable diseases to very low levels, we no longer have to worry about these diseases. Even though these vaccine- preventable diseases are at low levels in the U.S., many of them are prevalent in other parts of the world and can be brought into the country by travelers. Epidemics could be caused here if we are not protected by vaccinations, and the relatively few cases in the U.S. could quickly become thousands of cases. The CDC gives two reasons why vaccination is important. First, we need to protect ourselves and our children, and second, we need to protect those around us. There is a small number of people who cannot be vaccinated (because of severe allergies to vaccine components, for example), and a small percentage of people don't respond to vaccines. These people are susceptible to disease, and their only hope of protection is that people around them are immune and cannot pass disease along to them. Many vaccine preventable diseases have severe effects. For example, Pertussis results in prolonged coughing spells that can last for many weeks, making it difficult for a child to eat, drink, and breathe. Vomiting often occurs after a coughing spell, so infants may lose weight and become dehydrated. In infants, Pertussis can also cause pneumonia and lead to brain damage, seizures, and mental retardation. The risks are similar with measles. As many as one out of 20 children with measles gets pneumonia, and about one child in every 1,000 who gets measles will develop encephalitis. This is an inflammation of the brain that can lead to convulsions, and can leave a child deaf or with mental disabilities. Additionally, of every 1,000 children who get measles, one or two will die from it. Measles can also cause pregnant women to have miscarriages, premature births and low- birth-weight babies.
Mumps is a contagious disease that leads to painful swelling of the salivary glands. The salivary glands produce saliva, a liquid that moistens food and helps you chew and swallow.Symptoms: Face pain,Fever,Headache,Sore throat,Swelling of the parotid glands (the largest salivary glands, located between the ear and the jaw), and Swelling of the temples or jaw (temporomandibular area).It may also infect the,Central nervous system,Pancreas, and the TestesIn 2006, the United States experienced a multi-state outbreak involving 6584 reported cases of mumps. This resurgence predominantly affected Midwestern college students with the highest attack rates occurring among those living in dormitories. In the following two years, the number of reported cases returned to usual levels, and outbreaks involved fewer than 20 cases. However, beginning in July 2009, the largest U.S. mumps outbreak since 2006 has occurred. The index case was an 11-year-old boy who had returned on June 17 from the United Kingdom where an ongoing mumps outbreak involves more than 4000 cases.
Comes from the reading that you did. Reasons parents gave for not having their children vaccinated were…When you think of children not receiving their vaccinations, most often you would think that it was because of lack of education, not having much money, and this shows that children who are unvaccinated don’t really fit into that.
As you can see, Utah was at the top of the list for states in the U.S. who had unvaccinated children. And then within Utah, there were also several counties that made the list, Salt Lake County, Utah County, and Washington County.
So, the general theme throughout all of these, the geographical and also the political choices that communities have made, is …To take care of them and their families, or is some government intervention and community action needed.But as with many things in life,